Sequoiadendron Giganteum Research Articles

The California National Parks Centennial: Introduction to the Special Issue

Research Article| July 01 1990 The California National Parks Centennial: Introduction to the Special Issue Alfred Runte Alfred Runte Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (1990) 69 (2): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/25462416 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Alfred Runte; The California National Parks Centennial: Introduction to the Special Issue. California History 1 July 1990; 69 (2): 86–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25462416 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1990 CHS Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Phyllosphere Fungi from Three Tree Species

Short-term effects of ozone (O(3)) on phyllosphere fungi were studied by examining fungal populations from leaves of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.). Chronic effects of both O(3) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) were studied by isolating fungi from leaves of mature Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis L.) trees. In this chronic-exposure experiment, mature orange trees were fumigated in open-top chambers at the University of California, Riverside, for 4 years with filtered air, ambient air plus filtered air (1:1), ambient air, or filtered air plus SO(2) at 9.3 parts per hundred million. Populations of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries, two of the four most common fungi isolated from orange leaves, were significantly reduced by chronic exposure to ambient air. In the short-term experiments, seedlings of giant sequoia or California black oak were fumigated in open-top chambers in Sequoia National Park for 9 to 11 weeks with filtered air, ambient air, or ambient air plus O(3). These short-term fumigations did not significantly affect the numbers of phyllosphere fungi. Exposure of Valencia orange trees to SO(2) at 9.3 parts per hundred million for 4 years reduced the number of phyllosphere fungi isolated by 75% compared with the number from the filtered-air treatment and reduced the Simpson diversity index value from 3.3 to 2.5. A significant chamber effect was evident since leaves of giant sequoia and California black oak located outside of chambers had more phyllosphere fungi than did seedlings within chambers. Results suggest that chronic exposure to ambient ozone or SO(2) in polluted areas can affect phyllosphere fungal communities, while short-term exposures may not significantly disturb phyllosphere fungi.

Acid mist and ozone effects on the leaf chemistry of two Western Conifer species

Seedlings of Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi) and giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron gigantea) were more susceptible to leaf chemical changes following exposure to acid mist (pH 3·4–2·0) or acid mist/ozone combinations, than to ozone alone (0·1–0·2 μl/litre), when plants were exposed to alternating doses of these pollutants for 6–9 weeks. Under acid mist treatment, leaves exhibited higher levels of nitrogen and sulfur, two elements applied in acid mist. In addition, levels of foliar sodium, and, in the case of giant sequia, potassium, as well, increased under acid mist treatment. Iron and manganese were also mobilized, resulting in significant increases in these elements in pine, and decreases in manganese in giant sequoia foliage. The acid treatment also reduced chlorophyll b concentrations in pine, and, to a less significant extent, in giant sequoia. Calcium, magnesium, barium and strontium were differentially accumulated in giant sequoia compared to Jeffrey pine. Under acid mist treatment, all of these elements (except strontium) declined in concentration in giant sequoia, with calcium showing the most significant trend. The more extensive changes in leaf chemistry induced by acid mist are consistent with earlier observations of significant changes in spectral reflectance of these seedlings after 3 weeks of fumigation. Limited foliage samples collected from these two species in 1985 and 1986 in Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada do not in themselves indicate any clearcut or severe effects of ozone alone on leaf chemistry of these species, but a mild influence of nitrate-laden acid deposition, possibly in combination with ozone, is consistent with the rise in nitrogen and lignin levels in Jeffrey pine on sites observed to have moderate visible injury symptoms. No firm conclusions about effects of pollutants on leaf chemistry in these field sites is possible without further study.

Endogenous Levels of Plant Hormones during the Course of Adventitious Rooting in Cuttings of Sequoiadendron giganteum (LINDL.) in vitro

Summary Root formation in Sequoiadendron giganteum cuttings from in vitro culture was accompagnied by at first a rise and then a fall in soluble peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity in the explant. A change in the opposite direction (a fall followed by a rise) was shown for free IAA as measured by a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using specific anti-hormone antibodies. The levels of abscisic acid, zeatin and zeatin riboside estimated by similar immunological techniques increased up to the sixth day on the rooting medium, passed through a minimum on day 13 and then reincreased slightly. These variations were compared to those described in the literature. A scheme is presented showing the possible events connecting rooting and variations of endogenous plant hormones and isoperoxidases during rooting process of Sequoia.

A two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure for single meristems of different forest species.

High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis, with isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate in thin acrylamide gels in the second dimension, has been applied to separate the proteins of single meristems (200-300 microns) from Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sequoia sempervirens, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea abies, Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus gunnii and Populus nigra. The technique may prove an efficient tool for studying inter- and intraclonal differences in meristem cultures of forest species, especially when referring to cloning from meristems of selected trees in relation to the rejuvenation process.

J 16: An apex protein associated with juvenility of Sequoiadendron giganteum.

Shoot apex proteins from 11 seedlings, two juvenile clones and three mature grafted clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh. were examined throughout the year by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A membrane-associated protein known as J 16, with an approximate molecular weight of 16 kD, was always detected in juvenile tissue, but was absent in tissue of the mature clones. The J 16 protein was also present in extracts of a mature clone that had been morphologically rejuvenated by micrografting. Protein extracts from the rejuvenated clone, were separated by electrophoresis and assayed for J 16 using an immunoblotting procedure with anti-J 16 serum. This test revealed two bands, J 16 and another protein with a lower molecular weight. The small molecular weight protein was not detected in juvenile clones.

Injury and growth of Jeffrey pine and giant sequoia in response to ozone and acidic mist

A 2-year study of the interactive effect of sequential exposures of Jeffrey pine ( P. Jeffreyi) and giant sequoia ( S. giganteum) to simulated acidic mist and ozone (O 3) was conducted in 1985 and 1986. Two-year-old seedlings of each species were exposed to simulated mist acidified to pH 4.1, 3.4, 2.7 or 2.0 with 2:1 HNO 3/H 2SO 4 plus appropriate background ions 3 days per week from 0300 to 0600 in outdoor mist exposure chambers. On the same day the same plants were exposed to 0, 0.10 or 0.20 ppm O 3 from 1200 to 1600. Exposures were conducted in May and June of each year. Each O 3 × pH combination contained 12 plants of each species and each treatment was replicated twice. Half the trees were harvested after the first year and the rest after 2 years of exposure to O 3 and simulated acidic mist. In the first year, O 3 at both 0.10 and 0.20 ppm caused light to moderate chlorotic mottle on Jeffrey pine but O 3 had no effect on giant sequoia. Simulated mist at pH 2.0 caused severe foliar necrosis on both species. Ozone had no significant effect on growth of either species in 1985, but simulated acidic mist at pH 2.0 significantly reduced growth of both species. In 1986, similar visible foliar injury symptoms were observed on both species. Ozone significantly reduced leaf, stem and root growth of Jeffrey pine, but growth of giant sequoia was not affected by O 3. Exposure to simulated acidic mist stimulated Jeffrey pine growth at intermediate pH (3.4 and 2.7) and significantly reduced growth at pH 2.0, relative to growth at pH 4.1. Simulated acidic mist significantly reduced root growth of giant sequoia, particularly at pH 2.0, and the combination of O 3 at 0.20 ppm and mist at pH 2.0 reduced sequoia root growth significantly more than the additive effects of either pollutant acting alone. The effects of both pollutants on root growth were attributed to reallocation of photoassimilates from roots to shoots to maintain growth of photosynthetic tissues.

Constituents of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils (giant sequoia)

AbstractThe literature reports few studies of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from a natural population approximately 110 years old on the one hand and of a young population of two origins (France and the USA) on the other hand.Fifty‐two constitutents were identified by GC‐MS. The myrcene content is higher in the young population than in the mature one.

Birds Lost from a Giant Sequoia Forest during Fifty Years

Not all forest bird species breeding on Redwood Mountain, Tulare County, California in the 1930s are still there in the 1980s. Over the 50 Years virgin aiant seauoia forest of the saddle and east slope (within Rings Canyon NationalPark) remains unchanged but has lost the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis). The mixture of old and secondgrowth sequoias of Whitaker’s Forest, where pines and undergrowth were removed and snags eliminated, is missing the Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus), Flammulated Owl (Otus flammeolus), Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis), Hairv Woodnecker (Picoides villosus). and Olive-sided Flvcatcher. Thouah unchanaed todav. the Xparian alders of Eshom Creek on the west slope have lost Swainso& Thrush~Catha& ustulatus). Drastic logging by Sequoia National Forest has driven all of the above from the west slope ponderosa pine forest that surrounds Whitaker’s Forest. New birds established at Whitaker’s Forest by 1986 are the Common Raven (Corvus corax), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii). Intrusion of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) has begun without yet affecting two abundant species of vireos. The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is reduced; the Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) has greatly increased. I attempt to explain avifaunal changes by comparing habitats over the 50-year interval. Disappearance of the flycatcher and thrush from unchanged, prime habitat must be caused by destruction of corresponding forests in Central America, where these birds maintain their winter territories.

Nucleotide status and protein synthesis in vivo in the apices of juvenile and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum during budbreak

Adenine and guanine nucleotide contents of isolated apices collected from a juvenile and a mature clone of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz during budbreak were determined. GDP and GTP contents were significantly higher in the juvenile clone apex than in the mature ones, whereas there was no difference in ATP concentration between the two materials. In vivo, induction of protein synthesis was similar in the two clones after 10 min of [35S]‐methionine labeling. The increase of [35S]‐methionine‐tRNAs and labeled proteins continued up to 30 min for the juvenile clone. They markedly declined for the mature clone after 10 min. Only the diminution of this in vivo protein synthesis was well correlated with a decrease in GTP content.

Roles of phenolic compounds on micropropagation of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum: Influence of activated charcoal

The beneficial influence of activated charcoal (AC) (20 g l −1), added to the basal culture medium, was noted for in vitro growth and further rooting of microcuttings collected from juvenile clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum. During the elongation phase on the medium containing AC, the growing upper part of the juvenile clone microcuttings contained less polyphenols than the lower part, while this difference was not observed in mature material. Plantlets growing on AC-free medium had almost identical polyphenol levels, which greatly increased after the seventh week of culture both in the tissues and the medium. The effect of AC on microcutting growth as well as the significance of polyphenols for micropropagation are discussed.

Giant Sequoia Mortality in Burned and Unburned Stands

Giant Sequoia Mortality in Burned and Unburned Stands

Litter dynamics in two Sierran mixed conifer forests. II. Nutrient release in decomposing leaf litter

The factors influencing leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns were investigated for 3.6 years in two mixed conifer forests in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The giant sequoia–fir forest was dominated by giant sequoia (Sequoiadendrongiganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.), white fir (Abiesconcolor Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar pine (Pinuslambertiana Dougl.). The fir–pine forest was dominated by white fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar (Calocedrusdecurrens (Torr.) Florin). Initial concentrations of nutrients and percent lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber vary considerably in freshly abscised leaf litter of the studied species. Giant sequoia had the highest concentration of lignin (20.3%) and the lowest concentration of nitrogen (0.52%), while incense cedar had the lowest concentration of lignin (9.6%) and second lowest concentration of nitrogen (0.63%). Long-term (3.6 years) foliage decomposition rates were best correlated with initial lignin/N (r2 = 0.94, p < 0.05), lignin concentration (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.05), and acid detergent fiber concentration (r2 = 0.80, p < 0.05). Patterns of nutrient release were highly variable. Giant sequoia immobilized N and P, incense cedar immobilized N and to a lesser extent P, while sugar pine immobilized Ca. Strong linear or negative exponential relationships existed between initial concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca and percent original mass remaining of those nutrients after 3.6 years. This suggests efficient retention of these nutrients in the litter layer of these ecosystems. Nitrogen concentrations steadily increase in decomposing leaf litter, effectively reducing the C/N ratios from an initial range of 68–96 to 27–45 after 3.6 years.

Litter dynamics in two Sierran mixed conifer forests. I. Litterfall and decomposition rates

Litterfall was measured for 4 years and leaf litter decomposition rates were studied for 3.6 years in two mixed conifer forests (giant sequoia–fir and fir–pine) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The giant sequoia–fir forest (GS site) was dominated by giant sequoia (Sequoiadendrongiganteum (Lindl.) Buchh.), white fir (Abiesconcolor Lindl. & Gord.), and sugar pine (Pinuslambertiana Dougl.). The fir–pine forest (FP site) was dominated by white fir, sugar pine, and incense cedar (Calocedrusdecurrens (Torr.) Florin). Litterfall, including large woody debris <15.2 cm in diameter, at the GS site averaged 6364 kg•ha−1•year−1 compared with 4355 kg•ha−1•year−1 at the FP site. Compared with other temperate coniferous forests, annual variability in litterfall (as computed by the ratio of the annual maximum/minimum litterfall) was extremely high for the GS site (5.8:1) and moderately high for the FP site (3.4:1). In the GS site, leaf litter decomposition after 3.6 years was slowest for giant sequoia (28.2% mass loss), followed by sugar pine (34.3%) and white fir (45.1%). In the FP site, mass loss was slowest for sugar pine (40.0%), followed by white fir (45.1%), while incense cedar showed the greatest mass loss (56.9%) after 3.6 years. High litterfall rates of large woody debris (i.e., 2.5–15.2 cm diameter) and slow rates of leaf litter decomposition in the giant sequoia–fir forest type may result in higher litter accumulation rates than in the fir–pine type. Leaf litter times to 95% decay for the GS and FP sites were 30 and 27 years, respectively, if the initial 0.7-year period (a short period of rapid mass decay) was ignored in the calculation. A mass balance approach for total litterfall (<15.2 cm diameter) decomposition yielded lower decay constants than did the litterbag study and therefore longer times to 95% decay (57 years for the GS site and 62 years for the FP site).

Sequential rooting media and rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro. Peroxidase activity as a marker

The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and mature shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on different rooting media (inductive and expressive media) after passage on an elongating medium. None of the cuttings rooted when continuously kept on medium containing the auxin NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings on NAA+D2 first increased during the 7-9 first days and decreased in the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer of the cuttings after periods longer than 7-9 days from the NAA+D2 inductive medium to a basal medium supplemented or not with rutin (expressive medium). The rooting capacity was emphasized by rutin treatment and was in correlation with the peroxidase peak reached on the NAA+D2 medium. Seedlings, characterised by the highest peroxidase activity, were most performing in rooting.

In vitro meristem culture of juvenile and mature Sequoiadendron giganteum.

A total of 7000 meristems were used in experiments to investigate the possibility of cloning Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz by in vitro meristem culture of juvenile (2-year-old) and mature (100-year-old) ortets. Cultures were initiated on a low-salt medium containing 0.1 mg l(-1) 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to stimulate meristematic activity. Benzylamino purine (0.01-0.5 mg l(-1)) inhibited meristematic activity, whereas gibberellic acid (0.01-0.5 mg l(-1)) had no effect on meristematic development. The mature ortet showed more specific mineral requirements and a lower capacity for cloning than the juvenile ortet. Rooted plants were obtained only from the juvenile clone. There was a marked seasonal effect on meristematic activity, especially for the mature clone, the most active material being obtained during budbreak.

Nucleotide and nucleic acid status in shoot tips from juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum during rest and growth phases

Nucleoside triphosphate and nucleic acid contents of shoot tips of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz were analyzed during rest and growth phases. In both juvenile and mature clones, shoot growth activity was characterized by significant increases in ATP, non-adenylic nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and RNA levels. During the rest period, both ATP/NTP and RNA/DNA ratios were significantly higher in the juvenile clone than in the mature clone. However, during the growth phase, only the ATP/NTP ratio was higher in the juvenile than in the mature clone. The results suggest that the physiological differences between shoot tips of juvenile and mature tissues during the rest phase tend to decline as active shoot growth commences. This conclusion is consistent with morphological observations and with the varying organogenetic capacities of in vitro cultures of explants removed from stock plants at different times.

MICROPROPAGATION ASPECTS OF SEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM JUVENILE AND MATURE CLONES.

Comparative study based on morphogenetic in vitro observations and biochemical analysis (phenolic compounds and peroxidases) have been conducted both on juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz. Meristem and microcutting investigations point out important intraclonal variations mainly due to physiological fluctuations of the stock plant whatever its age. For this reason maturation process and its vegetative reproduction consequences cannot be strickly characterized by steady biochemical or morphogenetic capacities references. Moreover further expiant evolution may be greatly influenced by in vitro culture conditions. (Resume d'auteur)

The Evolution of Land Use in Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park

The most impressive grove of giant sequoias is that known as Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park. It has been an area of contention by various land users for more than 130 years. After initial exploration of the region, a utopian colony filed on the land in order to log the big trees. They were stopped by the creation of Sequoia National Park. Thereafter for some forty years, uncontrolled efforts to encourage park visitors led to ecological disruption. The past half century had seen a wide variety of efforts and schemes aimed at removing visitor facilities, rerouting roads, decreasing traffic, and reforesting the grove. Most efforts have been unsuccessful.

PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN NEEDLES FROM SIX GENERA OF THE TAXODIACEAE

Proanthocyanidin contents of needles ranged from a mean of 150 to 300 μg per mg dry wt in five species from five genera of the Taxodiaceae, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Bucch., Metasequoiaglyptostroboides H. Hu and Cheng, Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., Taxodium distichum L. Rich., and Sciadopitys verticillata Siebold and Zucc. However, significantly lower amounts (70 μg per mg dry wt) were found in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don. This latter species as well as Sciadopitys verticillata, contained little or no prodelphinidin, while the other four species contained a ratio of procyanidin to prodelphinidin up to about 1:5. These data were based on analyses from three trees from each species. In addition, one tree from each species was examined in more detail. The major flavan‐3‐ol in all cases was (+)‐catechin, with only non‐detectable or trace amounts of (–)‐epicatechin. The triphenolic flavan‐3‐ol, (+)‐gallocatechin, was a minor constituent in all species, except Sciadopitys and Cryptomeria. The (–)‐epigallocatechin was detected in Metasequoia, Sequoiadendron and Sequoia. All contained either (–)‐epicatechin‐(+)‐catechin or (+)‐catechin‐(+)‐catechin as the major procyanidin dimer. Prodelphinidin dimers were only tentatively identified.