GHGs Emissions Research Articles

Environmental impact assessment of demolition of a building in India-A case study

Buildings are demolished, when they outlived their service life, become structurally/functionally unfit, or have been built illegally. In India, an RCC framed, 40-storied high-rise building, with a built-up area of about 75,000 sqm, built without relevant approvals along with lots of violations of building bye-laws, has been demolished. There is nothing new in this demolition process, but its effect on the environment is unavailable. A study has been conducted to understand the environmental impact of this demolition. Based on the main primary construction materials, the embodied energy of this demolished building has been computed as 7.07 GJ/sqm. The civil construction cost of the building was found to be about INR 200 Crores (USD 27 million, assuming a conversion rate of 1 USD 75 INR in the year 2022). Expected GHGs emissions corresponding to this embodied energy were estimated as 42.42 × 103 MT. Energy in the demolition of the building has been computed to be about 8.7 GJ/sqm. The situation, in which this building can be retrofitted and made compliant with local building bye-laws, has been analyzed for its environmental impact.

Assessment of small-scale biogas digesters and its impact on the household cooking sector in India: Environmental-resource-economic analysis

In India, a significant portion of the population is still dependent on traditional biomass as fuel for household cooking. The combustion of conventional fuel for cooking usually negatively impacts human health and the environment. Biogas can have multiple benefits; it includes saving time to collect firewood, is a clean fuel, and may reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A national program on biogas is implemented in India since the 1980s. However, there is a considerable difference between the potential and its utilization. Also, biogas' emission through leaks and intentional release is regular with poorly maintained digesters, which questions the environmental benefits it might have. This paper assessed the significance of biogas as a cooking fuel. The results show that, if adequately maintained, biogas result in minimum GHGs emissions than other fuel options. However, if not, this will result in a harmful impact on the environment. Furthermore, annually 1181.31 PJ of useful energy is required for cooking in India. However, currently the contribution of biogas is <0.5 %. In addition, it is also found that in the current scenario, overall GWP from household cooking is about 204,479.92 Gg CO2 eq. If energy from surplus animal dung is harnessed correctly, 321.62 PJ per annum of useful energy can be harnessed. The use of biogas can reduce 20 % of GWP from India's household cooking. Economic analysis shows that installing a biogas digester is an economic viable option with IRR of 54 %. Overall, the use of biogas is beneficial from environmental, resource and economic point of view.

Revealing the effectiveness of environmental policy stringency and environmental law on environmental performance: does asymmetry matter?

Environmental stringency policy shocks and environmental tax have become fundamental policy tools for mitigating the degradation of the environment. The study explores the effects of environmental tax and environmental stringency policy shocks in the reduction of pollution emissions in China for the time 1993 to 2019. This study is a pioneer in assessing the simultaneous impact of these two policy instruments on pollution emissions in China. For empirical investigation, the study employed NARDL estimation techniques. The NARDL results show that positive shocks in environmental tax reduce N2O emissions by 0.03%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.13%, CO2 emissions by 0.18%, and GHGs emissions by 0.01%, however, negative shocks in environmental tax increase N2O emissions by 0.01%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.07%, CO2 emissions by 0.28%, GHGs emissions by 0.17% in the long run. The long-run results also show that positive shocks in environmental policy stringency reduced CO2 emissions by 0.94%, GHGs emissions by 0.77%, while negative shocks in environmental policy stringency increased N2O emissions by 0.17%, PM2.5 emissions by 0.50%, CO2 emissions by 0.63%. The findings suggest vigorous policy implications.

Sustainable Agriculture through Reduced Emission and Energy Efficiency: Estimation of Input–Output Energy and GHG Emission under Tunnel Cultivation of Tomato

Tomato production under tunnel structures has shown promising returns in recent years in Pakistan. However, the energy use and GHGs dynamics remain largely unknown for tomato production under controlled conditions. This study estimates the energy budgeting and GHG emission in off-season (tunnel-farming) tomato production. Study data were gathered from 70 tunnel tomato growers through a simple random sampling technique. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy along with covariates of energy output were estimated through Cob–Douglas regression. The results indicate that the total input energy consumption and production were 91,376.38 MJ ha−1 and 56,764.64 MJ ha−1, on average, respectively. The contribution of fertilizers (60.78%) was higher in total input energy followed by diesel and chemicals. The value of energy use efficiency was 0.652, which was higher for small farms (0.678) and lower (0.604) for large farms. Energy productivity (0.815 kg MJ−1), specific energy (1.355 MJ Kg−1), and net energy (−34,611.743 MJ ha−1) were also estimated. The total greenhouse gas emission was 3426.66 kg CO2 eq. ha−1, which is low for large farms (3197.57 kg CO2 eq. ha−1). The contribution of farmyard manure to total GHG emissions was high. The results show the inefficient use of inputs, responsible for GHG emissions. Fertilizers were a major contributor both in total input energy and GHG emission. The efficient utilization of agricultural inputs is a solution to reduce GHGs emissions in crop production. Therefore, the agriculture department should play its role to ensure the optimal or efficient use of agricultural inputs. The Department of Extension is working to guide farmers about crop production at each stage. Thus, regular visits from extension staff are recommended to guide vegetable producers about efficient input use.

Sustainable production of healthy, affordable food in the UK: The pros and cons of plasticulture.

An evolving green agenda as the UK seeks to achieve 'net zero' in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, coupled with our new trading relationship with the European Union, is resulting in new government policies, which will be disruptive to Britain's traditional food and farming practices. These policies encourage sustainable farming and land-sparing to restore natural habitats and will provide an opportunity to address issues such as high emissions of GHGs and dwindling biodiversity resulting from many intensive agricultural practices. To address these and other food challenges such as global conflicts and health issues, Britain will need a revolution in its food system. The aim of this paper is to make the case for such a food revolution where additional healthy food for the UK population is produced in-country in specialised production units for fruits and vegetables developed on sites previously considered unsuitable for crop production. High crop productivity can be achieved in low-cost controlled environments, making extensive use of novel crop science and modern controlled-environment technology. Such systems must be operated with very limited environmental impact. In recent years, growth in the application of plasticulture in UK horticulture has driven some increases in crop yield, quality and value. However, the environmental cost of plastic production and plastic pollution is regarded as a generational challenge that faces the earth system complex. The distribution of plastic waste is ubiquitous, with a significant pollution load arising from a range of agricultural practices. The primary receptor of agriplastic pollution is agricultural soil. Impacts of microplastics on crop productivity and quality and also on human health are only now being investigated. This paper explores the possibility that we can mitigate the adverse environmental effects of agriplastics and thereby exploit the potential of plasticulture to enhance the productivity and positive health impact of UK horticulture.

CARBON EMISSION INTENSITY FOR MELAKA GREEN TECHNOLOGY CITY STATE

The study analyzes the carbon emission absolute number and intensity for Melaka state as a response to the Malaysia voluntary reduction target of up to 40 percent in terms of emissions intensity of gross domestic product, GDP by the year 2030 compared to 2005 levels. It is manifested in the vision of Melaka Green Technology city state by 2020. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions, GPC method deploys to calculate greenhouse gas, GHGs emission resulted from the various development activity in Melaka. This method classified GHG emissions into four (4) mains sectors: stationary energy, transportation, waste, and agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) by using secondary data from related government agencies at the state level. The computation by BASIC+ reporting level resulted from an output of GHGs emission translated into carbon emission. Steady increase of GHG emissions was captured from 8,859,802 tCO2e (2013) to 8,911,173 tCO2e (2017). Further, carbon emission intensity calculates by gathering the carbon emission absolute number to Melaka’s population. The emission per-capita increase from 6.19 tCO2e (2013) to 6.88 tCO2e (2017), indicates each person contributes to the increment of GHGs emissions for Melaka state. However, the decrease of emission intensity records from 0.189 tCO2e (2013) to 0.176 tCO2e (2017) compared to an increase in population growth. The study concludes certain influences of the aggressive green technology initiative effect, such as renewable energy, LED street lighting, solar valley, smart metering in the building, electric public bus, no plastic bag, waste recycling to the overall carbon emission intensity of Melaka Green technology City State.

Mitigation of GHG Emissions from Soils Fertilized with Livestock Chain Residues

Using livestock residues as alternative fertilizers is a sustainable practice which recycles nutrients that would otherwise be lost. However, organic fertilizers may have a large impact on N2O emissions, offsetting the beneficial effects of C sequestration. After four years from biochar application, greenhouse gas fluxes were monitored for two years from a Maize field fertilized with digestate, slurry, or urea, with and without biochar. The objectives of the present study were to assess (i) the climate feedback of using residues from the livestock chain as alternative fertilizers and (ii) the contribution of biochar in mitigating GHGs emissions, while increasing the organic C in soil. Digestate was shown to have the highest impact on CO2 and N2O emissions from soil, with respect to mineral fertilization (+29 and +142%), more than slurry (+21 and −5%), whereas both residues positively affected CH4 uptake (+5 and +14%, respectively). The maximum N2O peaks occurred between 7–20 days after fertilization, accounting for 61% of total emissions, on average. Biochar was effective in reducing N2O emissions derived from mineral fertilization and digestate (−54% and −17%, respectively). An excess of labile organic matter and N induced the highest CO2 emissions and N2O peaks, independent of—or even triggered by—biochar. Mitigation of GHG emissions, from soils fertilized with livestock chain residue, can be obtained using biochar, but with limitations dependent on (i) the quantity of organic matter added, (ii) its quality, and (iii) the time from application: those aspects that deserve further investigations.

Design of Typical Energy Efficient and Zero Energy building for Kabul City

Recently, the consumption of energy in residential buildings has been increasing. On one hand, urbanization increased energy consumption in residential buildings. On the other hand, construction of nonstandard buildings especially residential buildings, caused excessive energy waste. Implementation of energy efficiency and zero-energy building strategies is one of the best solutions to decrease energy waste and energy intensity in a residential building in Kabul City. This research is conducted to design typical energy-efficient and zero energy building strategies for Kabul City. The majority of people use unrefined fossil fuels for heating. As we know, fossil fuels cause environmental pollution. To burn these fuels, most greenhouse gases GHGs emissions are released in the atmosphere, and these GHGs are very harmful to health and cause different types of illnesses. This study is performed in two stages. First, the construction cost of a customarily built building is calculated. Then, the heat loss and heat gain of this inefficient building are also calculated. The same procedure is repeated for a more efficient and insulated building. After comparing, it is revealed that an insulated building saves 65% of the energy and emits 60% less CO2 compared to the inefficient building. To make this building a zero-energy building, we tried using photovoltaic technology. All-electric loads for this building are calculated, and the components of the photovoltaic system are designed accordingly. Finally, the implementation of energy-efficient and zero-energy building has lots of benefits of cost-saving, being environmentfriendly, reduced illness, and individual sustainability for each building

Sensitivity analysis of greenhouse gas emissions at farm level: case study of grain and cash crops.

Sensitivity analysis is useful to downgrade/upgrade the number of inputs to limit greenhouse emissions and enhance crop yield. The primary data from the 300 rice (grain crop) and 300 cotton (cash crop) farmers were gathered in face-to-face interviews by applying a multistage random sampling technique using a well-structured pretested questionnaire. Energy use efficiency was estimated with data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, and a second-stage regression analysis was conducted by applying Cobb-Douglas production function to evaluate the influencing factors affecting. The results exhibit that chemical fertilizers, diesel fuel and water for irrigation are the major energy inputs that are accounted to be 15,721.55, 10,787.50 and 6411.08MJha-1 for rice production, while for cotton diesel fuel, chemical fertilizer and water for irrigation were calculated to be 13,860.94, 12,691.10 and 4456.34MJha-1, respectively. Total GHGs emissions were found to be 920.69 and 954.71kg CO2eq ha-1 from rice and cotton productions, respectively. Energy use efficiency (1.33 and 1.53), specific energy (11.03 and 7.69MJha-1), energy productivity (0.09 and 0.13kgMJ-1) and energy gained (14,497.85 and 20,047.56MJha-1) for rice and cotton crop, respectively. Moreover, the results obtained through the second-stage regression analysis revealed that excessive application of fertilizer had a negative impact on the yield of rice and cotton, while farm machinery, diesel fuel and biocides had a positive effect. We hope that these findings could help in the management of the energy budget that we believe will reduce the high emissions of GHGs to address the growing environmental hazards.

Long-Term Tillage and Irrigation Management Practices: Impact on Carbon Budgeting and Energy Dynamics under Rice–Wheat Rotation of Indian Mid-Himalayan Region

In modern agriculture, reducing the carbon footprint and emission of greenhouse gases with greater energy efficiency are major issues for achieving the sustainability of agricultural production systems. To address this issue, a long-term field experiment was established from 2001 through 2016 with two contrasting tillage practices (ZT: zero tillage; CT: conventional tillage) and four irrigation schedules {I-1: pre-sowing (PS), I-2: PS + crown root initiation (CRI), I-3: PS + CRI + panicle initiation (PI)/flowering (FL), and I-4: PS + CRI + PI/FL + grain filling (GF)}. The grain yield of rice, wheat and the rice–wheat system was increased significantly by 23.6, 39.5 and 32.8%, respectively, with irrigation at four stages (I-4) compared to a single stage (I-1). Energy appraisal results exhibited that 17.2% higher energy was consumed under CT as compared to ZT (25,894 MJ ha−1). Fertilizer application consumed the highest energy (46.5–54.5%), followed by irrigation (8.83–19.5%), and the lowest energy consumption was associated with winnowing, packing and transport (2.07–2.43%) operations. The total energy output of the rice–wheat system did not change significantly among contrast tillage, but higher energy was obtained under CT (214,603 MJ ha−1) as compared to ZT (209,728 MJ ha−1). ZT practice improved the energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (Ep) and energy profitability (Eprof) by 16.6, 21.0 and 16.6%, respectively, over CT. The EUE, SE (specific energy), Ep, net energy return (NER) and Eprof were enhanced by 17.1, 16.6, 21.0, 36.5 and 20.6%, respectively, with irrigation at four stages (I-4) compared to a single stage (I-1). Zero tillage plots reflected a 8.24% higher carbon use efficiency (CUE) and a 9.0% lower carbon footprint than CT plots. Among irrigation schedules, application of I-4 showed a 8.13% higher CUE and a 9.0% lower carbon footprint over single irrigation (I-1). This investigation indicated that ZT with irrigation at four stages (I-4) was the most sustainable option for improving the EUE and CUE with minimal GHGs emissions from the rice–wheat cropping system of Indian mid-Himalayan regions.

Time series analysis of environmental quality in the state of Qatar

This study investigated the impact of economic growth, electricity consumption, energy consumption, and the crop production index on environmental quality in Qatar by considering four different types of GHGs emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and F-GHGs) and using a time-series dataset for the period of 1990–2019. This study investigated the long- and short-term impacts between these variables using ARDL bounds testing, while the stationarity properties of the variables were tested by applying the Zivot–Andrews test. The results indicate that electricity consumption, energy consumption, and the crop production index have a positive and significant relationship with GHGs, while economic growth has a negative and significant relationship in the long term with these gases. The VECM Cranger and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests were used to understand the causal relationship between the variables, and the results suggest a different causality relationship between the variables. Several key policy implications derived from the findings of this research to sustain environmental quality in the state of Qatar are discussed in this paper.

Effects of water regimes on soil N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions following addition of dicyandiamide and N fertilizer

Water regimes strongly impact soil C and N cycling and the associated greenhouse gases (GHGs, i.e., CO2, CH4 and N2O). Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the impacts of flooding-drying of soil along with application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on GHGs emissions. This study comprised four experimental treatments, including (i) control (CK), (ii) dicyandiamide, 20 mg kg−1 (DCD), (iii) nitrogen fertilizer, 300 mg kg−1 (N) and (iv) DCD + N. All experimental treatments were kept under flooded condition at the onset of the experiment, and then converted to 60% water filled pore space (WFPS). At flooding stage, N2O emissions were lower as compared to 60% WFPS. The highest cumulative N2O emission was 0.98 mg N2O–N kg−1 in N treated soil due to high substrates of mineral N contents, but lowest (0.009 mg N2O–N kg−1) in the DCD treatment. The highest cumulative CH4 emissions (80.54 mg CH4–C kg−1) were observed in the N treatment, while uptake of CH4 was observed in the DCD treatment. As flooded condition converted to 60% WFPS, CO2 emissions gradually increased in all experimental treatments, but the maximum cumulative CO2 emission was 477.44 mg kg−1 in the DCD + N treatment. The maximum dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents were observed in N and DCD + N treatments with the values of 57.12 and 58.92 mg kg−1, respectively. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents were higher at flooding while lower at transition phase, and increased at the initiation of 60% WFPS stage. However, MBC contents declined at the later stage of 60% WFPS. The maximum MBC contents were 202.12 and 192.41 mg kg−1 in N and DCD + N treatments, respectively. Results demonstrated that water regimes exerted a dramatic impact on C and N dynamics, subsequently GHGs, which were highly controlled by DCD at both flooding and 60% WFPS conditions.

Biomethane plants based on municipal solid waste and wastewater and its impact on vehicle sector in India — An Environmental-economic-resource assessment

Advantages of biomethane production from large-scale biogas plants include savings of fossil fuels, better waste handling, job creation, odor, and greenhouse gas reduction. For these reasons, the government has launched and promoted various waste-to-energy schemes to install large-scale biogas plants in India. However, methane leaks from various plant sources are problematic as they contribute to global warming and compromise the environmental benefits. This paper assessed the significance of bio-compressed natural gas (bio-CNG) from large-scale biogas plants as a transportation fuel from an environmental and economic perspective. The results show that GHGs emissions of bio-CNG along its value chain (i.e., generation to utilization) are lower than other fuel options. If harnessed correctly, municipal solid waste and wastewater energy can replace 4053.47 tonnes of India’s diesel consumption per day. However, less than 2.5% of net bio-CNG potential is utilized in the current scenario. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis shows a 0.32 and 0.08 probability that emissions from bio-CNG are greater than diesel and petrol, respectively. Furthermore, there is an 83.15% chance that the bio-CNG business will make a profit. Also, a 0.83 correlation coefficient was found between compressed biogas (CBG) price and net present value (NPV). This study indicates the massive scope of biogas in the transportation sector. Thus, to achieve the goal, setting up large-scale biogas plants is much needed.

Regulation of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Biomass to Mitigate Soil Greenhouse Gas Emission.

Sustainable reduction of fertilization with technology acquisition for improving soil quality and realizing green food production is a major strategic demand for global agricultural production. Introducing legume (LCCs) and/or non-legume cover crops (NLCCs) during the fallow period before planting main crops such as wheat and corn increases surface coverage, retains soil moisture content, and absorbs excess mineral nutrients, thus reducing pollution. In addition, the cover crops (CCs) supplement the soil nutrients upon decomposition and have a green manure effect. Compared to the traditional bare land, the introduction of CCs systems has multiple ecological benefits, such as improving soil structure, promoting nutrient cycling, improving soil fertility and microbial activity, controlling soil erosion, and inhibiting weed growth, pests, and diseases. The residual decomposition process of cultivated crops after being pressed into the soil will directly change the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycle and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and thus affect the soil microbial activities. This key ecological process determines the realization of various ecological and environmental benefits of the cultivated system. Understanding the mechanism of these ecological environmental benefits provides a scientific basis for the restoration and promotion of cultivated crops in dry farming areas of the world. These findings provide an important contribution for understanding the mutual interrelationships and the research in this area, as well as increasing the use of CCs in the soil for better soil fertility, GHGs mitigation, and improving soil microbial community structure. This literature review studies the effects of crop biomass and quality on soil GHGs emissions, microbial biomass, and community structure of the crop cultivation system, aiming to clarify crop cultivation in theory.

AN ANALYSIS FROM VLIELAND CONSUMER'S PERSPECTIVE: A STEP FORWARD TO BE ZERO WASTE ISLAND

The notion of zero waste concept underlines the idea of the production process as a closed loop system considering that the outputs of a process being used as an input for another processes, converted into value added production. As the part of the UNESCO World Heritage in which a large area in this island has been considered as a nature reserve, Vlieland island, strives to find innovation to produce less waste which can be equited into cost savings particularly for disposal into the mainland. In addition, this concept is believed to push the reduction of GHGs emission deriving from food cultivation and shipping the waste. Since consumers is the largest contributor to waste production in Vlieland, this study would focus the discussion of potential solutions from the the households and visitors perspective. It means that household-like waste is becoming the focal point of this study align with the waste treatment policy which currently adopted. To collect the data and other information related to food waste and its associates, the observation and interview based on opportunity sampling are carried out to households, visitors as well as stakeholders. The findings are then elaborated through scoring to identified which sollution which are feasible to be implemented in Vlieland, North Holland.

Co-liquefaction of organic solid waste with fecal sludge for producing petroleum-like biocrude for an integrated waste to energy approach

Globally, approximately 600–700 million tonnes/yr. of solid waste (SW) and 250–300 million tonnes/yr. of fecal sludge (FS) are not managed in an environmentally safe manner. Conversion of these two waste streams using this ratio (2–3: 1 of SW: FS) to produce biocrude for fossil fuel substitution would act as an integrated waste to energy approach to address current global crises (GHGs emissions, climate change, and global warming). This study took the opportunity to produce petroleum-like biocrude through co-liquefaction of organic solid waste (OSW) and fecal sludge (FS) and optimized crude production yield and quality by varying feedstock ratios (1:0, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 0:1) and temperature (280–340 °C). A higher synergistic effect was observed at feedstock ratio 3:1 (OSW: FS) and 320 °C with 52% biocrude yield, of which 64% was lighter-fraction (C < 20). The produced light crude contained 60% ester, 14% heterocyclic, and 12% fuel hydrocarbon fractions and exhibited a heating value of 42.7 MJ/kg, suggesting a potential candidate for petro crude (42–49 MJ/kg) substitution. This energetically feasible process (energy recovery 86% and energy consumption ratio 0.36) would provide a revenue of US$ 467.8 per metric ton of waste feedstock, validating the high economic prospects for a cleaner production pathway.

Value compensation of net carbon sequestration alleviates the trend of abandoned farmland: A quantification of paddy field system in China based on perspectives of grain security and carbon neutrality

Farmland abandonment is threatening the grain security in China. The phenomenon also impeded the contribution of carbon sequestration from grain cultivation system. Recently, people are discussing a valuable joint point between the issues: if the value of carbon sequestration in grain production system would be compensated to the grain producers, the increased income would possibly improve the farmers’ initiative of producing grain, alleviating the trend of abandoned farmland and promoting the development of low-carbon agricultural system in China at the same time. Therefore, this study selected the rice production system in Guangdong province in China as a case to quantify the value of net carbon sequestration of the system and assessed the grain security situation. The case was expected to comprehensively discuss the dual significances of grain cultivation in ensuring food security and promoting GHGs emission reduction. The results demonstrated that the rice yield, sown area and rice self-sufficiency rate decreased significantly in Guangdong province during 2000–2019. The self-sufficiency rate of rice in Guangdong province was only about 22% currently, presenting serious crisis on grain security in this region. Meanwhile, this study found that the greenhouse gas emissions from rice production system in Guangdong province reached 193.68 million tons CO2 and 206.00 million tons CO2 at farmland level and the life cycle level, respectively. The quantity of net carbon sequestration from the rice cultivation system was 96 million tons/yr, which was estimated to be 2.29 billion yuan/yr at the farm level and 2.22 billion yuan/yr at the life cycle level, respectively, based on the average price of carbon trading. Consequently, this study raised that the compensation standards for carbon neutrality of rice planting should be 2147.84 yuan/ha at the farm level and 1235.24 yuan/ha at the life cycle level, respectively. This study proposed that scientific and feasible value compensation of net carbon sequestration of grain production would alleviate the trend of abandoning farmland, contributing to the win-win situation of grain security and carbon neutrality targets in China. This study could provide a research basis for decision making in China and other nations to stabilize grain production by the carbon compensation policy of farmland.

Scenario on Environmental Management to Reduce Green House Gas Emission Due To Low Land Rice Cultivation under Paddy Soils

As an important staple food crop rice production needs to be increased by 40% by the end of the 2030s to meet the increasing demand for food due to the expanding population. In this regard countries like Ethiopia having reasonable potential of rice production in various areas, mainly in rainfed lowland, upland and irrigated ecosystems are the major targets. But such Agricultural activities contribute to approximately 18.4% of to the present concentrations of GHGs emission followed by energy sector that are considered as one of the major sources of emissions however, this warming potential is a cumulative effect of 100 years horizon. CH 4 gas is produced under flooded or anaerobic soil conditions by the process of methanogenesis while N 2 O gas is produced through nitrification and denitrification processes. Consequently predicting the dynamic changes in emission of GHGs and rice yield in paddy fields and keeping the possible solution should be considered. From the scenarios of rice and green house gas emissions water managements on paddy soils as well as organic and inorganic fertilizations under plenty mass production of rice on paddy soils are top most considerable’s. Therefore conducting researches to fills the gap by determining the effect of nutrient and water management on rice yield and greenhouse gas emission should be developed and in lined with the mass production for the future. Keywords : Paddy Soils; Fertilization; Water Management; Green house gases DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-4-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Scale on Attitude of Young Farmers Towards Climate Smart Agricultural Interventions

Attitude is the prime cause for the growth of an individual and will have great impact on the way we think, the way we perceive and the way we do the things. It is the determining factor for the success or failure of any vibrant endeavor. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been emerged to address the challenges in the agriculture sector caused by climate-induced disasters and stresses. It is a strategic approach that aims to sustainably improve agricultural productivity and enhance food security, increase farmers’ resilience and adaptation to climate change, and reduce and/ or remove GHGs emission where possible (FAO, 2013). In this study, attitude of respondent young farmers towards CSA interventions was studied. Due to non-availability of appropriate scale to measure the attitude of young farmers towards CSA interventions, it was thought necessary to construct a scale for the purpose. Hence to understand the feelings of respondent young farmers towards CSA interventions, an attitude scale was developed. Likert’s scaling technique (1932) was found appropriate due to large number of items. A schedule of statements was sent to 80 judges to found its appropriateness by assigning the score on each item. Based on the ‘t’ value, 25 items were fi nally selected to constitute the scale to measure the attitude of respondent young farmers towards CSA interventions. Reliability of the scale was found to be 0.8863. The validity of the scale was tested by experts’ judgments. The reliability and validity of the scale indicate its consistency and precision of the results.

Lifecycle Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: Case Study Scenario Analyses of an Urban Highway Section

Roads account for a major part of energy/resource consumption and emission of GHGs, such as CO2, PM, NOx, O3, etc., due to high demand for virgin materials, specifically in developing regions. The applicability of recycled materials, such as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and other alternative approaches for, e.g., warm-mix asphalt (WMA), in developed countries is hindered by project-specific constraints and lack of empirical studies in these regions. Lifecycle assessment studies on the usage of these road options from actual projects in the developing countries can aid decision makers choose sustainable material approaches by providing case study examples as guidelines. To that end, this study analyses environmental in/out-flows for a traditional approach and multiple green approaches (RAP and WMA) for a major highway section in Abu Dhabi through a 30-year (2015–2045) lifecycle approach. Roadworks were modelled in SimaPro according to real-world conditions, and the expected burden mitigation in each stage is calculated. Benefits of using optimum RAP-based options and a virgin-material-based WMA case against the baseline virgin material case were also investigated. Results showed benefits of WMA as higher than replacing virgin asphalt with recycled asphalt (25% RAP asphalt base, 15% RAP binder and wearing courses). Land use (19%) and energy consumption (16%) showed the highest reduction, followed by ozone depletion (14%), ionizing radiation (11%), PM (8%), acidification (7%) and global warming potential (6%) across all pavement lifecycle stages and environmental indicators. Similar results were obtained for other scenarios with lesser degrees of reduction, which show the significance of replacing HMA with WMA for real-world projects, specifically in mega road projects in Abu Dhabi and the Middle East towards cutting the significant carbon footprint of asphalt pavements.