γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Research Articles

Application of an artificial neural network and QCM sensor coated with γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for estimation of SO2 gas sensing characteristics

γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and a following annealing treatment at 200 °C in ambient air for 6 hours. A mass-type sensor was prepared by coating γ-Fe2O3 NPs on the active electrode of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The obtained results of the γ-Fe2O3 NPs based QCM sensor indicate the high response and good repeatability toward SO2 gas in the range of 2.5 – 20 ppm at room temperature. Moreover, the frequency shift (DF) and change in mass of SO2 adsorption per unit area (Dm) of the γ-Fe2O3 NPs coated QCM sensor have a relationship with the mass density of γ-Fe2O3 NPs and SO2 concentrations. The artificial neural network (ANN) model using Levenberg-Marquardt optimization was used to handle the DF and Dm of the γ-Fe2O3 NPs coated QCM sensor. The results of the model validation proved to be a reliable way between the experiment and prediction values.

Effect of the magnetic nanoparticle concentration on the electro-optical properties of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystals

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigated the electro-optical properties of the dilute magnetic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) prepared with the liquid crystal colloids containing low concentrations of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The doped nanoparticles have hardly changed the morphology of PDLCs, but they have significantly changed the threshold voltage, saturation voltage, and contrast ratio of PDLCs. Such changes result from ionic adsorption in competition with the concentration of the nanoparticles. When the concentration of the nanoparticles was below the critical concentration, the adsorption of free ions was dominant, and the contrast ratio increased while the saturation voltage decreased. However, when the concentration of the nanoparticles was above the critical concentration, the intrinsic electro-optical effect of the nanoparticles was dominant, and the contrast ratio decreased while the saturation voltage increased.

Natural Protein‐Based Biocomposites with Superior Paramagnetism and Microwave Absorbing Properties by Incorporating Nanosized Fe2O3

Back Cover: The development of soy protein-based materials can make a good candidate that prepares polymers from renewable resources. When γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are added to soy protein isolate (SPI), it is possible to not only endow SPI with the good paramagnetism and good microwave absorbing properties, but also to improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability. This is demonstrated in article 2100748 by Huafeng Tian, Jian Li, and co-workers.

γ-Fe2 O3 Loading Mitoxantrone and Glucose Oxidase for pH-Responsive Chemo/Chemodynamic/Photothermal Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

Traditional cancer therapy is limited by poor prognosis and risk of recurrence. Emerging therapies offer alternatives to these problems. In addition, synergistic therapy can combine the advantages of multiple therapies to eliminate cancer cells while attenuating damage to normal tissues. Herein, a theranostic nanoplatform based on the chemotherapeutic drug mitoxantrone (MTO) and glucose oxidase (GOx) co-loaded γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles (MTO-GOx@γ-Fe2 O3 NPs) is designed and prepared to realize photoacoustic imaging-guided chemo/chemodynamic/photothermal (CT/CDT/PTT) synergistic cancer therapy. With a particle size of about 86.2nm, the synthesized MTO-GOx@γ-Fe2 O3 NPs can selectively accumulate at tumor sites by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. After entering cancer cells by endocytosis, MTO-GOx@γ-Fe2 O3 NPs decompose into Fe3+ ions and release cargo because of their pH-responsive characteristic. As a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapy drug, MTO shows strong DNA disruption ability and satisfying photothermal conversion ability under laser irradiation for photothermal therapy. Simultaneously, GOx catalyzes the decomposition of glucose and generates hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) to enhance the chemodynamic therapy efficiency. In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that MTO-GOx@γ-Fe2 O3 NPs possess a significant synergistic therapeutic effect in cancer treatment.

Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of spider silk coated with maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles

Spider silk-maghemite (SS-γ-Fe2O3) composite was obtained by simple and fast co-precipitation method at room temperature. The fibers were coated with maghemite nanoparticles with the average size of 25 nm. According to DTA, maghemite NPs contributed the thermal stability of the composite. Magnetic properties of as obtained composite were estimated. At room temperature, the system was is in a superparamagnetic state, while at temperature of 5 K the magnetic moments were blocked. This composite is seen as a novel hybrid material with superparamagnetic properties for possible applications in bioseparation, biosensors, magnetographic printing, magnetic screens, and magnetic filters as well as sensing/actuating components of MEMS.

Ternary FeS/γ-Fe2O3@N/S-doped carbon nanohybrids dispersed in an ordered mesoporous silica for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation

Heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has gained much attention for wastewater treatment. It is important to develop efficient catalysts and understand the reaction mechanism. In this work, a novel ordered mesoporous composite catalyst, in which an intimate ternary nanohybrid containing γ-Fe2O3, FeS and N/S-doped carbon (C-N-S) highly dispersed in the mesoporous silica (SBA-15), is presented. Using the facile solvent-free nanocasting method, the composite is synthesized by directly heating a solid mixture of methionine (Met), Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and SBA-15. Under optimal conditions, the melting infiltration and confined pyrolysis enable the formation of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, FeS nanoclusters and C-N-S with intimate contacts but no severe embedment and no pore blockage. The optimized composite exhibits outstanding performance in PMS activation for degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) with rapid and complete removal and high mineralization. The high performance relies on the cooperative roles of FeS with interfacial ≡Fe(II) sites for activation of PMS, C-N-S for adsorption of CBZ and facilitation of electron transfer to circulate ≡Fe(II)/Fe(III), SBA-15 for easy aqueous dispersion and mass transportation and γ-Fe2O3 for easy magnetic separation. The concentration evolutions of ≡Fe(II) sites and PMS over the reaction process are tracked and correlated with the catalyst structure and performance. The radical pathway dominates the degradation and the PMS activation mechanism is discussed. This work could provide a facile route for the synthesis of ordered mesoporous composites and improve the understanding of metal/carbon composites for PMS activation.

Study on size effect of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and gas atmosphere on carburization process

Different sizes of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (4–19 nm) were prepared by thermal decomposition of iron oleate and carburized in three different gas atmosphere of 5%CO/He, 5%CO/10%H2/He and 5%CO/20%H2/He at 350 °C. The carburization process and phase transformation of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were investigated by in-situ XRD, Raman spectroscopy, CO-TPR and TEM. The results show that χ-Fe5C2 and θ-Fe3C phases with a stable ratio formed after carburization. The time to complete carburization was shortened for increasing sizes of γ-Fe2O3 particles under the same carburization atmosphere. While the smaller γ-Fe2O3 particles showed more residual carbon on the surface, which can inhibit the carburization process. The relative content of θ-Fe3C increased with the increase of the size of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. For γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with the same sizes, the time to complete carburization in different atmospheres was firstly shortened and then slightly lengthened with the increase of H2 partial pressure, while the relative content of θ-Fe3C increased with the increase of H2 partial pressure. By adjusting the particle size of γ-Fe2O3 and the carburization atmosphere, the mixed phases of χ-Fe5C2 and θ-Fe3C can be optimized.

Mechanistic insight into the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of a magnetically separable γ-Fe2O3/Montmorillonite nanocomposite for rhodamine B removal

The magnetically separable nanocomposite of γ-Fe2O3/montmorillonite (γ-Fe2O3/Mt) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The as-obtained nanocomposite is composed of a single phase of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in a montmorillonite structure with high photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B photodegradation. Physicochemical characterization revealed particle sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm with a band-gap energy of 2.3 eV. This study reveals a significant contribution of the adsorption mechanism to the degradation mechanism. The nanocomposite could be easily separated and reused by magnetic separation owing to its magnetism of 22 emu/g. The nanocomposite is also reusable without any chemical change until five cycles.

Electro-optical response of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals doped with γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In this paper, the microstructures of the dilute magnetic PDLC films, doped with low concentrations of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, have hardly changed, but their electric-optical responses have distinctly changed. The experimental results show that the threshold voltage and hysteresis decreased with the increasing concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Furthermore, at the relatively low concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (samples (0) and (1) according to ϕm of 0 and 0.11%), the reciprocity of the rise time increased nonlinearly with the increasing square of the applied voltage. However, at the relatively high concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (samples (2) according to ϕm = 0.15%), the reciprocity of the rise time increased linearly with the square of the applied voltage. Moreover, the reciprocity of the decay time was independent of the applied voltage and decreased with increasing the concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. These characteristics are due to the adsorption of free ions by γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. As a result, the interfacial interaction between liquid crystal droplets and the polymer matrix decreased, and the effective electric field inside the liquid crystal droplets increased.

Performance improvement of capacitive liquid crystal temperature sensor by doping γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles

Temperature measurement and control has an extremely important role in both scientific research and manufacturing. Capacitive liquid crystal (LC) temperature sensors can monitor the temperature using the linear variation of the capacitance of LC cell with temperature, but the sensitivity and other properties need to be improved. In order to improve the performance of capacitive LC temperature sensor, we propose to mix twisted nematic LC (1M10600-100) with ferromagnetic nanoparticles γ-Fe2O3 to prepare LC temperature sensor in this paper. The relationship between the capacitance change rate of different concentrations of nano-doped LC materials at 0.1–20 V and different temperatures was tested, the sensitivity of the sensor was calculated, and the mechanism of the effect of doped nanoparticles on the performance of the device was analyzed. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the capacitive temperature sensor made of nano-doped LC with the concentration of 0.03 wt% is as high as 9.5 pF/°C at 12 V, which is about 14.87% higher than the undoped device, and its recovery and stability remain almost unchanged. The Pearson correlation coefficient only changes by 0.02%. The results of this paper provide some guidance for the improvement of the performance of capacitive LC temperature sensors, and the development of high-sensitivity temperature sensors based on LC materials.

Magnetic γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 Composite Particles and Their Application for Oily Water Treatment.

Crude oil spills are about global challenges because of their destructive effects on aquatic life and the environment. The conventional technologies for cleaning crude oil spills need to study the selective separation of pollutants. The combination of magnetic materials and porous structures has been of considerable interest in separation studies. Here, γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 structures were prepared by growing a ZIF-7 layer onto supermagnetic γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with an average size of 18 ± 0.9 nm in situ without surface modification at low temperatures. The product composite particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. The analyses revealed a time growth-dependent ZIF-7 rod thickness with abundant nanocavities. The γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 surface area available for sorption (647 m2/g) is ∼12-fold higher than that of the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Moreover, the crystal structure of γ-Fe2O3 remained essentially unchanged following ZIF-7 coating, whereas the superparamagnetism declined depending on the coating time. The γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 particles were highly hydrophobic and selectively and rapidly (<5 min) sorbed crude oil and other hydrocarbon pollutants from water. As high as 6 g/g of the hydrocarbon was sorbed by the γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 particles immersed into the hydrocarbon. A coefficient of determination, R22, consistently >0.96 at all pollutant concentrations suggested a pseudo-second-order sorption kinetics. The thermal stability and 15 cycles of use and reuse confirmed a robust γ-Fe2O3/ZIF-7 sorbent.

Hollow carbon nanospheres embedded with stoichiometric γ-Fe2O3 and GdPO4: tuning the nanospheres for in vitro and in vivo size effect evaluation.

The size modulation of hollow carbon nanospheres (HCSs) has attracted great interest in the contexts of cellular uptake, drug delivery and bioimaging. In this study, a facile fabrication method was specifically used to minimize all influencing factors except for the particle size. A series of nanoparticles of hollow carbon nanospheres embedded with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanoagent γ-Fe2O3 and GdPO4 nanoparticles (Fe–Gd/HCS), were successfully prepared and applied to in vitro/vivo evaluation with well-defined sizes of ∼100 nm (Fe–Gd/HCS-S), ∼200 nm (Fe–Gd/HCS-M), and ∼300 nm (Fe–Gd/HCS-L), respectively. Then the in vitro size effect of Fe–Gd/HCS was systematically investigated by bio-TEM, CLSM, CCK-8 assay, and flow cytometry revealing that Fe–Gd/HCS could be internalized and the cellular uptake amounts increase with the decrease of size. Furthermore, the in vivo size-effect behavior of Fe–Gd/HCS (∼100 nm, ∼200 nm, ∼300 nm) was tracked by MRI technique, demonstrating that all Fe–Gd/HCS can distinguish the liver, in which Fe–Gd/HCS with the smallest particle size exhibited the best performance among these nanoparticles. By leveraging on these features, Fe–Gd/HCS-S (∼100 nm) was further chosen as a theranostic agent, preliminarily presenting its capability for multi-modal imaging and therapy.

A Four-enzyme Nanoassembly Consisting of Hydrolases and Oxidoreductases for Multi-step Cascade Reactions.

Cascade reactions catalyzed by multi-enzymatic systems have attracted enormous scientific interest over the last decade. They are an emerging technology that significantly expands the applicability of biocatalysts in several biotechnological processes, such as the synthesis of high value-added products. Immobilization of enzymes on a solid carrier is a commonly used strategy to improve the stability and reuse of multiple enzyme systems. Magnetic nanoparticles have been applied as promising nanocarriers for either the immobilization of one enzyme or the co-immobilization of multiple enzymes. In this chapter, we describe the preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles γ-Fe2O3 modified with 3-(aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES), for the simultaneous covalent co-immobilization of oxidoreductases and hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase, β-glucosidase (bgl), glucose oxidase (GOx), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Several spectroscopic techniques that are used to characterize the structure and the catalytic performance of such systems are also described.

Modifications of EHPDB Physical Properties through Doping with Fe2O3 Nanoparticles (Part II).

The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of various concentrations of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the physical properties of the liquid crystalline ferroelectric SmC* phase, as well as to check the effect of introducing nanoparticles in the LC matrix on their properties in the prepared five nanocomposites. UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the admixture reduced the absorption of nanocomposites in the UV range, additional absorption bands appeared, and all nanocomposites were transparent in the range of 500–850 nm. The molecular dynamics in particular phases of the nanocomposites were investigated by the dielectric spectroscopy method, and it was found that nanoparticles caused a significant increase in the dielectric constant at low frequencies, a strong modification of the dielectric processes in the SmC* phase, and the emergence of new relaxation processes for the highest dopant concentrations. SQUID magnetometry allowed us to determine the magnetic nature of the nanoparticles used, and to show that the blocked state of nanoparticles was preserved in nanocomposites (hysteresis loops were also registered in the ferroelectric SmC* phase). The dependence of the coercive field on the admixture concentration and the widening of the hysteresis loop in nanocomposites in relation to pure nanoparticles were also found. In turn, the FT-MIR spectroscopy method was used to check the influence of the impurity concentration on the formation/disappearance or modification of the absorption bands, and the modification of both the FWHM and the maximum positions for the four selected vibrations in the MIR range, as well as the discontinuous behavior of these parameters at the phase transitions, were found.

Synthesis of Iron Oxide (γ-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles Using Antiviral M. Parviflora L (Mallow) Plant Growing in the Aegean Region and Investigation of Antibacterial Properties

Son yıllarda manyetik nanomalzemeler arasında maghemit (γ-Fe2O3), doğal biyouyumlu doğası, oksidasyon kararlılığı ve iyi manyetik özellikleri nedeniyle biyoloji, kimya, metalurji alanlarında önemli bir araştırma alanı kazanmıştır. Kanser tedavisi, gen araştırmaları, ilaç kimyası gibi alanlarda uygulamaları mevcuttur. Toksin olmaması ve çevre dostu davranışı nedeniyle son derece umut verici olan son zamanlarda oldukça popüler yöntem olan yeşil sentez yoluyla nano boyutta demir oksit sentezlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, nano ölçekli maghemit (γ-Fe2O3), antiviral özellikli M. parviflora L (ebegümeci) yaprağı ekstresi kullanılarak hekzahidrat ferrik klorürden (FeCl3.6H2O) sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen nano demir oksitlerin sentezi UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. γ-Fe2O3 nanopartiküllerinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, disk difüzyon yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Using Coffee Seed Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity

The discovery of reliable and green processes for metal oxide nanoparticles synthesis is particularly crucial and exhibits huge potential in various applications. Thus, in this paper, a fast, single step and environmental-friendly method to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) by bio-reduction of iron salts Fe2+ and Fe3+ under the presence of coffee seeds (CS) aqueous extract was demonstrated. The characteristics of the synthesised Fe2O3-NPs were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry techniques. The XRD result revealed that the Fe2O3-NPs produced display highly crystalline property with a cubic structure and the average size of the resulted particle is ranging from 23.2 nm to 37.5 nm. Additionally, the energy band gap (Eg) calculated also showed that maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles was successfully synthesised by using CS extract. The resulted nanoparticles are highly feasible in the inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganism.

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory efficacy of hederagenin-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles in an atopic dermatitis model

We investigated the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory efficacy of hederagenin coating on maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (HM) in atopic dermatitis (AD), as well as the physical and optical properties of maghemite nanoparticles (MP) using SEM, XRD spectroscopy, UV–vis spectra, Raman spectra, and FTIR spectroscopy. Dose-dependent treatment with HM (10, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL) inhibited the expression of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) in inflammatory induced HaCaT and Jurkat cells with inflammation caused by TNF/IFN-γ and PMA/A23187. AD model was induced by performing topical application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE) for a 31-day period on 8-week-old BALB/c mice. The HM treatments efficiently diminished the AD-like cutaneous lesion induced by DNCB-DFE sensitization in mice. Compared to the AD-only groups, HM treatment considerably attenuated mast cell infiltration and lowered epidermal, and dermal thickness of mice ears skin. In addition, HM treatment prominently alleviated the enlarged size and weight of lymph nodes. Furthermore, HM treatment resulted in a notable reduction in the mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-6), Th17 (IL-17), and TSLP. Our data showed that HM provides better AD attenuation compared to MP. Additionally, HM had synergistic effect and act as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent. Thus, HM shows great potential in AD medication and as a substitution of non-steroid-based medication.

One-step aromatic acids assisted synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with large surface area by thermal decomposition of ferric nitrate

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) has attracted much attention due to its variety of applications in many areas. However, the current preparation methods of γ-Fe2O3 still involve complicated processes and a high cost, thereby needing improvement. In this study, a novel and facile one-step solid-state method for the preparation of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) is performed through the thermal decomposition of ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O) and the addition of aromatic acids. Three aromatic acids that have different numbers of carboxyl groups (i.e., benzoic acid, phthalic acid, and trimesic acid) are used as additives and their effects on the formation of γ-Fe2O3 NPs are investigated. Furthermore, the influence of the aromatic acid/Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O mass ratio and calcination temperature on the structural properties of the products are investigated. The structural properties, morphology, and magnetic properties of the products are analyzed through X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, and magnetic measurements. The results show that the addition of aromatic acids to Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O leads to the formation of γ-Fe2O3 NPs, and has a significant influence on the morphology of γ-Fe2O3 NPs. When the aromatic acid/Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O mass ratio is greater than 0.5, the addition of the three aromatic acids leads to the formation of pure γ-Fe2O3. The γ-Fe2O3 NPs obtained from benzoic acid/Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O and phthalic acid/Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O systems do not show a well-defined morphology. In contrast, the γ-Fe2O3 NPs obtained from the trimesic acid/Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O system are composed of a porous three-dimensional hierarchical structure and have the largest Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area (100.0 m2 g−1).

Effect of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the composition of montmorillonite and its sorption capacity for pyrene

Fe content and distribution on montmorillonite would probably enhance its sorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants. Thus, Fe modified montmorillonites with different ratios of FeSO4·7H2O and Ca-montmorillonite were prepared. The results indicated that γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were not only generated at the montmorillonite surfaces, but that the γ-Fe2O3 also extended the edges of montmorillonite surfaces. The sorption capacities for pyrene were enhanced and even reached 834.79 μg g−1 with increase in ferrous iron content, but were then suppressed due to aggregation of γ-Fe2O3 on montmorillonite surfaces. Furthermore, pyrene was directly observed on γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite surfaces with a lattice spacing parameter of approximately 0.27 nm, indicating that a new phase that mainly contained pyrene was generated during the sorption process. Additionally, after regenerating the γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite composites, they could be reused for at least 5 cycles. It is therefore proposed that the prepared γ-Fe2O3-montmorillonite could be exploited as a potential green composite for remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in soil and sediment.

Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer-Mediated Amphiphilic Copolymeric Composite as a Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery Application

Magnetic core–shell nanoparticle (NP)-polymer-based composite materials, in which the stimuli-responsive polymer acts as a suitable shell, become more advantageous as nanocarriers. Here, nanocomposites comprising magneto-responsive γ-Fe2O3 NPs that incorporated amphiphilic copolymers have been synthesized. At first, the copolymer [dextran grafted with poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)] has been prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization followed by ex situ incorporation of γ-Fe2O3 NPs. The copolymerization is living in nature as apparent from molecular weight distribution (determined using advanced polymer chromatography, i.e., APC analysis) and the reaction kinetics study. The developed nanocomposite exhibits regular core–shell morphology, where the magnetic NPs have been found to behave as the core, while the copolymer represents as the shell, as obvious from field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses. The nanocarrier is non-cytotoxic and has further been studied for its effectivity as an efficient carrier for a hydrophobic drug (naproxen).