Salvinia Molesta Research Articles

USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS PISTIA STRATIOTES, EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES AND SALVINIA MOLESTA AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE – REVIEW

The intensive application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, in the context of the continuous development of agriculture, has led to a high level of environmental pollution and a serious deterioration in soil fertility. In an attempt to reduce all these negative effects, classical agriculture is moving towards sustainable agriculture. An ecological alternative to the use of chemicals is the application of organic fertilizers. One of the ecological sources is aquatic plants. Often considered invasive due to their rapid development, aquatic plants have a real potential in sustainable agriculture. This review presents the use of aquatic plants pistia stratiotes, eichhornia crassipes and salvinia molesta as organic fertilizer in sustainable agriculture.

EFFECT OF PLANTS MEAL FROM Eeichhornia crassipes AND Salvinia molesta ON GROWTH OF Pangasius sp.

Plant meals from Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia molesta can be used as alternative ingredients for feed in aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of plant meals as a feed on the growth of Pangasius. The experimental designed consist of three treatments and triplicates: P0: commercial feed (control); P1: feed with the addition of 25% Eichhornia crassipes; P2: feed with the addition of 25% Salvinia molesta. The results showed that plant meals in feed showed significantly different results on the growth of body weight, specific growth rate, and efficiency of Pangasius feed. The recommended treatment was the addition of Salvinia molesta with a weight growth value of 3.84 g, a specific growth rate of 2.07%, and feed efficiency of 59.96%.

Kerapatan dan Persebaran Tumbuhan Air di Danau Buyan Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali

The Bali province has four lakes, one of them is Buyan lake. One of communities that has important roles in lake waters ecosystem as an primary production is a community of aquatic plants. The existence of aquatic plants as weed will suffer losses more than the beneficial. So that research on density and distribution of aquatic plants in Buyan lake is very important to do. The research aims to find out the density, distribution, domination, percent of closure and other types of aquatic plants in Buyan lake. This research was conducted for 1 month during the month of March until April 2017. The value of the density of the population (KP) aquatic plants has ranged from 2-357 individuals/m2. The value of the frequency of attendance (FK) aquatic plants ranging between 0,1-1. Morisita Index (Id) has ranged from 4,9-1,39 which shows a pattern of clumped. The value of Dominance (D) aquatic plants has ranged between 0,0001-0,9823 that showed with its low variation and high abundance. The value of aquantic plant cover has percent range from 1-72% that showed of the vegetation very rare, rare and dense. The aquatic plants found during research had 4 types of living that were type of free float (Free Floating) Salvinia molesta, Eichhornia crassipes (Submerged) Myriophyllum aquaticum, (Floating) Alternanthera philoxeroides, sticking (Emergent) Schoenoplectus paludicola, Phragmites australis, Typha capensis.

A preliminary study: Effect of initial pH and Saccharomyces cerevisiae addition on biogas production from acid-pretreated Salvinia molesta and kinetics

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of initial pH and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) addition on biogas yield from acid-pretreated Salvinia molesta (pSM). The initial pH was varied to be 5–8 for substrates without SC (D5-D8) and those with SC addition (DR5-DR8). Before used, Salvinia molesta (SM) was pretreated through sulfuric acid pretreatment. The SC with dose of 1 g for 10 g pSM was added. The results showed that the SC addition increased total biogas yield from 8.49-17.95 mLg−1-VS (D5-D8) to 58.98–113.71 mLg−1-VS (DR5-DR8). The methane content in biogas from DR5-DR8 (72.51–84.98%) was higher than that from D5-D8 (6.60–75.03%). The best variable was DR7 (initial pH of 7, SC addition) resulting the highest total biogas yield (113.71 mLg−1-VS) and methane content (84.98%). The SC contributed in hydrolysis dan acidogenesis phases in biogas production. Then, the modified Gompertz model could predict biogas yield more precise than Cone and first order kinetic models. Percentage fitting error in modified Gompertz, Cone and first order kinetic models was 0.00–3.78%, 0.11–11.81% and 0.36–18.05%. The presence of SC increased the ym (biogas yield potential, mLg−1-VS), increased the μ (maximum biogas production rate, mLg−1-VS-d−1) and decreased the λ (lag time, d).

Efficiency of Five Selected Aquatic Plants in Phytoremediation of Aquaculture Wastewater

The lack of clean water sources, due to the presence of pollutants in water, is a major issue in many countries, including Malaysia. To overcome this problem, various methods have been introduced, including phytoremediation treatment. Therefore, this phytoremediation study examined the ability of five aquatic plants—Centella asiatica, Ipomoea aquatica, Salvinia molesta, Eichhornia crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes—to remove three pollutants—total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and phosphate—from aquaculture wastewater. Using wastewater samples, each containing 50 g of one of the plants, the pollutant levels were measured every two days for 14 days. The results showed a drastic decline in the concentration of pollutants, where C. asiatica was able to remove 98% of NH3-N, 90% of TSS, and 64% of phosphate, while I. aquatica showed the potential to eliminate up to 73% of TSS and NH3-N, and 50% of phosphate. E. crassipes drastically removed 98% of phosphate, 96% of TSS, and 74% of NH3-N, while P. stratiotes was able to eliminate 98% of TSS, 78% of NH3-N, and 89% of phosphate. S. molesta was efficient in removing 89.3% of TSS and 88.6% of phosphate, but only removed 63.9% of NH3-N.

Winter and spring conditions determine the production of the salvinia weevil mass rearing programme

ABSTRACTInvasion from giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell, Salviniaceae) blocks sunlight entering waterbodies, reducing submerged aquatic macrophytes, thus lowering dissolved oxygen and stressing aquatic organisms. Due to its rapid growth and ease of dispersal through fragmentation, giant salvinia can quickly become problematic and difficult to eradicate. Since invasion of giant salvinia is persistent, land managers need a cost-effective method of control. Biological control by the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has proven successful in controlling giant salvinia, and at a fraction of the cost of chemical and mechanical control. To maintain a source of salvinia weevils for field releases, mass rearing in outdoor ponds by natural resource managers is common practice in tropical regions. Using number of freezing hours and degree-day calculator, we examined how winter and spring conditions impacted the production of weevils in mass rearing ponds across southern Louisiana, USA. We found that winter temperature determined adult weevil mortality while spring temperature dictated reproduction, larval appearance, and timing of pond harvest. During winters with <55 h of freezing temperatures, ponds maintained densities of at least 13 adult salvinia weevils kg−1. Winter with >200 hours of freezing temperature reduced adult density in the ponds nearly extirpating the population. Larvae were found on samples on average at 89 degree-days which began accumulating in January 1st. This study suggested that winter and spring conditions are critical for mass rearing operations and population growth of C. salviniae.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN TEPUNG KIAMBANG (Salvinia molesta) DENGAN ADITIF MULTIENZIM DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMANS ITIK TEGAL

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The research aims to determine the influence of using Salvinia molesta with multienzyme additive in rations of tegal duck performans. This research uses 72 Tegal female ducks 22 weeks old. Feed ingredients used in the reasearch consisted of corn, soybean meal, oil, bran, fish meal, premix, methionine, lysine, Salvinia molesta and multienzyme additives. The reasearch was conducted with Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 4 replications of the study. Each experimental unit consists of 3 ducks. Ransum namely: T0: feed without Salvinia molesta and enzyme; T1: feed without Salvinia molesta + multienzim; T2: feed with Salvinia molesta. 5% + without multienzymes; T3: feed with Salvinia molesta. 5% + multienzim; T4: feed with Salvinia molesta. 7,5% + multienzim; T5: feed with Salvinia molesta. 10% + multienzim. The result showed no significant treatment (P&gt; 0,05) to consumtion of ration, feed conversion and Tegal duck eeg weightbut have an effect on hen day production (P

Kandungan Unsur Hara Pada Pupuk Organik Tumbuhan Air Lokal

Water hyacinth, giant salvinia and water lettuce are widely available in Central Kalimantan that can be used as organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the nutrient content of solid and liquid organic fertilizers in water hyacinth, giant salvinia and water lettuce fertilizers. The results showed that solid organic fertilizer/compost and water hyacinth, water lettuce and giant salvinia liquid fertilizer have nutrient content needed by plants. In solid fertilizers, the Nitrogen of giant salviniacontent was 2.43% and lack of the minimum standard of solid organic fertilizer, while Phospor and Potassium content were not included in the standard. In liquid organic fertilizer, Nitrogen, Phospor and Potassium content were not included in the minimum standard organic fertilizer requirements

Inventarisasi Dan Identifikasi Tumbuhan Air di Danau Hanjalutung Kota Palangka Raya

The aim of this research is to identify and to inventory water plants in Hanjalutung Lake,Petuk Ketimpun Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City. This research was conducted from December 2017 to January 2018. Sampling was carried out in 3 (three) stations, namely inlet ,middle and outlet. The tool used for aquatic plants 2 x 2 m transect.The results of research aquatic plants found in the waters of Lake Hanjalutung 7 (seven) types namely Kiambang (Salvinia molesta), gerigit/bite (Leersia hexandra), Cat Tail Grass (Utricularia aurea), Para Grass (Cyperus platystylis), Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), Kiapu (Pistia stratiotes) dan Ketanan (Polygonum sp).

An Aircraft Wetland Inundation Experiment Using GNSS Reflectometry

In early May of 2017, a flight campaign was conducted over Caddo Lake, Texas, to test the ability of Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) to detect water underlying vegetation canopies. This paper presents data from that campaign and compares them to Sentinel-1 data collected during the same week. The low-altitude measurement allows for a more detailed assessment of the forward-scattering GNSS-R technique, and at a much higher spatial resolution, than is possible using currently available space-based GNSS-R data. Assumptions about the scattering model are verified, as is the assumption that the surface spot size is approximately the Fresnel zone. The results of this experiment indicate GNSS signals reflected from inundated short, thick vegetation, such as the giant Salvinia observed here, results in only a 2.15 dB loss compared to an open water reflection. GNSS reflections off inundated cypress forests show a 9.4 dB loss, but still 4.25 dB above that observed over dry regions. Sentinel-1 data show a 6-dB loss over the inundated giant Salvinia, relative to open water, and are insensitive to standing water beneath the cypress forests, as there is no difference between the signal over inundated cypress forests and that over dry land. These results indicate that, at aircraft altitudes, forward-scattered GNSS signals are able to map inundated regions even in the presence of dense overlying vegetation, whether that vegetation consists of short plants or tall trees.

Marfa, Texas, and Marfa, Texas, and Marfa, Texas

Marfa, Texas, and Marfa, Texas, and Marfa, Texas Victoria Chang (bio) Marfa, Texas Today I tried to open theriver. But when I pulled, thewhole river disappeared. Iused to think that languagecame from the body. Now I know it is in that groupof mountains in the fieldbeyond the fence. Yesterday, Isaw a red-tailed hawk. When Iwent near it, it took the wind with it. I was leftwithout air. But I could stillbreathe. I realized everythingaround me I could dowithout. I could hear the mountains but nothing else.I saw a car start up but Iheard nothing. A gray-hairedwoman said hello to me but Iheard nothing. I stood and watched the hawk. It neverlooked at me but knew I wasthere. Neither of us moved.Finally, it flew to the top of anelectric pole. I realized the pole is allthe years of my life, themountains applause, thehawk, what I have been tryingto tell myself. [End Page 40] Marfa, Texas Here, there are grasses rolledinto dry moons, then cartedoff on trailers to the edge ofthe rain. Here, there is somuch sky that even birds get lost. Oh to be loved theway the day loves the night.See how slowly they separate?All day long the trees move,each leaf in a different direction, as if bythe work of fingers on a body.How many times our bodiesimagined by another mind.How many times the day imagined the night. Once Iloved a man so much thatwhen he didn't love me back,I closed my eyes and drank awhole bottle of night. How I felt night rush into mybody, then out through myskin as envelopes. At the time,I only felt pain but years later,all I remember is joy, the kind of love that seemsgrinded off of a moon.Perhaps such love cannotever be returned, just returnedin the imagination. [End Page 41] Marfa, Texas Today, I saw art objects leftover by people who are dead.They have forgotten us. Dothey know they have forgottenus? Or are they actually watchingus? Once my heart sat insidethe bell. It rang only whensomething touched it. Latelyevery shadow is my dead mother.Lately the bell rings all thetime but the bell is empty.Lately I have forgotten how tolove the surface. I only love the drowning. Doyou see how beautiful theyare? Those people withoutshoulders? Withouthesitations? Is it possible to stop lovingeverything? The owl. Thehawk. Every person I meet. Tosee everyone as my mother. Tohave a heart like this is to be made ofmidnight. There are alwaystoo many questions to answer.To love so much is to livewithin birds. I have been waiting forthis heart to fade or atleast to kneel. Maybe theheart is not inside me but Iam inside it. [End Page 42] Victoria Chang Victoria Chang's poetry books include OBIT (Copper Canyon, 2020), Barbie Chang (Copper Canyon, 2017), The Boss (McSweeney's, 2013), Salvinia Molesta (University of Georgia Press, 2008), and Circle (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). Her children's books include Is Mommy? (Simon & Schuster, 2015), illustrated by Marla Frazee, and Love, Love (Sterling, 2020), a middle grade novel. She lives in Los Angeles. Copyright © 2020 Middlebury College Publications

Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. (Salviniaceae): impact and control

Abstract Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) (giant salvinia), a floating aquatic fern of Brazilian origin, has been dispersed to much of the tropical and subtropical parts of the world since the mid-1900s, where it is invasive and damaging. Herbicide application and mechanical control of this weed are labor intensive and expensive, but biological control using the host-specific weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder and Sands), provides an effective and sustainable solution. The weevil was first released as a biological control agent onto S. molesta in Australia in 1980 and has subsequently been released in further 22 countries affected by the weed. The biological control program against S. molesta has been an extraordinary success story where a single weevil species has resulted in the weed no longer being considered invasive in most countries in a relatively short time of under 3 years. Biological control in temperate regions of the world might require more time than in tropical and subtropical regions, and this difference is presumed to be due to greater winter mortality. Nevertheless, inundative releases of the weevil early in the growing season have resulted in more effective control and less dependence on herbicide applications. However, there are new records of infestations of S. molesta in particular in Africa, and these sites must be prioritized for biological control.

Assessment of Current Status of Invasive Aquatic Plants in Louisiana

Invasive aquatic plants include plants and algae that grow partially or entirely submerged in water. The United States Department of Agriculture Early Detection and Distribution Mapping system (USDA EDD Maps) was used to collate number of positive observations for all the aquatic invasive species in Louisiana. United States Geological Survey Non-indigenous aquatic species (USGS NAS) database was used to collate each species years of first and last observations and number of affected HUC in Louisiana State. The collated data were recorded and formatted using Excel spreadsheet. The analyses of the data were done using Excel software to generate different charts. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the current impacts and management of invasive aquatic plants in Louisiana and also to assess whether several resources expended on eradication of these plants have resulted in improved water quality of the State. From the collated data from USGS and USDA EMM Maps, it shows earliest date of observation of invasive aquatic plant in Louisiana from 1884. Common Water hyacinth has the highest number of observations to date. About 41 hydrological unit areas have been affected by infestation of Alligator weed as well. The continuous spread of invasive aquatic plants in Louisiana could be due to favorable weather conditions, excessive nutrients runoff from agricultural practices, reduction of government allocated funds, and uncooperative human community. The current State of Louisiana statewide management plan has done little in the control of the major notorious aquatic plant invaders such as giant Salvinia and water hyacinth. Although, several biological, chemical and mechanical management controls are being implemented yearly, there is a need for interagency collaboration, establishment of efficient State database, and stricter laws on voluntary anthropogenic activities such as sales of invasive weeds as ornamental plants and smuggling of unwanted species through the waterways into the states.

Assessment of Current Status of Invasive Aquatic Plants in Louisiana

Invasive aquatic plants include plants and algae that grow partially or entirely submerged in water. The United States Department of Agriculture Early Detection and Distribution Mapping system (USDA EDD Maps) was used to collate number of positive observations for all the aquatic invasive species in Louisiana. United States Geological Survey Non-indigenous aquatic species (USGS NAS) database was used to collate each species years of first and last observations and number of affected HUC in Louisiana State. The collated data were recorded and formatted using Excel spreadsheet. The analyses of the data were done using Excel software to generate different charts. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the current impacts and management of invasive aquatic plants in Louisiana and also to assess whether several resources expended on eradication of these plants have resulted in improved water quality of the State. From the collated data from USGS and USDA EMM Maps, it shows earliest date of observation of invasive aquatic plant in Louisiana from 1884. Common Water hyacinth has the highest number of observations to date. About 41 hydrological unit areas have been affected by infestation of Alligator weed as well. The continuous spread of invasive aquatic plants in Louisiana could be due to favorable weather conditions, excessive nutrients runoff from agricultural practices, reduction of government allocated funds, and uncooperative human community. The current State of Louisiana statewide management plan has done little in the control of the major notorious aquatic plant invaders such as giant Salvinia and water hyacinth. Although, several biological, chemical and mechanical management controls are being implemented yearly, there is a need for interagency collaboration, establishment of efficient State database, and stricter laws on voluntary anthropogenic activities such as sales of invasive weeds as ornamental plants and smuggling of unwanted species through the waterways into the states.

Removal of Heavy Metals and Nutrients from Municipal Wastewater using Salvinia molesta and Lemna gibba

The present study was focused on the investigation of the abilities and efficiencies of Salvinia molesta and Lemna gibba to remove selected heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb) and excess nutrients from wastewater taken from the Moratuwa-Ratmalana municipal wastewater treatment plant. The wastewater samples were analysed for pH, Temperature, for N-Nitrates, N-Nitrites, ammonia Nitrogen, Phosphates, and selected heavy metals, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen. Then, the wastewater samples were treated with S. molesta and L. gibba separately for a period of 7 days and analysed for N-Nitrates, N-Nitrites, Ammonia Nitrogen, Phosphates and five selected heavy metals at 24 hour intervals. BOD, COD and Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen were analysed at 7 days intervals. The average Total Nitrogen removal efficiencies of S. molesta and L. gibba were 73.3% and 62.1% whereas the average Total Phosphate removal efficiencies of S. molesta and L. gibba were 72.6% and 77.2% respectively. The average Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb removal efficiencies of S. molesta were 81.6%, 69.8%, 65.2%, 66.3% and 74.8% respectively. The average Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb removal efficiencies shown by L. gibba were 86.9%, 69.7%, 73.1%, 61.8% and 85.7% respectively. The Bio Concentration factors of S. molesta for Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were 823, 698, 652, 663 and 748 respectively and the Bio Concentration factors of S. molesta for Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were 870, 698, 731, 618 and 857 respectively. According to the obtained results in the present study S. molesta and L. gibba can be considered as suitable candidates for the polishing of municipal wastewater.

Observation of Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Feeding Upon Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta)

Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia) is a highly problematic, non-native, invasive species in the southeastern United States. Other than introduced biological control agents, observations of natural enemies to Giant Salvinia are rare within the United States. We observed a native crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Red Swamp Crayfish), feeding on Giant Salvinia in outdoor ponds that are typically utilized for mass-rearing Cyrtobagous salviniae (Salvinia Weevil), a Giant Salvinia biological control agent. Red Swamp Crayfish consumed the roots and leaves of Giant Salvinia, which greatly reduced its biomass. To our knowledge this is the first documented observation of the Red Swamp Crayfish consuming Giant Salvinia. This observation increases our knowledge about species that can consume Giant Salvinia and is a potential new pest of concern for managers of Salvinia Weevil rearing operations.

Invasive Aquatic Plant Species of Chenderoh Reservoir, Malaysia and Jatiluhur Reservoir, Indonesia

The sampling was carried out in two sampling sites; Chenderoh Reservoir, Malaysia and Jatiluhur Reservoir, Indonesia. These reservoirs are the initial of cascade reservoirs on Perak River and Citarum River. The aquatic plants distribution and abundance were recorded, and water quality parameters were measured. A total of 23 aquatic plant species from 14 families were identified. The populations of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) were recorded in all sampling points of both reservoirs. Based on the TSI (Chl a), Chenderoh Reservoir was subjected to a mesotrophic, whereas, Jatiluhur Reservoir was subjected to an eutrophic reservoir. E. crassipes and S. molesta which were abundant in those reservoirs were listed in the 100 world worst invasive alien species.

Experimental evidence that CO2 and nutrient enrichment do not mediate interactions between a native and an exotic free-floating macrophyte

We investigated the effect of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on competition between two free-floating fern species that co-occur in south-eastern Australia—native Azolla filiculoides and invasive exotic Salvinia molesta. The species were grown in monoculture and competition in a glasshouse experiment where the nutrient medium was replaced weekly to simulate a dynamic system. We found that the relative growth rate (RGR) of both species was greater under high resource conditions, with neither showing a suppressive response due to competition. On the contrary, A. filiculoides had a facilitative effect on S. molesta. In addition, A. filiculoides gained more biomass under high resource conditions relative to S. molesta and the opposite was true under low resource conditions. We conclude that [CO2] and nutrient concentration did not mediate competition between the species but instead influenced RGR independent of competition. These findings suggest that species composition in dynamic water bodies under future conditions may be determined by the species’ responses to environmental changes rather than by changes in competitive interactions.

Salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder &amp; Sands) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder &amp; Sands) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Figure 1), is a subaquatic (underwater) herbivorous insect native to Brazil (Calder and Sands 1985). This insect feeds on the invasive aquatic plants Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell and Salvinia minima (Baker). This insect is an effective classical biological control agent used in several countries to control the invasive giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta (D. S. Mitch). Feeding by Cyrtobagous salviniae larvae and adults kills its invasive host plants and restores recreational, agricultural, and ecosystem functions in aquatic systems. In the United states, the insect has been credited for controlling Salvinia minima in Florida (Jacono et al. 2001) and causing the decline of Salvinia molesta in Texas and Louisiana (Tipping et al. 2008).

Application of Aquatic Plants Bokashi on The Growth and Yields of Red Onion (Allium ascalonicum L.)

The objectives of the study are to determine the effect of both type and dosage of aquatic plants bokashi on the growth and yield of red onion in alluvial soil. The research design used was Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors, namely type and the dose of aquatic plants bokashi. The first factor consisted of three types of bokashi, i.e., giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta), water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), respectively. The second factor were four levels of bokashi dosage which were 0 tons ha-1, 10 tons ha-1 (0.2 kg/polybag), 20 tons ha-1 (0.5 kg/polybag) and 30 tons ha-1 (0.8 kg/polybag). The study was conducted from March to May 2017, located in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya. The results showed that there was no interaction between the type and dose of bokashi on all variables observed. The dosage of bokashi affected plant height, leaf number, fresh weight and dry weight of biomass per clump, dry weight of bulbs and tuber diameter, but did not significantly affect the number of bulbs. The bokashi type did not significantly affect all observed variables. However, the water hyacinth bokashi tended to be better than other treatments