Gigantochloa Atroviolacea Research Articles

Influence of alkali treatment on thermal stability of polyester composites reinforced with Bambusa maculat fibers

The various species of bamboo plants cultivated in Indonesian people's plantations are apus bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) (GA), wulung bamboo (Gigantochloa atroviolacea) (GV), and tutul bamboo (Bambusa maculat) (BM). Apart from being used as a craft material and household utensils, bamboo can be made into natural fiber as a reinforcement for polyester composites. In this research, Bambusa maculat fiber was used. In this work, BM fibers were treated with Alkali with NaOH solutions with concentrations of 2, 5, and 8% by weight respectively at room temperature. The next procedure is that the BM fibers are used as composite reinforcing fibers, arranged unidirectional the polyester composites. The manufacturing technique is using hot pressing molding technique. The effect of alkali concentration on the thermal performance of polyester composites was examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. As the result, the alkaline treatment of BM bamboo fiber with a NaOH concentration of 5%, causes the BM bamboo fiber as reinforcement and matrix to have a tight interface and strong interfacial bonding, allowing the composite to have the best thermal stability among other composites.

Characteristics laminates composite bamboo

The main plants in Indonesian people's plantations are apus bamboo (Gigantochloa apus), wulung bamboo (Gigantochloa atroviolacea) and tutul bamboo (Bambusa maculat). Apart from being used as a craft material, bamboo is also suitable for boards in the form of laminated composites bamboo which are usually called laminated bamboo boards. One of the main criteria for laminated bamboo boards is their good adhesion, which is determined by their shear performance (shear strength). The shear strength of laminated bamboo boards is influenced by several factors such as the type of bamboo used, adhesive/matrix type and laminate configuration. This research used three variations of bamboo species: Gigantochloa apus (GA), Gigantochloa atroviolacea (GV) and Bambusa maculat (BM). The matrix/adhesive used is phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). The bamboo laminated composite arrangement or horizontal configuration is assembled into a three-layer structure using a hand lay up technique. Testing to determine the performance of bamboo laminated composites, with a shear test, using an Instron universal testing machine (UTM) (serial number CP105207), maximum load cell 100 kN with 8 Kg. The results show that the type of bamboo has an effect on the shear performance of bamboo laminate composites. The BM, GV, GA bamboo, respectively, have better performance, greater shear strength.

Developing e-modules based on scientific literacy in bamboo ethno-taxonomy

The development of e-module materials for the classification of living things based on scientific literacy and bio-ethnotaxonomy issues is still very limited. This study aims to develop e-modules for the classification of living things based on scientific literacy and bamboo ethnotaxonomy that are valid and suitable for use in learning. This research and development was carried out using a 4D model by Thiagarajan. This study involved three material expert validators, three media expert validators, and three language expert validators. The instruments used include questionnaires and interview sheets. Development trials are carried out in small-scale trials and large-scale trials. A total of 24 students were involved in the trial with a division of 5 students in the small-scale trial, and 19 students in the large-scale trial. The results showed that there were four species of bamboo found in Sungai Krawang Village, including Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa multiplex, Gigantochloa apus, and Gigantochloa atroviolacea. The results of material and linguistic validation show that the product developed has fulfilled four and six indicators with a score of >80% (very valid). Furthermore, the validation results of media experts are classified as very valid on three indicators including media size, cover design, and overall design with successive scores of 90.00, 83.33, and 84.76. These results indicate that the e-module of bamboo ethnotaxonomy is appropriate for use in learning about the classification of living things.

Assessment of the Compression Properties of Different Giant Bamboo Species for Sustainable Construction

In this study, compression mechanical properties of five giant bamboo species from different continents were investigated based on the ISO 22157:2019 standard. The selected species have been used for rural construction for centuries. The chosen bamboo species for this study, which are considered strong candidates to be used in modern construction as well, are as follows: Phyllostachys edulis (Moso), Guadua angustifolia (Guadua), Gigantochloa apus (Tali), Gigantochloa atroviolacea (Black Java), and Phyllostachys bambusoides (Madake). The excellent properties of bamboo species in tension are well established. Hence, this article principally focuses on the behaviour of selected giant species in compression to be used as structural members. In this study, the mentioned bamboo species were gathered from different continents of origin to be critically assessed, analysed, and compared with one another to better understand their compression behaviour as structural columns. The compression properties of these bamboo species have not been evaluated and compared with one another in an academic study so far. The results show that all tested species were able to provide mean compressive strengths greater than 50 MPa, which makes them highly promising construction material candidates for modern construction. The Guadua test series was able to provide outstanding consistency in the presented compression behaviour and strengths among all the tested species. The specimens with the maximum sustained load belonged to the Tali species. The greatest average failure load belonged to the Moso species. The greatest mean compressive strength measured was 88.9 MPa, reported for Madake species with smaller diameters compared to the other test series. Among the specimens with larger diameters, the greatest mean ultimate strengths were for Moso, Guadua, and Tali species with 69.9 MPa, 60.7 MPa, and 59.1 MPa compressive strengths, respectively.

Comparison of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Laminates With and Without Natural Fiber Reinforcement

Present study of engineered bamboo as an alternative to wood aims to determine the difference of physical-mechanical properties, as well as correlation of the observed properties consist of moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity (Eapp), and modulus of rupture (SR). Bambusa blumeana Schult. & Schult. F and Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja, Agave sisalana Perrine, Hibiscus cannabinus L, and urea-formaldehyde resin as an adhesive used to produce natural-fibre-reinforced and non-reinforced laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). Specimen dimension accordance with ASTM standard D143-14. Test methods and equations accordance with ASTM standard D198-15. Statistical analysis includes analysis of variance, correlation, and regression. Result show properties of the interactions within AO, AK, AS, BO, BK, and BS ranged between 6,40% to 8,00% on MC, 0,62 g/cm3 to 0,74 g/cm3 on density, 12,71 GPa to 37, 70 GPa on MOE, and 62,64 MPa to 104,24 MPa on MOR respectively. Relationship between variables revealed linear negative correlation between MC versus density (R = –0,786), and MC versus MOR (R = –0,666). Linear positive correlation between density versus MOE (R = 0,508), density versus MOR (R = –0,578), and MOE versus MOR (R = –0,793).

Record On Incidence And Intensity Of Estigmena Chinensis Hope. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) On Natural Bamboo Stand

Bamboo is a robust, relatively fast-growing, environmentally sustainable material used worldwide for centuries. It has the potential to be an extremely pleasing and a value alternative to more traditional materials like timber, as seen by numerous visually stunning modern structures. Approximately 212 insect pest species have been identified attacking bamboo, causing damage from seed to completed product. For the first time, Estigmena chinensis was seen destroying seven green-standing bamboo species in natural stands, including Gigantochloa manggog, Thyrsostachyus oliver, Bambusa balcooa, Schizostachyum dullooa, Dendrocalamus hamiltoni, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, and Bambusa polymorpha. Maximum attack incidence was observed in T. oliver (56.18%) in 2017 and minimum in G. atroviolacea (20.75%) in 2020. The maximum and minimum intensity of the attack was recorded in B. balcooa (3.16%) in 2018 and T. oliveri (1.08%) in 2017, respectively.

Potential of Bamboo as Car Roof Material

An effort to achieve SDGs 12# responsible for consumption and production is by optimizing the application of natural recycled materials, such as bamboo, in the automotive industry. Bamboo is a potential insulating material because it has low thermal conductivity. This study used Gigantochloa Atroviolacea as a thermal insulator projected as a car roof. Experiments were performed to identify the effective thermal conductivity. There were two shapes tested: slab and box. The first specimen is a laminated bamboo slab, and the second is a combined slab of laminated bamboo, glass wool, and aluminum foil. Based on the heat transfer calculation, the effective thermal conductivity is 0.21 W/mK and 0.14 W/mK for the laminated bamboo slab and combined slab, respectively. The thermal flow characteristic was analyzed in two box models with different material arrangements. The first box is laminated bamboo and fiber, and the second is laminated bamboo and glass wool. The results show that the first box can insulate heat better than the second. It was concluded that laminated bamboo and bamboo fiber can be used as a substitute for glass wool material. The bending test of laminated bamboo with three different layers was performed according to ASTM D 790. The maximum load was 616 kg for five layers. The bending test showed that laminated bamboo is insufficient as a car roof. Steel plates are still necessary to comply with the requirements of the FMVSS 216 standard.

Pengetahuan Masyarakat terhadap Pemanfaatan Bambu sebagai Tumbuhan Obat

This study aims to analyze the knowledge and perceptions of the community in the Curug Embun Waterfall area about the use of bamboo as a medicinal plant for the development of medicinal plant programs. The method used is descriptive qualitative through four stages: collecting secondary data in the form of literature studies, field observations, interviews with respondents, taking medicinal plant data, processing and analyzing all data obtained in the previous stage. The results showed that the leaves, stems and roots of bamboo apus or pring tali (Gigantochloa apus), black bamboo or pring wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea), bamboo ater or pring ater (Gigantchloa atter), bamboo andong or pring lorek (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea), bamboo aor or pring ampel ijo (Bambusa vulgaris), bamboo china or pring fishing (Bambusa multiplex), bamboo betung or pring betung (Dendrocalamus asper), bamboo tamiang or pring flute (Schizostachyum blumei) are used by the community as medicine by boiling and cooking on the frequency of use. As for how to use it to treat various diseases, namely boiling and cooking with the highest frequency of use, namely the apus bamboo species or pring tali (Gigantochloa apus) and Chinese bamboo or fishing rods (Bambusa multiplex) which is 15 with a percentage of 93.75. In conclusion, public knowledge of the types and benefits of bamboo plants as medicinal plants is relatively high. A total of 8 species of bamboo plants have been identified from 4 genera that the public has recognized as medicinal plants. Respondents' perceptions of medicinal plants have a positive effect namely, they consider medicinal plants to be safe for consumption, have no side effects, are cheap, practical, are found in the surrounding environment and feel beneficial for the body.
 Keywords: Bamboo, Knowledge, Utilization, Perception, Medicinal Plants

Experimental Archaeology Study on the Drilling Techniques of Neolithic Stone Bracelet from Purbalingga

Abstract. The stone bracelet is a neolithic artifact crafted by drilling techniques. Traces of stone bracelet workshop activities in Central Java were found in Purbalingga, which is spread across the North Serayu Mountains between Kali Tungtunggunung and Kali Laban. This study is based on the previous research hypothesis, which states that the manufacture of stone bracelets is carried out by drilling techniques using bamboo wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea). This study aims to prove this hypothesis. An experimental archaeological approach by conducting drilling experiments using several drill bits: iron drills, masonry/concrete iron drills, iron drills for natural stone, and bamboo drills. Meanwhile, the abrasive materials used are water, river sand, and quartz sand. The analysis was carried out by comparing the morphological and morphometric traces of the workings between artifacts and experimental results, based on microscopic observations with a magnification of 20x to 200x. Compared to the other drilling bits and abrasive materials, the experimental study revealed that bamboo drill bits, with quartz-sand and water as additional gritty material, showed the closest similarity.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS DAN POTENSI BAMBU (Bambusasp.) SEBAGAI SENYAWA ANTIMALARIA

Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia caused by the protozoan genus Plasmodium through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. One of the plants that can also be used to treat fever caused by parasitic diseases is bamboo (Bambusa sp.). The purpose of this research is to identify the type and potential of bamboo as an antimalarial compound in Lampung Province. This research be able to provide an overview of the diversity of bamboo species and their potential as an antimalaria compound in Lampung Provincein May-July 2020. Primary data collection methods were obtained directly in the field including bamboo stands, both growing wild and cultivating, and describing them. Morphological observations for identification such as rhizome root types; bamboo shoots; branching; culm; leaf; stem; and segments refer to the criteria used by Widjaja (1997). The data is analyzed descriptively and tabulated. The results obtained 14 species of bamboo consisting of 5 genera with 14 species: Gigantochloa robusta, Schizostachyum brachycladum (Kurz), Schizostachyum blumei, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.), Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd.ex Lindl.), Gigantochloa apus (Kurz), Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa maculate (Widjaja), Bambusa glaucophylla (Widjaja), Dendrocalamus asper (Backer ex K. Heyne), Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees Kuntze), Bambusa glaucophylla (Widjaja), Dendrocalamus asper (Backer ex K. Heey), Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Nees Kuntze), Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. Ex Schult and Bambusa blumeana (Schult.f). Bamboo has the potential for crafts, construction, food, medicine (bamboo shoots from Bambusa vulgaris var. Striata, Gigantochloa apus leaves and water from Dinochloa scandens bamboo stems).Kata kunci: antimalarial,bamboo

Population ecology size and habitat preference of the ghost orchid Didymoplexis pallens in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia

Abstract. Zulkarnaen RN, Garvita RV, Wawangningrum, H, Tyas KN. 2020. Population ecology size and habitat preference of the ghost orchid Didymoplexis pallens in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2056-2061. Didymoplexis pallens is a terrestrial orchid that has leafless characteristics. The population ecology of D. pallens is still not widely known because it only grows in certain areas and at certain times. This study aims to know the population ecology and habitat preference of D. pallens. The study was conducted in Bogor Botanic Gardens where D. pallens occurred naturally. The research method uses purposive sampling by establishing observation plots around bamboo collections in the garden. The results showed that D. pallens had a large population around specific bamboos, such as Gigantochloa verticillate, Gigantochloa atroviolacea and Dendrocalamus giganteus. In addition, the presence of D. pallens populations was strongly influenced by the presence of other plants that compete around it and light intensity. The Principal Component Analysis revealed there are two components of the abiotic factor that influenced the existence of D. pallens, i.e. the first component consisting of coverage, air humidity, temperature, and soil humidity. The second component consisting of litter thickness and soil pH.

Nutritional Evaluation of different Bamboo species in Kerala as a Sustainable food Source

The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional and anti-nutritional levels in ten bamboo species comprising industrially important as well as ornamental types grown in Kerala to judge their potential as a sustainable food source. The species evaluated include Bambusa balcooa Roxb., Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss, Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. (green and yellow), Bambusa wamin E.G.Camus (Budha bamboo), Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro, Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja (Black bamboo) and Gigantochloa manggong Widjaja. Key nutritional parameters like moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, vitamin C and total cyanogen content (TCC) were analyzed. D.strictus and two ornamental species - B. vulgaris and G. atroviolacea -were found to be rich in protein, fiber and vitamin C which could be used as a good food source in terms of nutrition. In these species emerging shoots 14 days after emergence recorded maximum outturn (74%) and minimum wastage. The distribution of total cyanogen content (TCC) was found to vary within shoots itself. Among species studied, the highest content was found in the apex region and lowest at the basal portion of the fresh shoots. Appropriate selection of species and judicious harvest of emerging shoots at correct age can maximize outturn of edible portion in harvested shoots and help cultivators in making it a commercial venture.

Comparison of fiber characteristic and sound intensity of bamboo culms used as sound tube in angklung gubrag in Cipining Village, Bogor

Angklung Gubrag is an ancient angklung that originated from Cipining Village, Bogor. The community of Cipining beliefs that Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea is preferred as angklung’s raw material compared to Gigantochloa atroviolacea. This study aimed to compare the fiber characteristic and sound intensity of G. atroviolacea and G. pseudoarundinacea culms as raw material of Angklung Gubrag. The study was conducted between February to December 2016. Methods used to compare the fiber characteristic of bamboo culms was maceration, while sound intensity was measured by sound level meter. Maceration samples were observed under microscope at Bio Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Universitas Indonesia. The results showed that sound tube of Angklung Gubrag G. atroviolacea have lower sound intensity than Angklung Gubrag G. pseudoarundinacea. Fibre length of G. atroviolacea is longer that G. pseudoarundinacea. We also found that the fiber diameter, lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness of G. pseudoarundinacea sound tube at third note was higher than G. atroviolacea sound tube at the same note. These showed similar results with the perception of Cipining community in choosing G. pseudoarundinacea as a raw material of Angklung Gubrag.

Zinc Oxide Supported onto Biogenic Silica from Gigantochloa atroviolacea Leaves: Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

Bamboo rod is a well known raw material utilized to make houses, papers, handicrafts, chopsticks and medicines. On the other hand, the utilzation of leaves, which are often considered as garbages, receive less attentions. Even though, bamboo leaves are good sources of SiO2 or silica. This work reports the preparation of zinc oxide (ZnO) supported onto biogenic silica (SiO2) from leaves of Gigantochloa atroviolacea, characterization and the antibacterial activities of ZnO@SiO2 against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ZnO was supported onto biogenic SiO2 by using impregnation method of SiO2 in zinc salt [Zn(NO3)2·6H2O] solution. A combination XRD and SEM-EDX techniques were used to confirm the formation of ZnO on ZnO@SiO2. Investigations indicate that the as prepared ZnO@SiO2 revealed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial strain.

Indigenous knowledge of bamboos by Naga community, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Irawan B, Partasasmita R, Rahayu N, Setiawati T, Iskandar J. 2019. Indigenous knowledge of bamboos by Naga community, Tasikmalaya District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1423-1434. Naga community is recognized as one of Sundanese traditional groups who reside in Neglasari village, Salawu Subdistrict, Tasikmalaya District, West Java Province, Indonesia. This community has been holding firm customs and culture. For daily needs, they take advantage of plant diversity around their homes, including bamboo. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity (species and variations/landraces), utilization and management of bamboo among Naga community. The method used in this study was mixed method by combining qualitative and quantitative data collection with ethnobotany approach used in ethnobotanical studies. Semi-structured or deep interview, structured interviews, and participant observation method were used to collect data in the field. The result of study showed that there were 7 species and landraces of bamboos, namely Bambusa vulgaris Schard ex Wendl. var. vulgaris (haur hejo), Bambusa vulgaris Schard ex Wendl. var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindley) Gamble (haur koneng), Gigantochloa apus (J.A. & J.H. Schult) Kurz. (awi tali), Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud) Widjaja (awi gede/awi gombong), Gigantochloa atter (Hassk) Kurz. (awi temen), Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja (awi hideung) and Schizostachyum iraten Steud (awi tamiyang) were documented and used in the gardens of Naga communities. Bamboos are traditionally used as building materials, woven for container, traditional musical instruments, equipment for cooking, agricultural and livestock tools, foodstuffs, and others. Bamboo plants in the garden have been traditionally managed which consists of land preparation, planting, maintenance, pest control, harvesting, and utilization. The conservation of bamboos has been traditionally done by Naga community, including selective cutting of bamboo trees instead of clear-cutting, and keeping the bamboos garden not being converted to other land uses.

Structural grading of three sympodial bamboo culms (Hitam, Andong, and Tali) subjected to axial compressive load

Bamboo culm is commonly utilized in columns that are subjected to axial compressive load, thus it is necessary to measure its compressive strength and load-carrying capacity. The variability of culm dimension, geometry, moisture content, density, and linear mass of three sympodial bamboo species belonging to the Gigantochloa genus [Hitam (Gigantochloa atroviolacea), Tali (G. apus), and Andong (G. pseudoarundinacea)] were studied to determine the best predictor for structural grading of these culms based on their compression properties. Two types of structural gradings, strength and capacity gradings, were examined. Strength grading was developed assuming a hollow or solid circular section of the bamboo culm. Both strength and capacity gradings sufficiently classified culms of all three species into several structural quality classes based on a strong correlation (r) between the predictor and dependent variable (r = 0.83–0.97); however, capacity grading proved to be the best type of structural grading because the maximum compressive load carrying capacity (Fc) of bamboo culm could be predicted more precisely and accurately compared with the compressive strength (σc). Additionally, it was found that linear mass was the best predictor for estimating the compressive capacity (Fc) (r = 0.89–0.98), culm density for estimating compressive strength assuming a solid circular section (σcc) (r = 0.84–0.92), and wall density for estimating compressive strength assuming a hollow circular section (σcw) (r = 0.73–0.89). Based on these predictors, capacity and strength gradings for bamboo culms subjected to compressive load were developed, permitting categorization of bamboo culms into structural quality classes. Each structural quality class had a 5% lower value and characteristic value for σc and the maximum compressive load, which became design values for bamboo structural design.

Acoustic properties of Temen and Wulung bamboo as a Material for Gambang: Sundanese traditional musical instrument

Wulung bamboo (Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja) and Temen bamboo (Gigantochloa atter) are common materials for making Sundanese traditional music like Gambang in West java. From subjective judgment of the maker like Mr. Handiman Diratmasasmita, it is perceived that Temen bamboo is more musical and softer than Wulung bamboo when the Gambang are played. Hence, it is instructive to investigate further in order to find the acoustic parameters of both the bamboos that associate with the differences. To deal with the problem, a series of measurements were carried out in ITB anechoic chamber. Two similar-tuned rattle tube from each bamboo are considered in this work. To capture all required acoustical data, a microphone was positioned behind the opening of the rattle tubes. The sounds of two bamboos are excited by impact hammer and the Frequency Response Function (FRF) obtained by spectrum analyzer system. The results are then analyzed and discussed by considering two frequency ranges namely low-mid frequencies and high frequencies. For lowmid frequency range, it is found that the overtones ratio are not much different for example f, 2.4 f, 3.4 f, 4.9 f, 6.9 f are present for the Wulung bamboo while f, 2.2 f, 2.76 f, 4.82 f, 7.02 f exist in the Temen bamboo where f of 527.3 Hz is fundamental frequency or pitch. However, the overall fundamental and harmonics amplitude of Temen bamboo are higher than Wulung bamboo. At high frequency range the amplitudes of the Wulung bamboo are significantly higher than the Temen bamboo particularly for frequencies above 10 kHz. These results can be attributed to a more musical softer sound of the Temen bamboo.

Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support life’s the community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia

Abstract. Setiawati T, Mutaqin AZ, Irawan B, An’amillah A, Iskandar J. 2017. Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support life’s the community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 58-64. Bamboo is closely related to the lives of Indonesian people, especially in the rural area. Indonesia has a high diversity of bamboo species with multiple social, economic, cultural and ecological functions. Village communities have taken advantage of bamboo as a building material, furniture, handicrafts, household items, food, and medicine. The objective of this research is to determine the diversity of bamboo species in the Karangwangi Village and their role in supporting the daily life of the local community. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive analysis method using ethnobotanical approach. Data collection was conducted with a semi-structured interview with local informants, followed by field observation and specimen collection. Bamboo specimens are later morphologically observed and identified. Results of the study shows that there are 13 species of bamboo in Karangwangi Village, namely Haur Gereng (Bambusa blumeana J.A & J.H. Schult), Haur Geulis (Bambusa sp.), Haur Koneng  (Bambusa vulgaris var. Striata), Haur Seah (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad Ex. var vittata), Awi Tali (Gigantochloa apus), Awi Hideung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjadja), Awi gombong/Awi Surat (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjadja), Awi Temen (Gigantochola atter (Hassk.) Kurz.), Awi Lengka (Gigantochloa hasskarliana (Kurz.) Backer ex Heyne), Awi tamiyang (Schizostachyum iraten Steud.), Awi Gembong(Schizostachyum sp.), Awi Hias (Bambusa glaucophylla Widjadja), and Cangkoreh (Dinochloa scandens (Blume ex Neese) Kuntze). These species are used by the community of Karangwangi Village for various purposes, ranging from building materials, handicrafts, furniture, food, medicine, to fish poison. Keywords: Bamboo, Cianjur, diversity, Karangwangi, utilization

Thermal and Ash Characterization of Indonesian Bamboo and Its Potential for Solid Fuel and Waste Valorization

Bamboo has been widely used in Indonesia for construction, handicrafts, furniture and other uses. However, the use of bamboo as a biomass for renewable energy source has not been extensively explored. This paper describes the thermal and ash characterization of three bamboo species found in Indonesia, i.e. Gigantochloa apus, Gigantochloa levis and Gigantochloa atroviolacea. Characterization of bamboo properties as a solid fuel includes proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific value measurement and thermogravimetric analysis. Ash characterization includes oxide composition analysis and phase analysis by X-Ray diffraction. The selected bamboo species have calorific value comparable with wood with low nitrogen and sulphur contents, indicating that they can be used as renewable energy sources. Bamboo ash contains high silicon so that bamboo ash has potential to be used further as building materials or engineering purposes. Ash composition analysis also indicates high alkali that can cause ash sintering and slag formation in combustion process. This implies that the combustion of bamboo requires the use of additives to reduce the risk of ash sintering and slag formation. Article History: Received May 15, 2016; Received in revised form July 2nd, 2016; Accepted July 14th, 2016; Available online How to Cite This Article: Purbasari, A., Samadhi, T.W. & Bindar, Y. (2016) Thermal and Ash Characterization of Indonesian Bamboo and its Potential for Solid Fuel and Waste Valorization. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(2), 95-100.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.2.96-100

Water Use Patterns of Four Tropical Bamboo Species Assessed with Sap Flux Measurements.

Bamboos are grasses (Poaceae) that are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. We aimed at exploring water use patterns of four tropical bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, and G. apus) with sap flux measurement techniques. Our approach included three experimental steps: (1) a pot experiment with a comparison of thermal dissipation probes (TDPs), the stem heat balance (SHB) method and gravimetric readings using potted B. vulgaris culms, (2) an in situ calibration of TDPs with the SHB method for the four bamboo species, and (3) field monitoring of sap flux of the four bamboo species along with three tropical tree species (Gmelina arborea, Shorea leprosula, and Hevea brasiliensis) during a dry and a wet period. In the pot experiment, it was confirmed that the SHB method is well suited for bamboos but that TDPs need to be calibrated. In situ, species-specific parameters for such calibration formulas were derived. During field monitoring we found that some bamboo species reached high maximum sap flux densities. Across bamboo species, maximal sap flux density increased with decreasing culm diameter. In the diurnal course, sap flux densities in bamboos peaked much earlier than radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and also much earlier than sap flux densities in trees. There was a pronounced hysteresis between sap flux density and VPD in bamboos, which was less pronounced in trees. Three of the four bamboo species showed reduced sap flux densities at high VPD values during the dry period, which was associated with a decrease in soil moisture content. Possible roles of internal water storage, root pressure and stomatal sensitivity are discussed.