Giant Fish Research Articles

The Khakas-Altaian Mythonym Ker and the Proto-Yenissean Word for ‘Mammoth’. 2

The article continues the research on the names of mammoth or other mammoth-like monsters as characteristic elements of the mythological onomasticon of some Siberian traditions (Turkic, Yenissean, Tungusic). In the first part of the article, the author identified a reconstructed Proto-Yenissean form *čer / *ťèkə́r ‘mammoth (giant horned fish)’ > Ket 1tēľ ~ Yug 1čel ~ Pumpokol *kher (> Altaic, Khakass, Teleut ker, kär ‘a monster, especially a giant fish’) as a possible origin of these names. In this part, the author proposes a pre-Yenissean (Sino-Caucasian) etymology for it: *c̣HírV[ʁ]V (> North-Caucasian *c̣irVχV ‘caterpillar, snail; line’ ~ Sino-Tibetan *čaŋ ‘lizard’ ~ (?) Burushaski hargin ‘dragon, a monster that a snake turns into.’ It is assumed that the image of the mammoth-fish (as opposed to a more widely known and probably more ancient image of mammoth-bull) was formed in the Proto-Yenissean tradition after the speakers of the Yenissean proto-language migrated from the southern ancestral homeland to Siberia. It is based on ideas about the transformation of a snake, fish or similar chthonic animal into a giant dragon-like creature that existed among the Sino-Caucasian ancestors of the Yenisseans spread in the Pamir-Hindukush region, and was known to the ancient Chinese. The formation of the image of the mammoth-fish among the Yenisseans was also influenced by the Iranian motif of the “a belt dissecting a tree.” The Yenissean image of the mammoth-fish reached Siberia, particularly, it was borrowed into the shamanic tradition of the Evenks, which is evidenced by the possible etymology of the Evenki selī ‘mammoth’ (including mammoth-horned fish) from the reconstructed form of the unknown Yenissean language *seĺ (< *čer / *ťèkə́r).

My Hollywood and Other Poems by Boris Dralyuk

Reviewed by: My Hollywood and Other Poems by Boris Dralyuk Dustin Condren Boris Dralyuk My Hollywood and Other Poems Philadelphia. Paul Dry Books. 2022. 69 pages. a little over halfway through Boris Dralyuk's new collection of poems, in one of its many sonnets, the reader meets a beguiling but familiar image: a man sealed in the dark belly of a giant fish, encountering the moldering traces of those ingested before him, and gradually losing grip of his senses. This is Jonah—so the poem's title tells us before we begin—and in the halting iambs and clever slant rhymes of the first eight lines, his mythic plight is introduced with a wry realism that sits us right down in the "scales and slime" of the piscine prison. But as the poem moves into its concluding sestet, a delicate and meaningful shift in tone occurs—the lines smooth themselves out, the rhymes sharpen and clarify, and the implications of Jonah's predicament alter. The trick with Dralyuk's Jonah is that he becomes a potent if darkling figure for the émigré: a hero for whom the whale belly is no three-day stopping place but, just possibly, an everlasting home. Inside the beast, the trial, it turns out, is not one of penitence or obedience but of endurance, of loneliness, of the stranger in a truly strange land. This Jonah-as-exile is less a surprise than an early apotheosis, coming where it does in My Hollywood, since the volume's thoroughgoing motif is one of displacement and the displaced: phantom geographies, absent presences, existential superimpositions, all manner of flickering mediations abound. As with the iterations of this theme in many of the book's other poems, the beauty of "Jonah" is that Dralyuk is straightforward in his wish to make exilic grief and nostalgia sing: in the stillness of the foreign innards, lulled by "the rhythm of the tide," Jonah finally heeds the call to give voice to his ordeal (we've been told "he hadn't written anything in years"), and in the sonnet's final, truncated line, he composes a psalm. The best rejoinder, it seems, to the inexorable injustices of space and time is the poetic utterance. Dralyuk was born in Odesa and came to California with his family as an adolescent in the 1990s, growing into adulthood in the vast, multifarious Russian-speaking community of Los Angeles. The essence of this origin story touches all levels of the volume's compositions. Duality is the fundamental mechanism of tension: the past haunts the present (although its former existence often feels profoundly impossible) and the forsaken homeland is uncannily close at hand in the new one. For this sort of cultural and geographic projection, Los Angeles—and specifically Hollywood—turns out to be the perfect screen, capacious and expressive enough to host a variety of characters, sets, unexpected encounters, both real and imaginary, a land already rife with infinite doubles and stand-ins. An example: the book opens with an eponymous triptych, "My Hollywood," made up of three intricately connected Onegin sonnets, each excavating in the evanescent Hollywood landscape figures of transient prominence and inevitable disappearance. The first poem of the triptych, "Aspiration," ironizes the title (another irreconcilable duality: ambition into thin air) of the unremembered monument to Rudolph Valentino, an Italian émigré, that stands in De Long-pre Park—prior to a 2020 retooling by the city, one of Hollywood's less savory green spaces. In the poem's conclusive rhymed couplet, the "clacking" of a crow above the statue invokes a film projector "slowly going dead." The second, "The Flower Painter," is an elegy to Paul de [End Page 64] Longpré, a French oil painter who found renown after moving to Hollywood in 1899 and became the namesake of the previous poem's park and the avenue on which it is located. Here it is De Longpré's Mission Revival mansion and legendary flower garden, both destroyed by developers in the 1920s, that are lamented, their former glory recurring cruelly in the name of a cheap apartment building and the "scruffy rose bush" that preens in front of it. The triptych's third member...

Preliminary study on spatio-temporal variations of five giant and 17 large fish species around the Korean peninsula from 2011 to 2016

Although giant and large fish species are highly important as a keystone species in the marine ecosystem, there have been no or few studies on their spatio-temporal variations around the Korean peninsula. For this, we analyzed daily reports made by observers at 57 fishery landing sites in Korea over 6 years, from 2011 to 2016. In total, 153 fish species were re-identified based on photos and descriptions recorded by Korean observers, of which five species were classified as a giant fish over 5 m in maximum total length (MTL) and 17 species as a large fish from 3 m to 5 m MTL according to the data presented by Froese & Pauly (2021). Among the giant and large fish species, Mola mola was the most abundant species, with 75 individuals landed as by-catch. The second most abundant species was Isurus oxyrinchus (31), followed by Mobula mobular (23), Lamna ditropis (17), Masturus lanceolatus (16), Sphyrna zygaena (14), and Prionace glauca (12). As a result of cluster analysis based on the number of individuals of giant and large fish species by year and sea, six years were separated into two clusters (2011–2013 vs. 2014–2016), with high contribution of M. mola, I. oxyrinchus, and M. lanceolatus; and three seas were separated into two clusters (eastern + southern seas vs. western sea), with high contribution of M. lanceolatus, L. ditropis, and I. oxyrinchus. The largest number of M. mola accounted for 64% of the total in 2014 and 2016, and 71% in summer (June–August). It is assumed to have a correlation between seawater temperature fluctuation and the occurrence of giant and large fish species. Our study highlights importance of longterm monitoring of giant and large fish species, and can help to understand the life cycle such as natal or nursery migration of giant and large fish species around the Korean peninsula.

The Khakas-Altaian Mythonym Ker and the Proto-Yenissean Word for ‘Mammoth’. 1

The image of a mammoth is well known in folklore and mythological traditions of the peoples of Siberia, since people often found tusks and whole skeletons of this animal. The understanding of the mammoth as a giant fish with horns is specific for central-western Siberia. This image is most characteristic of the culture of the Kets, Selkups, Ob-Ugrians and Evenks. In the epic tales of the Altaians and the Khakas, as well as in their shamanic tradition, there is a notable image of a giant fish, ker balyq, often represented as a giant pike living underwater and underground (similarly to the mammoth-fish known among the peoples of the taiga zone). The term ker is applied in the Altai and Khakas traditions to some other mythological creatures, including mammoth bones found in the ground. The word ker is not explained from the Turkic languages and has no etymology. The epic tales of the Altaians and the Khakas featuring ker balyq reveal very good parallels with the mythological texts of the Kets, Selkups, and Khanty in which the mammoth-fish (Ket tel) appears in the place of ker balyq. Based on the Ket 1tēľ ~ Yug 1čel ‘mammoth-fish,’ it is possible to reconstruct Proto-Yeniseian *čer — a form that in the Pumpokol language should have given a regular form *kher which is obviously the source for the Altai and Khakas ker. Thus, the Altaian-Khakas ker should be considered as a borrowing from the Pumpokol *kher, and the reconstruction of Proto-Yeniseian *čer (according to S.A. Starostin) / *ťèkər (according to H. Werner) ‘mammoth-fish’ can be considered quite reliable.

Minapadi productivity with a combination of legowo technology and local fish

Minapadi is a fish rearing system in rice fields that is carried out with rice plants. This study aims to increase the income of farmers with high productivity of rice yields and increase the production of endemic fish. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with four treatments and 3 replications. PThe treatments are: A1B1 (Legowo 2:1 and giant prawns), A1B2 (legowo 2:1 and fish serukan), A2B1 (legowo 4:1 and giant prawns), and A2B2 (legowo 4:1 and fish serukan). This research was conducted for 90 days in the rice fields of Lango Village, Pante Ceureumen District, West Aceh Regency. Parameters observed were rice productivity, fish growth and business analysis.The results showed that the best treatment was A1B1 (4:1 legowo and giant prawns) with generate value rice productivity average as big as 5 kg/plot, and the average value of the growth of giant prawns is 3.62 g/head and fish serukan is 37.17 g/head. From the results of this study, the application of the Minapadi system with giant prawns and fish with legowo 4:1 gave a positive impact on the observed parameters (P<0.05), annd provide benefits to farmers.

Inovasi teknologi pengolahan kerupuk Sagu fungsional berbasis Tepung Ikan Biang (Ilisha elongata) dimasa pandemi Covid-19 di Kube “Dian Lestari” Selat Panjang Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti

This activity aims to develop technological innovations for processing functional sago crackers with the fortification of the fish flour as a new variant of the business during the COVID-19 pandemic for Kube "Dian Lestari" Selatpanjang in the context of developing sustainable small industrial businesses in the Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province. The method of implementing the activity is through counseling and direct training in the processing of sago crackers with the addition of 2% lead fish meal (20 g of fish flour from 1000 sago flour). The results of the service activities showed that all participants participated in the activities well, especially the Kube participants "Dian Lestari". The result of the product training activities was the making of sago functional (Biang fish). After deep-frying, they can get a new variant. The biscuits look neat and complete, and the color is bright gray. The taste of sago crackers becomes savorier, it tastes like fishing. The aroma of sago crackers is still dominant, typical of sago and a slight savory aroma of fish, with a crunchy and crumbly texture when eaten. The results of consumer assessments of functional sago crackers from giant fish have consumer acceptance in the "like and very like" category of up to 100%. The taste sensory factor determines the success of the new variant on the production of functional sago crackers with the fortification of 2% sago fish flour with a distinctive, savory, and delicious taste. The target of achieving 100% of the activities includes the participation of training participants, and the products produced. Characteristics of functional sago crackers (raw) have been nutrient content of 9.18% water, 3.75% protein, 1.48% fat, 0.66.6% ash, and 84.96% carbohydrates. Nutrient content of functional sago crackers of prickly fish (fried) has been moisture of 5.86%, protein 6.18%, fat 12.74%, ash 1.68%, and carbohydrates 73.54%.

Analysis of superior commodities of capture fisheries sector at Kranji Village, Lamongan Regency

The fisheries sector is one of the main driver of the national economy. One area of Indonesia that has fishery potential that can be developed is Paciran District, Lamongan Regency, East Java Province. This study was conducted in Kranji Village, which is located in Paciran District and has great pelagic fishery potential. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determination of superior fish commodities from the capture fisheries sector in Kranji Village. The determination of the leading commodities is carried out based on the LQ (Location Quotient) analysis method. The fluctuation of the catch in Kranji Village is affected by various aspects such as natural conditions, the number of fishing gear and government regulations. The fishing season in Kranji Village is divided into: (1) Tuna (Thunnus sp.) season which occurs from October to April with 15 to 20 trips per month; and (2) Goldstripe Sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) season from May to September with 7 to 12 trips per month. Fishing gear in Kranji Village consists of purse sein, gill nets, cob nets, waring and mini trawlers. This study found that LQ value >1 for 12 fishes species: Bali Sardinella, Goldstripe Sardinella, Torpedo Scad, Longtail Tuna, Eastern Little Tun, Narrow-barred Spanish Mackerel, Giant Fish, Black Pomfret, Dorab Wolf Hearing, Orange-spotted Spinefoot (1.065), Other Fishes (1.057), and Short-bodied Mackerel (1.007). The results indicate that 12 fishes species have a comparative advantage and increasing income and contribution to the economy of Kranji Village.

Novel Microsatellite Markers Used for Determining Genetic Diversity and Tracing of Wild and Farmed Populations of the Amazonian Giant Fish Arapaima gigas.

The Amazonian symbol fish Arapaima gigas is the only living representative of the Arapamidae family. Environmental pressures and illegal fishing threaten the species’ survival. To protect wild populations, a national regulation must be developed for the management of A. gigas throughout the Amazon basin. Moreover, the reproductive genetic management and recruitment of additional founders by aquaculture farms are needed to mitigate the damage caused by domestication. To contribute to the sustainable development, we investigated the genetic diversity of wild and cultivated populations of A. gigas and developed a panel composed by 12 microsatellite markers for individual and population genetic tracing. We analyzed 368 samples from three wild and four farmed populations. The results revealed low rates of genetic diversity in all populations, loss of genetic diversity and high inbreeding rates in farmed populations, and genetic structuring among wild and farmed populations. Genetic tracing using the 12 microsatellite markers was effective, and presented a better performance in identifying samples at the population level. The 12-microsatellite panel is appliable to the legal aspects of the trade of the A. gigas, such as origin discrimination, reproductive genetic management by DNA profiling, and evaluation and monitoring of genetic diversity.

IPTEK BAGI MASYARAKAT PEMANFAATAN TURBOJET DRIVE PRODUK 3D PRINTING UNTUK PERAHU NELAYAN SUNGAI DESA SEMPAN-BANGKA

Province of Bangka Belitung Islands has a large number of natural resources, including mining products, marine products, agricultural products, plantation products, and river products. One of the river products is fish and giant prawns which have high economic value which can be found in Bangka district, one of the places or rivers in Sempan village, Pemali sub-district. The river fishermen in the Pemali village fish and shrimp traditionally. The problem that occurs in these partners is that the boat still uses oars, this of course greatly slows down the movement in the river so that the catch of fish and giant prawns is small. Survey results on river fishermen partners on Sempan village, Pemali Bangka sub-district obtained data on the demand for a boat propulsion engine with low fuel consumption or a small engine displacement. The purpose of science and technology for river fishing communities is to increase the productivity of the catch of giant fish and prawns and as a means to save themselves from predators (crocodiles) when fishing for fish and shrimp in the river. The specific target of this IbM activity is expected to establish a cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship between partners and proposers from educational institutions. Partners get the right technology in the form of Turbojet Drive, 3D Printing product with a fuel-efficient engine. Agreed to propose to replace the boat propulsion system which originally used wooden oars to be replaced with a special “Turbojet Drive 3D Printing Product” propulsion with a fuel-efficient 58 cc engine. By replacing the offered boat propulsion, it is hoped that the targets and objectives of this IbM can be achieved and the catch of fish and giant prawns will increase. Thus, it is hoped that the standard of living of river fishermen will increase by using the appropriate technology offered by the proposing team.

Leviathan: The Metamorphosis of a Medieval Image

Abstract The image of Leviathan held a special fascination for artists who decorated wooden synagogues and illustrated manuscripts from the eighteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century in Eastern Europe. They usually depicted this biblical and Talmudic creature as a giant fish coiled round in a circle. A leviathan of the same shape appears at first in Jewish manuscripts produced in Germany and regions under the cultural influence of German Jews in the thirteenth century. The appearance of this image was inspired, probably, by piyutim (liturgical songs) written in this time in the same region. The Jewish commentary tradition of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries demonstrates a renewed surge of interest in this particular creature. It can be assumed that the special interest in Leviathan, both in the verbal and in the visual tradition, was correlated with the expectation of messianic times. The Leviathan represents the only image in the vault paintings of wooden synagogues that possesses a direct connection to traditional texts and manifests continuity with the Middle Ages visual traditions. In light of this, investigation into the Leviathan image in synagogue paintings is of special significance. The use of this image by Jewish artists may also shed indirect light on the meaning of other depictions that are compositionally related, and thus furnish a partial answer to the intriguing questions of the character and significance of those paintings. The present article is devoted to precisely these aspects of the Leviathan image; i.e., the genesis of its form and its semantics in synagogue paintings.

A systematic review of the production chain of the Arapaima gigas, the giant fish of the Amazon

PurposeThe development of the Amazon region depends on the organisation and improvement of production chains able to benefit forest species and animals. The purpose of this paper is to map and categorise the studies developed on the Arapaima gigas, a commercialisable fish native to the Amazon, responding to the following research questions: first, which links of the production chain have most of the studies on the pisciculture of the Amazon region? Second, is environmental performance being approached in studies on production chains in the Amazon region? To reach the objective, the authors used the systematic literature review (SLR) method. The authors analysed a sample of 121 articles published in 95 journals between 1981 and 2018. The research contains bibliometric and contents analyses. The main conclusions include the identification of various possibilities of studies throughout the different production chains in the Amazon region; the multidisciplinarity of research on a single species in the Amazon region; the importance of empirical studies in the construction of knowledge about the natural behaviour of the species; the need for integration and sharing of knowledge to create an efficient and competitive production chain. As a limitation, this study encompasses a broad spectrum of issues in the literature, therefore, it was only possible to offer a general overview of these issues. At the same time, this broad and intentional approach presents a comprehensive framing of the themes and phenomena that occur at each link of the production chain of Amazon fish farming.Design/methodology/approachThis research consists in an SLR with organised, transparent and replicable procedures as recommended in the literature (Littell et al., 2008). The SLR is suited to the mapping of areas where there is a high level of uncertainty and new studies are necessary (Petticrew and Roberts, 2006). This research method is especially useful when dealing with a large volume of information (Tranfield et al., 2003). The use of SLR limits researcher bias by trying to evaluate and select relevant studies on the study theme (Petticrew and Roberts, 2006).FindingsThere are a number of possibilities for studies of the different production chains in the Amazon region; the results of mapping the production chains help to prioritise “what” should be researched in the Amazon region to promote more effective impacts for all stakeholders; research on pisciculture in the Amazon region can be used as a diagnostic tool for public policy formulators; the development of corporate environmental management is intrinsically linked to the process of analysis and understanding of the operations and costs that arise in different links of the production chain.Research limitations/implicationsAs a limitation, this study encompasses a broad spectrum of issues in the literature, therefore, it was only possible to offer a general overview of these issues.Practical implicationsIn terms of practical implications, it is possible to note that the dispersion of themes found in this study confirms the plurality of the richness of the Amazon and suggests that research institutions should be able to commit to the drafting of integrated planning of science, as well as compilation of the results reached. It is also important to highlight Brazil’s role in the leadership of research in the Amazon region compared to other countries.Originality/valueThe aim of the paper was twofold: to supply a focussed review of the literature on the production chain of a species in Amazon pisciculture and to identify a research agenda capable of overcoming the gaps that impede the development of this chain. More specifically, this study reviewed the available research on the chain in question to analyse the links that have the largest volume of studies and to orient future research.

Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

Abstract The South American giant fishes of the genus Arapaima, commonly known as pirarucu, are one of the most iconic among Osteoglossiformes. Previously cytogenetic studies have identified their karyotype characteristics; however, characterization of cytotaxonomic differentiation across their distribution range remains unknown. In this study, we compared chromosomal characteristics using conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols in pirarucu populations from the Amazon and Tocantins-Araguaia river basins to verify if there is differentiation among representatives of this genus. Our data revealed that individuals from all populations present the same diploid chromosome number 2n=56 and karyotype composed of 14 pairs of meta- to submetacentric and 14 pairs of subtelo- to acrocentric chromosomes. The minor and major rDNA sites are in separate chromosomal pairs, in which major rDNA sites corresponds to large heterochromatic blocks. Comparative genomic hybridizations (CGH) showed that the genome of these populations shared a great portion of repetitive elements, due to a lack of substantial specific signals. Our comparative cytogenetic data analysis of pirarucu suggested that, although significant genetic differences occur among populations, their general karyotype patterns remain conserved.

Growth pattern and condition factor of giant catfish (Arius thalassinus) in the Cilacap water, Central Java

Giant catfish (Arius thalassinus) is one of demersal fish that has important economic potential. In the Cilacap waters, this fish caught by gillnet. Study of giant catfish is still limited. The objective of this study was to obtain the growth pattern and factor condition for giant fish in the Cilacap waters. This study was conducted from January to December 2015 in the Ocean Fishing Port of Cilacap, Central Java. A total number of 1126 individual of Arius thalassinus caught by gillnet was observed during the sampling periods. Total length and weight those fishes were analyzed. The result showed that the size ofgiant catfish caught by gillnet ranged between 20.2-62.2 cm FL with an average was 40.2 cm FL and weight between 147-4,205 g with an average was 1,400.7 g. The growth pattern of giant catfish was positive allometric was expressed by equation W=0.0158 × L3.0546, r2 = 0.9775. Condition factor of giant catfish was ranging from 1.8-2.1.

Postcards

Postcards Barbara Lehman This fictionalized biography tells the story of James Caste an autistic, deaf, completely self-taught American artist, born in Idaho in 1899. The art he produced, his silent interpretation of the world, made sense of his rural setting through drawings of houses, furniture, symbols, and people. Many of them were produced with homemade materials such as sticks dipped into soot and saliva, then applied to scraps of paper. As an artist and a human being, Castle was sadly misunderstood, but at middle age, his startlingly childlike yet innovative art was discovered and given attention. Castle's boyhood and life are beautifully—and painfully—depicted in watercolors, pencil, and some of the same primitive tools used by Castle. Say's three final portraits of Castle are simple and sensitive. The book raises an important question: How many children today—special needs or not—also find solace and meaning in their art? Patricia Bloem Allen Say Silent Days, Silent Dreams New York: Arthur Levine Books, 2017. 64 pp. ISBN: 987-0-545092761-1 (Nonfiction; ages 10+) [End Page iv] Potiki, who loves to sing, is the youngest brother of three. The eldest, Tahi, is good at working the land, and Rua, the second brother, has fishing skills They never want Potiki to accompany them on hunting and fishing trips because his singing disturbs them. One day Potiki hides under the canoe nets, but they find him and throw him into the sea. When their grandmother asks Tahi and Rua about Potiki they deny any knowledge. However, the whales tell the grandmother of a new dolphin swimming in the region and she knows the brothers were lying. As punishment, she turns them into rocks in the Pathway of the Whales. The peritext states that occasionally on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, a dolphin plays with people in the sea. The story, in both Māori and English, is accompanied by beautiful ink and watercolor illustrations. Nicola Daly Mere Whaanga The Singing Dolphin / Te Aihe i Waiata Auckland: Scholastic, 2017. 32 pp. ISBN: 9781775434023 (Picturebook; ages 4–7) [End Page 13] When the kingfisher tries to catch a giant fish that is bigger than a fox and looks like a cloud in the sky, the antelope accompanies the kingfisher on its journey in this story about the importance of supporting friends. On the last page, the kingfisher triumphantly holds the giant fish in its mouth on top of the mountain and appears to be on top of the world as his dream comes true. The animals expressions and movements are subtle but deliver their feelings to readers well. The entire story is illustrated in double-spread pages with vivid colors in bright tones. Young readers will be surprised to know that the author worked as a zookeeper for twenty-five years, and they will learn that the illustrations are based on his knowledge and observations of animals at the zoo. This self-taught artist is an award winner in Japan. Jongsun Wee Hiroshi Abe 雲をつかむはなし [A Story of Grabbing Clouds] Tokyo: Media Pal, 2017. 32 pp. ISBN: 9784802130486 (Picturebook; ages 4+) [End Page 25] A class of children on a day trip in a safari park with a missing hippopotamus provides the setting for this rhyming romp. As the class arrives at the park, one child observes there is no hippopotamus listed at the gate. The park owner assures them there is a hippopotamus, but when they go to look at the lake, its not there. Thus starts the hunt by the children, many of whom patently don't know what a hippopotamus looks like. The rhyming texts perfect meter comes back with balanced regularity to the class refrain, That's not a hippopotamus!" Detailed, humorous illustrations allow young viewers to spot the hippopotamus on the illustrations' periphery, while everyone in the class except for young Liam misses it. This was a well-deserved winner of the 2017 Best Picturebook Award from the New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults. Nicola Daly Juliette MacIver That's Not a Hippopotamus! Illus. Sarah Davis Wellington: Gecko Press, 2016. 30 pp. ISBN: 9781927271971 (Picturebook; ages 2–7) [End...

Antiparasitic efficacy and blood effects of formalin on Arapaima gigas (Pisces: Arapaimidae)

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of formalin against Dawestrema cycloancistrium, the effects on the physiological response of Arapaima gigas and the residual action on fish muscle after 96h of exposure. As regards the in vitro assay, 0, 22, 44, 66, 88, 110, 330, 660 and 880 mg L−1 formalin were tested. After 1h of exposure to 660 and 880 mg L−1 formalin, there was a 100% mortality of D. cycloancistrium as well as after 2h of exposure at 330 and 110 mg L−1 and 3h of exposure at 44, 66 and 88 mg L−1. Concerning the in vivo test, when fish were exposed to formalin at 0, 220, 330, 440 and 550 mg L−1, there was 100% survival at all concentrations and exposure times evaluated. Baths of 1h with 440 and 550 mg L−1 formalin showed 93.3% and 99.3% efficacy respectively. However, the baths of 12h with 55 and 66 mg L−1 formalin had the efficacy of 44.5% and 55.5% respectively. In 1h baths with 220, 330, 440 and 550 mg L−1 formalin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of total erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, plasma glucose levels, cortisol, total proteins, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium of the fish presented no differences in relation to the control values. However, in baths of 12h with 33, 44, 55 and 66 mg L−1 formalin, there was a decrease in hematocrit, plasma levels of calcium and chloride, and increased levels of glucose and cortisol, depending on the concentration of formalin used. In the fish muscle, the formalin residue decreased after 96h in all concentrations and periods evaluated, returning to values close to the control ones. The results indicate that formalin had its efficacy successfully proved in the treatment against D. cycloancistrium at higher concentrations such as 440 and 550 mg L−1 formalin and shorter exposure time (1h) without compromising fish homeostasis and consumer food safety. Statement of relevanceThe manuscript represents original research on use of formalin in vitro and in vivo for treating infection by monogenoidean Dawestrema cycloancistrium in Arapaima gigas, the giant fish from Amazon. In the fish, muscle the residue levels of formalin after exposure was also investigated. Formalin have efficacy in the treatment against D. cycloancistrium at higher concentrations (440 and 550 mg.L−1) of formalin and shorter exposure time (1h) and without compromising A. gigas homeostasis and consumer food safety.

<b>The seasonal occurrence of the Whale Shark <I>Rhincodon typus</I> (Smith, 1828) (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) along the Odisha coast, India</b>

This article gives a description about the seasonal occurrence of Whale Shark in the southern Odisha coast by taking into account of the current observed data and published literatures. The present report claims the sighting of whale sharks during offshore surveys on 13th March 2016 and 15th March 2016, 8 km (19° 15’ 38” N, 85° 01’32” E) and 4.5 km (19º 15’ 69” N, 85° 00’ 58” E) off the coast of Gopalpur Port, Odisha respectively. Most of the earlier reports of whale shark sightings along Odisha coast are from the coastal waters off Rushikulya river mouth or Gopalpur during the month of February-March. Continuous records of whale sharks along southern Odisha coast during February and March suggest the probability of seasonal migration of this giant fish during the period.

Maisa: The Chamoru Girl Who Saves Guåhan dir. by Michael Q Ceballos

Reviewed by: Maisa: The Chamoru Girl Who Saves Guåhan dir. by Michael Q Ceballos Kenneth Gofigan Kuper Maisa: The Chamoru Girl Who Saves Guåhan. Feature film, 36 minutes, dvd, color, 2015. Directed by Michael Q Ceballos; distributed by Guam Department of Education and Twiddle Productions Inc, Honolulu. Language: Chamorro. For more information, see http://maisa.twiddleproductions.com/index.html "Tåta, malago' yu' umegga' Maisa!" is one of the most ubiquitous phrases one hears in my household. Translated into English, what my two-year-old daughter is enthusiastically saying is "Daddy, I want to watch Maisa!" Maisa: The Chamoru Girl Who Saves Guåhan was created from a brilliant collaboration between the Chamorro Studies Division of the Guam Department of Education and [End Page 384] Twiddle Productions in Honolulu and is the first animated film to use Fino' Chamoru, the indigenous language of the Chamorro people of the Mariana Islands, as its primary language. Released in December 2015, the film retells the important Chamorro story of "I Famalao'an Ni Gumoggue Iya Guåhan" (The Women Who Saved Guåhan). In this cherished story of my people, while bathing in the waters of the village of Hagåtña, the women find a flower that is normally found only in another part of the island. This leads to the discovery of a giant fish completely devouring the island. With worried minds and brave hearts, i lalåhi (the men) gather their spears and sail into the ocean blue to kill this dångkolo' na guihan (giant fish). Unfortunately, their valiant attempt fails. With the complete destruction of the island at stake, i famalao'an gather their collective tiningo' (knowledge) and decide to trap the fish by weaving their long, dark hair into the sturdiest net one could find in Oceania. After a long struggle, the women succeed in trapping the fish, ultimately saving the island from further destruction. With breathtaking visuals and beautiful dialogue, Maisa succeeds in retelling this beloved story of i minatatnganñiha i famalao'an (female bravery). One brilliant change they made to the story was in their creation of the main character, a young Chamorro girl named Maisa who serves as the focal point through which the audience experiences the story's flow. The film Maisa is groundbreaking and a milestone of Chamorro history for a multitude of reasons. One of the most important reasons is the way it effectively breaks down the prevalent linguistic ideologies attached to the language. To speak frankly, the Cha morro language is currently in a state of crisis. According to the 2010 US Government census, only 16 percent of Guåhan's 165,000 population speaks the language, while 44 percent of households on the island reported being monolingual in English. Even more frightening is a statistic cited in a 2010 Chamorro language assessment survey conducted by the Chamorro nonprofit Pa'a Taotao Tåno': only 4 percent of Chamorro speakers in Guåhan are under the age of thirty. These statistics show that intergenerational transmission is the main challenge to language retention in Guåhan, meaning those that know the language are not passing it down to their children. Combined with this lack of transmission is the belief that the language cannot handle every aspect of our lives. Many people in Guåhan have accepted that Chamorro has social boundaries. It can be used in the church, on the ranch, in jokes/slang, among the elders, in the southern part of the island, and in the northern islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, but outside of that, there is a belief that the Chamorro language does not belong; English has been naturalized as the primary language choice in Guåhan. This territorialization of the language to particular social realms has greatly halted the language's perpetuation. Maisa offers a glimmer of hope for our language's perpetuation during this difficult period. Maisa refuses to accept this premise of language erasure and boldly states that a future of language [End Page 385] revitalization is not beyond our reach. Its mere existence shows us that tåya' chi-ña i fino' Chamoru (there are no limits...

GENE TRANSFER ON Betta imbellis THROUGH TRANSFECTION METHOD WITH DIFFERENT DNA CONCENTRATION

Big size betta (Giant) have a high economic value compared to normal size betta, and over expression of growth hormone gene can produce giant fish. As an initial step of giant transgenic betta productions, this study was conducted in order to obtain DNA plasmid concentration which provide higher hatching and survival rate of betta larvae. Construction of PhGH pCcBA gene contains growth hormone gene of Siamese catfish (PhGH) and it is controlled by the CCBA promoter. Betta imbellis broodstocks were spawned naturally, and embryos were collected 1-2 minutes after spawning time. One hundred embryos were dipped in 2 mL of transfectan X-treme gene which containp CcBA-PhGH construction genes (50 µg/mL), on room temperature for about 30 minutes. Treatments on this study were different transfectant : DNA plasmid ratiosnamely:A (0,75 µL: 0,25 µL); B (0,75 µL : 0,50 µL); C (0,75 µL: 0,75 µL), D as Control 1(without transfectant, 0,25 µL DNA); E.as Control 2(0,75 µL transfectant, without DNA), and Fas control 3 (without transfectant and without DNA). Every treatments was repeated three times. Transfection embryos were hatched on a container (1L Volume). Study results showed that hatching rate and larvae survival rate (4 days after hatching) on treatment A were the same with the control, but slightly higher than B and C treatments. PCR analysis with DNA template showing that PhGH gene were found on embryos and larvae (pooled sample) of treatment A, B and C. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis showing the existence of mRNA PhGH expression on embryos and larvae (pooled sample). Therefore, embryo transfection with transfectant ratio 0,75 µL and DNA 0,25 µLshowing the best results.

Lethal dose and clinical signs of Aeromonas hydrophila in Arapaima gigas (Arapaimidae), the giant fish from Amazon

Aeromonas hydrophila is causing substantial economic losses in world aquaculture. This study determined the tolerance limit (LD50-96h) of A. hydrophila in Arapaima gigas, and also investigated the clinical signs after intradermal inoculation. Arapaima gigas fingerlings were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0 (control), 1.0×105, 1.0×106, 1.0×107, 1.0×109 and 1.0×1010CFU/mL of A. hydrophila for the determination of LD50-96h, which was 1.8×108CFU/mL. In another trial with intradermal inoculation of 1.8×108CFU/mL A. hydrophila, there was a 91.6% of mortality between 8 and 23h, and several clinical signs were found. As follows: depigmentation in the tegument, lesions in the tail and fins, loss of balance, reduction of respiratory movements, hemorrhagic foci, necrotic hemorrhages in the kidney, liver and swim bladder, splenomegaly, ascites in the abdominal cavity and hyperemia, enlargement of the gall bladder, among other clinical signs observed. The results showed that A. gigas has a relative tolerance to A. hydrophila when compared to other Neotropical fish species.

Toxicity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita in Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) and antiparasitic effects on Dawestrema spp. (Monogenea)

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of the essential oil of Mentha piperita on monogeneans and its toxicity for Arapaima gigas. For the in vitro assay, gills of A. gigas naturally infected by Dawestrema cycloancistrium and Dawestrema cycloancistrioides were exposed to 0, 80, 160 and 320mgL−1 of M. piperita, which demonstrated anti-helminthic activity. In the toxicity test, A. gigas fingerlings were exposed to 0, 20, 40, 80, 100, 130 and 160mgL−1 of M. piperita to determine the lethal concentration (LC50-4h), which was found to be 38mg/L. Fish that had been exposed to 80, 100, 130 and 160mgL−1 presented epithelial elevations, fusion of the secondary lamellae, hypertrophy and aneurism. Necrosis was only observed at a concentration of 160mgL−1 of M. piperita. The in vitro results demonstrated that the anti-helminthic activity of M. piperita against Dawestrema spp. was dose dependent. However, baths with 40mgL−1 of essential oil of M. piperita were not effective against monogeneans in the gills of A. gigas. Therefore, since this anti-parasitic substance was in vitro effective and the concentrations used in the baths were not efficient and caused tissue alterations in the gills of the fish, other therapeutic strategies should be tested in order to increase the efficacy of this phytotherapeutic substance and reduce its toxicity for A. gigas. Finally, this study investigated the efficacy of M. piperita essential oil against parasites of A. gigas, for the first time. Statement of relevanceThis manuscript represents original article on the in vitro and in vivo effects of the essential oil of Mentha piperita on monogenoideans and its toxicity for Arapaima gigas, the giant fish from Amazon. Thus, this study investigated the efficacy of M. piperita essential oil against these parasites of A. gigas, for the first time