Gili Matra Research Articles

The Utilization Pattern of Capture Fisheries in the Limited Utilization Zone of the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area in West Nusa Tenggara Province

The Utilization Pattern of Capture Fisheries in the Limited Utilization Zone of the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area in West Nusa Tenggara Province

DINAMIKA DAN TANTANGAN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI WILAYAH PULAU KECIL (STUDI KASUS GILI MENO, TRAWANGAN DAN AIR)

Gili Matra is a small island in the northern part of Lombok Island that is vulnerable to climate change's impacts. Rising sea levels, coastline changes, abrasion, rising earth temperatures, and global warming consequences cause climate change. The pressure on the need for space to develop facilities and infrastructure to support tourism has resulted in a change in land use from green open land to built-up land. Based on these problems, this research aims to describe the dynamics and challenges in regulating land use in Gili Matra. The method used in this research is a descriptive, evaluative analysis using policy analysis and DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses) analysis to facilitate systematic thinking in analyzing research objectives. The results of this study indicate that tourism development is a trigger for the development of space requirements in Gili Matra, which causes changes in land use. In addition, there needs to be more overlap in determining area functions and spatial planning, resulting in stronger implementation of spatial use control in Small Islands.

Estimation of Carbon Stock Due to Land Cover Change in Small Islands: A Case of Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia’s Marine Tourism Park

As a small island cluster, Gili Matra (Meno, Trawangan, and Air) is the main tourist attraction in West Nusa Tenggara. The trend of population growth in Gili Matra, as well as the trend of tourist visits, continues to increase. It needs to be more balanced between the demand for living space and developing tourism-supporting facilities. As a result, land cover changes are unavoidable, significantly reducing the non-built-up areas. Land cover changes have an impact on ecosystem and climate control functions. The signs of climate change in small islands, such as extreme weather, sea level rise, and coastal abrasion, are starting to be felt. The purpose of this study is to calculate the conversion of carbon stocks based on land cover changes in Gili Matra from 2013 to 2022. The analytical method used to land cover change and analyse carbon stocks. The research showed that the built-up areas increased from 126.84 hectares to 223.55 hectares from 2013 to 2022. Meanwhile, non-built-up areas such as sand beaches, plantations, bare areas, shrubs, and mangrove areas decreased from 576.56 to 479.84 hectares. In addition, mangroves, plantations, and shrubs, three examples of land cover with the highest carbon conversion, have decreased by 28.67%, 11.25%, and 6.36%, respectively. The total carbon stock on Gili Matra in the 2013–2022 period has decreased by 1,802.08 tons C. It indicates increased carbon emissions due to land cover changes in Gili Matra caused by increased demands on space for settlements and tourism support facilities.

PEMANFAATAN PERALATAN PENGOLAHAN IKAN BERBENTUK MESIN UNTUK PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI PADA KELOMPOK PENGOLAH DAN PEMASAR IKAN DI KAWASAN KONSERVASI PERAIRAN TWP GILI MATRA

The fish processing and marketing group (poklahsar) in the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area has received intervention from the central government through Bappenas in the COREMAP-CTI III program. This intervention involves improving human resource capacity and providing grants for fish processing equipment. However, the limited duration of the program has resulted in suboptimal assistance in utilizing the donated fish processing equipment. Therefore, the involvement of universities in assisting the community is deemed necessary. This assistance activity aims to inform and educate the poklahsar about the use of fish processing equipment, particularly machines, to enhance production capacity in the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area. The assistance activities were carried out in July 2023 at the respective production locations of each poklahsar. The educational method for adults in this assistance activity involves lectures and hands-on practical training. The outcome of this assistance activity is an increased understanding and knowledge among poklahsar in the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area regarding the functions and uses of various machine-based fish processing equipment. Additionally, it was identified that some obstacles hinder optimizing machine-based equipment utilization, including a lack of understanding in using such equipment and limited market demand for processed fish products. In conclusion, the poklahsar have diverse views on using machine-based equipment, enabling them to optimize the use of such equipment despite the limited demand for processed fish products.

Komparasi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di Gili Meno, Gili Trawangan dan Gili Air (Gili Matra)

This research aims to determine changes in land cover on Gili Meno, Gili Trawangan, and Gili Air as small islands in West Nusa Tenggara Province. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method in comparing land cover changes on each island and also spatial analysis using Google Earth satellite image data in 2013 and 2022. The research results show seven land cover classifications consisting of built-up land, open land, stretches of beach sand, water bodies, plantations, bushes, and mangroves. Based on the analysis of land cover changes in Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno, and Gili Air, a trend of increasing built-up land area for ten years from 2013 to 2022. The most significant increase in built-up land occurred on Gili Trawangan, namely 48.14 Ha. It was followed by Gili Air and Gili Meno, respectively 24.86 ha and 23.71 ha. The driving factor for changes in land cover on Gili Matra is policies from the central, provincial, and regional governments regarding the promotion and establishment of Gili Matra as a tourism destination in NTB Province. Furthermore, this policy impacts the growth of tourists and the number of residents. It causes an increase in the need for tourism-supporting facilities. Therefore, there is a change in land cover, which gradually reduces the area of undeveloped land on Gili Matra.

Assessment of Stakeholder's Perceptions of the Value of Coral Reef Ecosystem Services: The Case of Gili Matra Marine Tourism Park.

Ecosystem services is a concept broadly applicable to describe environmental interrelations with human activities. It serves as a practical instrument for assessing the success of resource management in natural reserves, with the goals of maximising conservation effort and achieving sustainable use. The Gili Matra Marine Tourism Park (GMMTP) has been extensively researched as a marine protected area centred on anthropocentric activities of marine-based tourism. However, there still a lack of research to address the full scope of ecosystem services derived from the coral reef ecosystem. From an ecosystem services viewpoint, the study's objectives were to define the services obtained from the GMMTP's coral reef ecosystem, relevant stakeholders, and how their utilisation activities were posed as drivers of changes that reflect the flow of services and the possible implications of these. Marine tourism, capture fisheries, and land-based activities were identified as services impacting upon the regulating and supporting services, with the resultant compounding externalities potentially degrading the services' utilisation value. Although there have been certain changes in community behaviour that may reduce the intensity of the impacts, the present prediction of service flow still confirms the previous statement. The results provided insight into current resources management implications on the state of ecosystem services. Overall, failing to recognise the causes that drives the interaction of these ecosystem services will increase the risk of incurring unexpected trade-offs, restricting the potential for resources' synergies, and eventually causing drastic and irreversible changes in the provision of coral reef ecosystem services in the GMMTP.

Understanding How Marine Protected Areas Influence Local Prosperity-A Case Study of Gili Matra, Indonesia.

A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is always expected to create a specified outcome in ecosystem improvement. While they are certain to benefit marine life, MPAs also impact the surrounding communities, as they directly affect the livelihoods of people who rely on marine exploits to make a decent living. In other words, MPAs create new communal dynamics influencing the rate of prosperity in the surrounding communities. Unfortunately, the leverage of MPAs in the coastal communities’ social economy is often under-assessed in MPA-related research. The MPA’s influence on communal prosperity emphasizes the importance of policy incentives from stakeholders. Therefore, stakeholders’ perceptions of MPAs are fundamental in the planning and implementation of MPAs, which could improve the prosperity of the coastal communities. In Gili Matra, Indonesia, where tourism is the MPA’s backbone, MPAs are expected to sustain prosperity for future generations. However, some stakeholders with different influential stances to the MPA (Influential Stakeholders (IS) and Non-Influential Stakeholders (NIS)) demand a contradictive approach. This could lead to managerial issues for the MPAs. These issues must be addressed to avoid contradictory objectives that could harm MPA implementation.

Assessing the Impact of Marine Tourism and Protection on Cultural Ecosystem Services Using Integrated Approach: A Case Study of Gili Matra Islands.

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are intangible benefits people obtain from an ecosystem through physical and cognitive interactions. Understanding CES provides vital insights into how activities impacting ecosystem services also impact people. Gili Matra Islands, a set of three small tropical islands located in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, are an increasingly busy marine tourism destination and a marine protected area. By integrating a hedonic monetary value model with a eudaemonic non-monetary value model, this study examines the impacts of tourism and marine protected area management on cultural ecosystem services in the Gili Matra Islands. Results showed that the distance had significantly influenced property prices to coastlines, beach spots and coastlines with sunset views. In addition, the property prices of each individual island showed significant correlations with particular marine tourism and protection features. Less restricted marine protected zones and coastlines were the most significantly influencing variables to the strong eudaemonic well-being dimensions expressed by residents. The Spiritual dimension produced the highest score and was most significantly affected by several features. This study utilised higher accuracy of properties and residents’ location, enabling more accurate assessments of interaction between CES and the features. This study also discusses how these novel insights in the small island’s CES case can inform vulnerability assessments, reviews of recreation taxes, and spatial planning for marine protected areas and help optimise beach nourishments.

Hypothetical effects assessment of tourism on coastal water quality in the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia.

Tourism is one of the most important issues facing marine protected areas (MPAs) and small islands worldwide. Tourism development is considered a contribution to pollution levels in the environment. This paper aims to evaluate the hypothetical effects of tourism development on water quality spatially and temporally using the coastal water quality index (CWQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in search of improved management for marine conservation areas. This study showed significant tourism influences on the CWQI in the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Lombok, Indonesia. Water quality variability indicates a significant spatiotemporal difference (p < 0.05) in the two tourism seasons. During the peak season of tourism, the CWQI decreased to poor conditions, i.e., ranging from 9.95 to 21.49 for marine biota and from 7.98 to 30.42 for marine tourism activities in 2013, and ranging from 39.52 to 44.42 for marine biota and from 44.13 to 47.28 for marine tourism activities, which were below the standard for both marine biota and marine tourism activities. On the contrary, it showed a better level (from poor to moderate) during the low season of tourism (ranging from 41.92 to 61.84 for marine biota and from 48.06 to 65.27 for marine tourism activities in 2014), providing a more acceptable condition for both aspects. The study proved that massive tourism development in the MPA and small islands could reduce water quality and increase vulnerability. Accordingly, integrated tourism management and the environment, waters, and land will be needed to develop sustainable tourism. The CWQI and GIS were applicable to assess water quality, both spatially and temporally, and become a quick reference in monitoring and initial evaluation of impact management.

Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Era Pandemi Covid-19: Kasus TWP Gili Matra

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major economic impact on the community, including those on small islands. Related to this, the government as a decision maker in various programs to improve community welfare needs to think about effective and efficient forms of programs to intervene in small island communities. One of the government's basis for making these decisions is through the existing conditions of community economic resilience. Without this information and analysis regarding the existing conditions, the government will find it difficult to implement targeted intervention programs. This study aims to determine the level of economic resilience of the people of the small islands of Gili Matra as destinations that are most affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as to formulate interventions that will be carried out to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the people of small islands in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study indicate that the era of the Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the economic resilience of small island communities, including the Gili Matra TWP area. During the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a weakening of business, loss of assets, loss of livelihood, loss of markets, inability to produce resulting in loss of income, so an adaptation strategy was needed to face threats and opportunities to the economic sustainability of the Gili Matra TWP community. Economic assistance for communities affected by Covid-19 is one solution in increasing the adaptability of the Gili Matra TWP community. There are five forms of intervention that need to be carried out in economic assistance, namely: 1) Strengthening/Formation of Joint Business Groups, 2) Strengthening group capacity, 3) Assistance with production equipment and production raw materials, 4) Repackaging rebranding and business nameplates, and 5) Online Marketing Training.

Kondisi Terkini Presentase Tutupan Terumbu Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Gili Air, Taman Wisata Perairan Gili Matra, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Gili Matra Aquatic Tourism Park has two conservation targets, namely biological targets and social, cultural and economic targets. Coral reef ecosystems, apart from being a conservation target, are also an attraction for tourists to visit. This research was conducted to determine the condition of the coral reef ecosystem to be used as the basis for the management of conservation areas. The research was conducted by collecting coral reef data either through surveys or secondary data from the results of previous studies. Coral reef survey using the standard Line Intercept Transect method. The survey results show that the condition of coral reefs in the utilization zone is better than the core zone. Live coral cover in the utilization zone reached 71% so it was categorized as good, while in the core zone it only reached 8% so it was categorized as bad. Coral reefs in the core zone are unable to recover even though the number of tourists has decreased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the location of the core zone on Gili Air needs to be evaluated further so that the effectiveness of Gili Matra TWP management can be improved. Key words: coral reefs; Gili Matra; Conservation

Intervention Strategy for Ecosystem-Based Tourism Sustainability in Coastal Areas and Gili Matra Small Islands

The development of coastal ecosystem-based tourism in Gili Matra has been very massive and tends to exceed capacity. For this reason, it is necessary to review the existing ecosystem status in mapping out appropriate intervention strategies in tourist areas. The research during 2021 at 13 locations in Gili Matra aims to look at the pattern and status of the ecosystem for the preparation of tourism development intervention strategies. Data analysis includes descriptive and cluster analysis of the pattern of ecosystem structure, habitat, and resources. The results showed that 30.7% of hard coral cover was still in good condition, and 69.23% was in poor condition. The coral health index level is also with the same percentage value as coral cover. Meanwhile, fish species richness that exceeds 5 species reaches 61.53% and less than 5 species by 38.46%. The general conclusion is that coral reefs are under pressure, although fish biodiversity is still high. The intervention strategy is through efforts to increase coral coverage, and while fishing tourism activities must be managed properly, so as not to damage coral reefs and maintain the target fish population.

SCUBA tourism and coral reefs: a social-ecological network analysis of governance challenges in Indonesia

ABSTRACT In this article, we conduct a social-ecological network analysis of SCUBA tourism human–environmental interactions in the Gili MATra Marine Park in Indonesia. Network methodologies are being increasingly applied, but this study represents – to our knowledge – a first example focusing on the governance of the SCUBA tourism sector. We developed a novel mixed methodology for data collection, data integration and data analyses specific to SCUBA tourism to understand human–nature interactions. This includes interviews with business operators, the use of secondary data on reef compositions and health, and a randomized survey sample of SCUBA tourist perceptions. Our findings indicate a densely interconnected network of social cooperation driven by older and larger businesses with historical leadership roles. High intensity and partially selective patterns of reef use exist, explained by numerous factors including tourist preferences for reef features, site names and business location. However, the analysis of ecological connectivity indicates high dive site similarity, suggesting that alternative sites exist for reducing crowds and increasing safety while still meeting tourist preferences. We discuss methodological innovations and linking results to context with qualitative data. We also propose social-ecological hypotheses (motifs) linked to system outcomes for future SCUBA tourism research.

Measuring the relationship among stakeholders from value-satisfaction-demand in the development of ecotourism of Marine Park

Based on stakeholder theory, this study sets up a research framework of value-satisfaction-demand, and chooses Gili Matra Marine Park, Indonesia as a case study to discuss the differences among stakeholders in ecological service value orientation, ecotourism satisfaction and resource development demand of marine park, to test the relationship among value-satisfaction-demand, and to identify relationships and potential conflicts among stakeholders. It shows that: (1) value orientation is a direct predictor of ecotourism satisfaction; (2) tourists' demands for the development of Gili Matra Marine Park are generally lower than that of local residents; (3) local residents' demands for future development are raised according to their professional needs or living needs; (4) the heterogeneity of resource development demands leads to the existence of conflicts. In order to promote the sustainable development of ecotourism in Gili Matra Marine Park, on the one hand, it is necessary to strictly follow the benefit distribution mechanism; on the other hand, it is also desirable to cultivate ecological value orientation.

Achieving Sustainable Tourism through Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) Program: Case Study of Marine Tourism in Gili Matra Indonesia

Harmonization of tourism and conservation activities can be used to achieve sustainable tourism. Regarding this matter, the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program could be a promising solution to be implemented. By considering marine tourism in Gili Matra, Lombok, this study applied quantitative research method to analyzed the possibility of sustainable tourism development through the PES scheme for harmonizing marine tourism and preserve coral reefs. Data was collected thorugh survey to 100 international tourists that were selected randomly. Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), this study found that international tourists were willing to pay an average of USD 21.46 per visit to contribute to the PES program to sustain the existence of coral reefs and other marine biotas as ecosystem services provided by Gili Matra. The tourists’ educational and income levels influenced their willingness to pay.

Stakeholder perception on the Sea Turtle conservation in the Gili Matra Tourism Area, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

The conservation of sea turtles in a nature-based tourism area is significant to enhance sustainability of the sea turtle population in the wild. Small islands in Lombok Island chains, the Gili Matra, are one of the significant habitats for turtles, and the island is recognized as one of the islands with fastest tourism growth in Indonesia. The research aims to explore the stakeholders’ perspectives in sea turtle conservation in Gili Matra, Lombok. Focus group discussion was implemented to identify the stakeholder perspective. Literature survey was carried out to generate related data concerning sea turtle population and its habitat quality in Gili Matra. The result of this study indicates that stakeholders can identify three species of sea turtle in Gili Matra waters, namely the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate), and the ridley sea turtle (Lepydochely olivacea). Stakeholders state that between 1990 and 2017, there was reduction in the population size in Gili Matra. Factors related to the decrease of population in Gili Matra include decrease of habitat quality and human activity. Some recommendations were made, including increasing socialization and campaign, providing tools and facility to support conservation action, controlling unsustainable practice of fish collection, strengthening the implementation of regulation, and providing training and technical assistance to the local community and local office.

Collision Risk Analysis and Oil Spill Dispersion Modelling in Lombok Strait

Lombok Strait is one of the water areas that designated for international shipping lanes since it has been adopted as the Indonesia Archipelagic Sea lane (IASL) II in 1998. Foreign-flagged ships passing through the strait from southbound to northbound and vice versa. Along with being an archipelagic sea lane, the strait also occupied by high-density crossing traffic connecting Bali and Lombok islands. This crossing traffic mainly dominated by passenger ferry Ro-Ro and pleasure ships as both Bali and Lombok islands are well known as tourist destinations. Aside from being a tourist destination, several islands around the Lombok Strait are also dedicated to Marine Protected Areas (MPA). There are two areas designated for MPA by the Indonesian government in the vicinity of Lombok Strait; Nusa Penida on the west side of IASL II and Gili Matra on the east side. The traffic condition allows the potential for collisions on ships passing through and crossing the Lombok Strait which is very likely caused by navigation errors, human errors, weather conditions, and other technical problems. This study aims to determine the collision risk analysis in terms of annual frequency of collision and grounding as well as the potential dispersion of oil that occurs in the event of a ship collision near the MPA of Nusa Penida. Based on one-year traffic data and forecasted to 20 years, collision and grounding frequencies analysis was conducted using iWRAP method. The analysis found that annual frequency including head-on, overtaking, crossing, merging, bend, and grounding is 4.73×10-1. In addition to the frequency of collisions, oil spill dispersion simulations were carried out using GNOME under two different conditions wind and sea current directions; wind and sea currents that heading to the Northwest, and Southwest. Given a scenario of collision occurred close to Nusa Penida island involving tanker ship that resulting hull damage and oil spill while the wind and sea current directed to Southwest, simulation resulting that oil spill will disperse and polluting MPA of Nusa Penida.

STATUS TERUMBU KARANG DAN IKAN KARANG DI GILI MATRA, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

This study aims to identify the status of reef fishes and coral reefs in Gili Meno, Air, and Trawangan or Gili Matra waters. This area is part of the North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Field observation was conducted on September 2011 at 11 (eleven) diving points. The video-transect method was used for observing the coral reef condition, while reef fishes abundance was observed by using visual-census method. The parameter that used to determine the condition of coral reef in study location are the percentage of live hard coral cover and index of coral mortality. In general, the result shows that percentage of live hard coral cover in each diving point ranged from 4.4% - 37.2% and the Coral Mortality Index (IMK) ranged form 0.40-0.92. The values describe that the condition of coral reef at eleven diving points vary from fair until poor condition. Current status of coral reef condition showed an insignificant increase from bad to moderate during the period 2011 -2018. There were 23 families of reef fishes from 46 genera were found during the study consisting of 16 genera of target fish groups, 5 genera of indicator fish group, and 25 genera of major fish group. The water quality is still within the limits of environmental quality standards.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Reef fish, coral reef, Mortality Index, water quality, Gili Matra

KREATIF ECOTOURISM KUNCI KEBERLANJUTAN PARIWISATA PULAU: STUDI KASUS KEPULAUAN GILI MATRA

The tourism development paradigm has a very frightening effect on the island's destination. Gili Matra Islands as an island destination has the potential to have a high level of vulnerability. The sustainability aspect of island destination is a development challenge in future. Destination protection is important in its sustainability. Creative ecotourism as a form of sustainable tourism is consistently urgent to adopted and as the purpose of this paper. The method of this paper is descriptive qualitative through in-depth interviews. Within case study of the Gili Matra Islands on this paper, it is able to provide an overview of alternative ecotourism forms in actual and conceptual of destination protection. The creative of ecotourism concept is able to collaborate with the differentiation of tourism products in each island (Gili Trawangan, Gii Meno, and Gili Air).

BATHYMETRY EXTRACTION FROM SPOT 7 SATELLITE IMAGERY USING RANDOM FOREST METHODS

The scope of this research is the application of the random forest method to SPOT 7 data to produce bathymetry information for shallow waters in Indonesia. The study aimed to analyze the effect of base objects in shallow marine habitats on estimating bathymetry from SPOT 7 satellite imagery. SPOT 7 satellite imagery of the shallow sea waters of Gili Matra, West Nusa Tenggara Province was used in this research. The estimation of bathymetry was carried out using two in-situ depth-data modifications, in the form of a random forest algorithm used both without and with benthic habitats (coral reefs, seagrass, macroalgae, and substrates). For bathymetry estimation from SPOT 7 data, the first modification (without benthic habitats) resulted in a 90.2% coefficient of determination (R2) and 1.57 RMSE, while the second modification (with benthic habitats) resulted in an 85.3% coefficient of determination (R2) and 2.48 RMSE. This research showed that the first modification achieved slightly better results than the second modification; thus, the benthic habitat did not significantly influence bathymetry estimation from SPOT 7 imagery.