Gigantea Extract Research Articles

Chemical characterization and biological activity of Onosma gigantea extracts

Onosma species have traditionally been used as laxative and anthelmintic agents as well as their uses in eye, blood diseases, bronchitis, abdominal pain, strangury, thirst, itch, leucoderma, fever, wounds, burns, piles, and urinary calculi. This study examines the investigation of biological activities of ethyl acetate, methanolic, and aqueous extracts from Onosma gigantea Lam. The extracts were evaluated for the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Phenolic compounds in the extracts were also detected by RP-HPLC-DAD. The aqueous extract showed remarkable antioxidant activity in phosphomolybdenum [134.31 μmol trolox equivalents (TEs)/g air dry matter (adm)], chelating effect [32.97 μmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt) equivalents (EDTAEs)/g adm], radical scavenging [on DPPH (32.14 μmol TEs/g adm) and ABTS (58.68 μmol TEs/g adm)], and reducing power [CUPRAC (50.23 μmol TEs/g adm) and FRAP (40.96 μmol TEs/g adm)] assays. The aqueous extract also exhibited considerable inhibitory activity of tyrosinase (10.48 μmol kojic acid equivalents/g adm) and α-glucosidase [1320.53 μmol acarbose equivalents (ACEs)/g adm]. It has been determined that the methanolic extract showed significant AChE (31.57 μmol galanthamine equivalents (GALAEs)/g adm) and α-amylase (6.75 μmol ACEs/g adm) inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate, which contains low polarity compounds, showed the highest BChE inhibitory activity (6.87 μmol GALAEs/g adm). In general, it is found that there is a positive correlation between the phytochemical contents of the extracts and their biological activities. The results indicate that O. gigantea extracts could be considered as a novel source of bioactive agents with functional connections.

Analytical Method for the Validation of Three Polyphenols as a Marker Compound for the Standardization of Solidago virgaurea subsp. gigantea Extracts and Antiadipogenesis of Harvesting Time and Location.

Protocatechuic acid (PC), chlorogenic acid (CA), and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (K-O-R), isolated from the Solidago virgaurea subsp. gigantea (SV) extract, were quickly and efficiently separated using HPLC. Our chromatographic method was found to effectively separate PC, CA, and K-O-R at retention times of 5.36, 8.22, and 17.04 min, respectively. Linearity of PC, CA, and K-O-R was found to be in the range of 4.85–485.00, 47.5–1900.00, and 8.50–850.00 μg/ml. Recoveries ranged between 101.32 and 103.30%, 95.82 and 100.25%, and 96.18 and 99.37%, for PC, CA, and K-O-R, respectively. The antiadipogenesis activity of SV extracts collected from five different months and from seven different regions was evaluated using an Oil Red O staining assay in 3T3-L1 cells. Extract from SV collected in April from the Ulleung Island produced over 106.89% inhibition of adipogenesis without cytotoxicity at 50 μg/ml. This extract had a high amount of PC and K-O-R. The developed HPLC method was found to be fast, accurate, precise, and reproducible and could be applied to qualitative and quantitative analysis of three bioactive compounds in SV extracts. The SV extract collected in April from Ulleung Island can be used as a functional food ingredient preventing obesity.

Anti-obesity effect of Solidago virgaurea var. gigantea extract through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis pathways in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (C57BL/6N)

ABSTRACTBackground: Obesity is associated with an increase in adipogenesis and is becoming a serious health problem in modern society.Objective: The effects of various Solidago virgaurea var. gigantean (SV) ethanolic aqueous extracts on anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. In addition, the effect of SV 10% ethanolic extract (SV10E) on preventing obesity was studied in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (C57BL/6 N).Design: The effect of SV10E on preventing obesity was studied in mice (n = 6): normal-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD supplemented with 1% (10 g/kg) Garcinia cambogia extract of 60% (–)-hydroxycitric acid (positive control), HFD supplemented with 0.5% (5 g/kg) SV10E, and HFD supplemented with 2% (20 g/kg) SV10E.Results: SV10E showed the highest anti-adipogenic activity in vitro and reduced body weight gain, adipose tissue size, and liver weight, without affecting food intake in vivo. SV10E administration decreased the levels of total triacylglycerol and cholesterol in serum, and lipid metabolites in liver. Adipogenic and lipogenic genes such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, aP2, FAS, SCD-1, SREBP-1c, and CD36 in white adipose tissue and liver were suppressed by SV10E administration.Conclusion: SV10E can be a potent functional food ingredient for preventing HFD-induced obesity by suppressing adipogenesis and lipogenesis.

Calotropis gigantea extract as a potential anticariogenic agents against Streptococcus mutans: An in vivo comparative evaluation.

Objective:The current study was intended to evaluate and compare the in vivo efficacy of Calotropis gigantea mouth rinse as anticariogenic agents with 0.2% chlorhexidine and Listerine mouth rinse.Materials and Methods:An experimental crossover study was conducted on sixty school children aged 14–15 years. Participants were divided into three Groups A, B, and C. In all children, baseline unstimulated saliva samples were collected and assessed for Streptococcus mutans counts. The study was conducted in three phases; each phase lasted for 8 days separated by a washout period of 15 days in between them. Groups A, B, and C were treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine, Listerine and C. gigantea extract mouth rinses, respectively, in the Phase I and assessed for salivary S. mutans counts. Subsequently, mouth rinses were crossed over as dictated by the Latin square design in Phase II and III.Results and Conclusion:All the three mouth rinses have individually shown a statistically significant reduction in the salivary S. mutans counts.

Anti-proliferative effect of eight ethanolic extracts from soft corals on human leukemia cell line HL-60.

In the present study, authors evaluate the anticancer effects of eight crude extracts from 70% ethanol extracts of soft corals collected around Jeju Island, South Korea. According to the cytotoxicity results, extracts are not cytotoxic to Vero cells at the highest tested concentration (100 μg/mL), which indicates that they are not cytotoxic to the normal cells. However, one of the tested extracts, Dendronephthya gigantea (DGI) extract, significantly reduced the viability of human leukemia cell line (HL-60) with IC50 value of 84.43 μg/mL. In addition, Hoechst 33342 cell permeable dye used to visualize the apoptotic nuclei in DGItreated HL-60 cells. These results suggest that DGI has the potential to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells without altering viability of normal Vero cells. In conclusion, DGI might have the great potential to be developed into an anticancer drug in the future.

Anti-obesity effect of Solidago virgaaurea extract in high-fat diet-fed SD rat

ABSTRACTIn our previous report, Solidago virgaurea var. gigantea (SV) extract was shown to exhibit anti-adipogenesis activity in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. In this study, anti-obesity activity of SV extract was investigated in in vivo animal model. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered with high-fat diet, and the effect of SV extract was tested. SD rats were treated orally with SV extract for eight weeks, and their body weight was measured every week. The oral treatment of SV extract decreased body weight, fat tissue weight, blood low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, and blood triglycerides level. The p-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (AMP kinase) protein level in the fat tissue of the SV extract-treated SD rats increased. The protein levels of AMPK-downstream proteins, c-AMP response element binding protein and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and FABP4 decreased, indicating that SV extract-activated AMPK induced inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid biosynthesis in fat tissue. 1H-NMR measurements of the lipid soluble liver extract showed a decrease in the lipid metabolites, indicating that SV extract-activated fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Overall, our results suggest that orally treated SV extract has excellent anti-obesity effect against HFD-induced obesity of SD rat.

Extract of Calvatia gigantea inhibits proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells.

In this study, in order to investigate the anticancer mechanism of Calvatia gigantea extract, edible mushroom species, which belong to Lycoperdaceae family, changes of CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, p21, Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were evaluated in A549 lung cancer cells. Cytotoxic effect of C. gigantea extract was evaluated by using XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5 carboxanilide). The C. gigantea extract was treated in a time and dose dependent manner within the range 25μg/ml-2mg/ml to determine the IC50 dose. IC50 dose for C. gigantea extract was detected as 500μg/ml for 72h. According to expression results, while CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, Akt and Bcl-2 expression clearly decreased, Bax, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression clearly increased in the dose group cells (A549 cells treated with 500μg/ml dose of C.gigantea extract for 72h). However, there was no change in p21 expression. C. gigantea extract induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by decreasing the CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, Akt and Bcl-2 expression and by increasing Bax, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in A549 cells. Mushrooms are eukaryotic organisms heavily used because of their supposedly anticancer effect. Many mushroom species have been used for medical purposes, as a result of also having many effects such as antibiotic, antiviral and anticancer effects. It is thought that the C. gigantea extract may be a significant agent for treatment of lung cancer as a single agent or in combination with other drugs.

English

The effect of Colatropis gigantea leaf extract was studied on alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rabbits to evaluate the possible hypoglycaemic and antioxidant properties of Colatropis gigantea (C. gigantean) in diabetes mellitus. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was observed in diabetic rabbits administered with the acetone fraction of Colatropis gigantea (C. gigantean) leaf when compared to diabetic control group. Consistent significant increases (p < 0.05) were noticed in the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes; catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in diabetic rabbits treated with acetone fraction of C. gigantea leaf compared with diabetic control group, although higher activities of these enzymes were observed in diabetic rabbits treated with glibenclamide (reference drug) when compared to the group administered C. gigantea extract. It was also observed that C. gigantea extract had significant increase in vitamin C and protein concentrations when compared with untreated group. These results suggest that acetone extract of C. gigantea leaves possess hypoglycaemic and antioxidant properties. Key words: Colatropis gigantean, TBARS, antioxidant enzymes; vitamin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), diabetic rabbits.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; studies on the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of &lt;i&gt;Cephalaria gigantea&lt;/i&gt;

This study evaluates the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of leaf and root extracts of Cephalaria gigantea . The results showed that the extracts inhibited both bacteria and fungi tested at MIC values which ranged from 3.1 to 12.5 mg/mL. The root water and leaf hydro-ethanol extracts had the highest content of phenolics exhibiting IC 50 values of 310.9 mg/g and 275.2 mg/g respectively. The leaf water extract possessed the highest amount of flavonoids with IC 50 value of 145.4 mg/g followed by root hydro-ethanol extract with IC 50 value of 53.4 mg/g. The leaf and root water extracts had the best DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC 50 values of 0.6 µg/mL and 2.8 µg/mL compared to gallic acid at 14.0 µg/mL. The leaf hydro-ethanol and root water extracts scavenged ABTS radical best. Also the leaf and root hydro-ethanol extract exhibited the best reducing power activity when compared to gallic acid. The root water and leaf ethanol extracts displayed the most potent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. It can be concluded that C. gigantea extracts possessed antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials but has poor antimicrobial activities.

Efficacy of selected plant extracts in the okra pest, Zonabris pustulata (Thunberg)

The mortality of Zonabris pustulata with varied concentration of plant extracts was analyzed. For instance, high pesticidal activity was recorded from the crude extracts of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Cynodon dactylon, Calotropis gigantea and Acalphya indica. The mortality of Z. pustulata which occurred in the A. indicaextract increased with increased concentration of plant extracts at 48 and 72 h. During 24 h, at 2.0% concentration, there was no mortality and highest mortality was occurring during 10.0% concentration. In 4.0 and 6.0% concentrations, there were no changes in the mortality of beetle. In 72 h, highest mortality was occurring at 2.0, 10.0 and crude extracts. There was no mortality occur in the control. The highest mortality occurred during 48 h (1.71 ± 1.28), and the lowest mortality occur during 72 h (1.29 ± 0.7). The highest mortality of Z. pustulata occurs at 2.0 and 4.0% from 24 to 72 h in the C. gigantea extract treatment. The highest mortality occurred at 24 h (2 ± 1.31) followed by 48 h (1.86 ± 1.55) and the lowest mortality occurs at 72 h (1.28 ± 0.88). At 24 and 48 h, there was no mortality at 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0%. At 24 h the mortality occurs at 4.0 and 10.0%. The highest mortality occurs at crude extract treatment. At 48 h, the death rate increased at 8.0% concentration. The highest mortality occurs at 72 h (2±1.31) followed by 48 h (1.14 ± 1.25) and the lowest mortality occurs at 24 h (0.57 ± 0.73). Key words: Botanicals, pesticide, insecticides, pests, plant extracts.

In vitro Leishmanicidal activity of Calotropis gigantea and its fractions against Leishmania major

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which is caused by the different species of Leishmaina, produces a skin ulcer that heals spontaneously in most cases, leaving an unsightly scar. In the traditional medicine, the extracts of different species of Calotropis gigantea have been successfully used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in folklore medicine in south east of Iran. There has been no scientific proof for this activity and in this study the antileishmanial effect of four fraction of C. gigantea extract was evaluated on promastigotes of L. major in vitro. Methanolic Soxhlet extract of C. gigantea was fractionated into four fractions namely aqueous (AF), methanol (MF), butanol (BF) and hexane (HF) fractions. Four concentrations of each fraction (0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg ml -1 ), one positive control,

In vitro Leishmanicidal activity of Calotropis gigantea and its fractions against Leishmania major

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which is caused by the different species of Leishmaina, produces a skin ulcer that heals spontaneously in most cases, leaving an unsightly scar. In the traditional medicine, the extracts of different species of Calotropis gigantea have been successfully used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in folklore medicine in south east of Iran. There has been no scientific proof for this activity and in this study the antileishmanial effect of four fraction of C. gigantea extract was evaluated on promastigotes of L. major in vitro. Methanolic Soxhlet extract of C. gigantea was fractionated into four fractions namely aqueous (AF), methanol (MF), butanol (BF) and hexane (HF) fractions. Four concentrations of each fraction (0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg ml -1 ), one positive control,

Investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex. Hook.) leaves against paracetamol–induced hepatotoxicity in rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cyathea gigantea (C. gigantea) against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. MethodsThe hepatoprotective activity for plant extract was investigated for paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in rats. Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups of 6 animals each and are given orally the following treatment for seven days. The normal control group was given 1% Na.CMC 1 mL/kg bw, p.o. Paracetamol at dose of 1 g/kg bw, p.o. was given as toxic dose for inducing hepatotoxicity. Silymarin (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was given as reference standard. Two doses of C. gigantea extract i.e., 100 mg/kg, p.o. and 200 mg/kg, p.o. were tested for hepatoprotective activity. The treatment was given for seven days and after 24 h of last treatment blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus and analysed for various serum parameters like serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and total protein (TP) in different groups. ResultsThe paracetamol intoxication lead to histological and biochemical deteriorations. The treatment with methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea reduced the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB and also reversed the hepatic damage towards normal which further supports the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract of C. gigantea. ConclusionsThe methanolic extract of leaves of C. gigantea at doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw have significant effect on liver of paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofPterygota macrocarpaandCola gigantea(Sterculiaceae)

Pterygota macrocarpa and Cola gigantea are African medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of sores, skin infections, and other inflammatory conditions including pains. This study therefore aims at investigating the antimicrobial properties of ethanol leaf and stem bark extracts of P. macrocarpa and C. gigantea using the agar diffusion and the micro-dilution techniques and also determining the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts of these plants in carrageenan-induced foot edema in seven-day old chicks. The minimum inhibitory concentration of both ethanol leaf and bark extracts of P. macrocarpa against the test organisms was from 0.125 to 2.55 mg/mL and that of C. gigantea extracts was 0.125 to 2.75 mg/mL. Extracts with concentration of 50 mg/mL were most active against the test organisms according to the agar diffusion method. All the extracts of P. macrocarpa and C. gigantea at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg body weight except ethanol leaf extract of C. gigantea exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects (P ≤ 0.001).

Antimicrobial properties of sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii and Stichodactyla gigantea from Mandapam coast of India

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial activities of the methanol and aqueous extract of sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii (S. mertensii) and Stichodactyla gigantea (S. gigantea). Methods The sea anemone S. mertensii and S. gigantea were subjected to extraction by using methanol and distilled water. They were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Results In antibacterial activity, S. gigantea exhibited significantly inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the S. mertensii of butanolic extract. In antifungal activity, the S. mertensii extract showed good activity against Aspergillus niger ( A. niger) compared with other strains. Whereas S. gigantea recorded maximum and minimum zone of inhibition against Botrytis cinerea, A. niger and Cladosporium cucumerinum respectively. Conclusions The results support that the sea anemones S. mertensii and S. gigantea extracts for treatment of some bacterial and fungal diseases as an ethanomedicinal source.

Interactions betweenSarcocystis gigantea lectin and toxin-containing fractions in human lymphocyte cultures

Sarcocystis gigantea extract (SGE) was separated by affinity chromatography into one lectin-containing fraction (SGL) that was mitogenic to mononuclear cells (MNC) and another that lacked this lectin activity. The SGL-depleted Sarcocystis extract (SGTF) contained the so-called Sarcotoxin, inducing only a slight increase in MNC proliferation. Furthermore, preincubation of MNC with SGTF for 60 min suppressed the mitogenic capacity of SGL by 60%-90%. The results presented indicate that SGTF interacts with human MNC differently than SGL, particularly by interfering with the mitogenic lectin. These findings suggest that SGL and SGTF may be involved in different immunomechanisms induced by the parasite.