GGBS Based Geopolymer Concrete Research Articles

Effect of sodium hydroxide molarity and fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio on GGBS based geopolymer concrete

Effect of sodium hydroxide molarity and fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio on GGBS based geopolymer concrete

Performance Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Random Forest Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength of Fibre-Reinforced GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete Composites

Performance Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Random Forest Models for Predicting the Compressive Strength of Fibre-Reinforced GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete Composites

Application of Taguchi approach to optimize the waste glass powder in developing eco-friendly ternary blended aluminosilicate matrix

This study investigated the effects of incorporating varying proportions of waste glass powder (WGP) and fly ash (FA) on the strength characteristics of ternary blended ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based geopolymer matrix. The examination was conducted to explore the impact of different levels of substitution of WGP (ranging from 25 % to 40 %) and FA (ranging from 20 % to 35 %) in GGBS-based geopolymer concrete under conditions of ambient curing, employing Taguchi L16 optimization. An investigation into the influence of various input parameters on the compressive strength and workability results was carried out through the utilization of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis based on signal to noise ratio (SNR) revealed that the most effective mix composition consisted of 30 % WGP, 20 % FA, 50 % GGBS, and an 8 M NaOH solution, yielding the highest compressive strength value of 48.3 MPa. Additionally, the examination of the microstructure and morphology of the geopolymer fragments was explored by utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), revealing the creation of a densely packed microstructure for the optimal blend.

Influence of recycled coarse aggregate on properties of fly ash and slag-based geopolymer concrete cured under oven and ambient temperature

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with different percentages of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on properties of low calcium fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) cured at oven temperature. Further, this paper aims to study the effect of partial replacement of FA by ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) in GPC made with both NCA and RCA cured under ambient temperature curing. Design/methodology/approach M25 grade of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete was designed according to IS: 10262-2019 with 100% NCA as control concrete. Since no standard guidelines are available in the literature for GPC, the same mix proportion was adopted for the GPC by replacing the OPC with 100% FA and W/C ratio by alkalinity/binder ratio. All FA-based GPC mixes were prepared with 12 M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and an alkalinity ratio, i.e. sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate (NaOH:Na2SiO3) of 1:1.5, subjected to 90°C temperature for 48 h of curing. The NCA were replaced with 50% and 100% RCA in both OPC and GPC mixes. Further, FA was partially replaced with 15% GGBS in GPC made with the above percentages of NCA and RCA, and they were given ambient temperature curing with the same molarity of NaOH and alkalinity ratio. Findings The workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density, volume of voids and rebound hammer value of all the mixes were studied. Further, the relationship between compressive strength and other mechanical properties of GPC mixes were established and compared with the well-established relationships available for conventional concrete. From the experimental results, it is found that the compressive strength of GPC under ambient curing condition at 28 days with 100% NCA, 50% RCA and 100% RCA were, respectively, 14.8%, 12.85% and 17.76% higher than those of OPC concrete. Further, it is found that 85% FA and 15% GGBS-based GPC with RCA under ambient curing shown superior performance than OPC concrete and FA-based GPC cured under oven curing. Research limitations/implications The scope of the present paper is limited to replace the FA by 15% GGBS. Further, only 50% and 100% RCA are used in place of natural aggregate. However, in future study, the replacement of FA by different amounts of GGBS (20%, 25%, 30% and 35%) may be tried to decide the optimum utilisation of GGBS so that the applications of GPC can be widely used in cast in situ applications, i.e. under ambient curing condition. Further, in the present study, the natural aggregate is replaced with only 50% and 100% RCA in GPC. However, further investigations may be carried out by considering different percentages between 50 and 100 with the optimum compositions of FA and GGBS to enhance the use of RCA in GPC applications. The present study is further limited to only the mechanical properties and a few other properties of GPC. For wider use of GPC under ambient curing conditions, the structural performance of GPC needs to be understood. Therefore, the structural performance of GPC subjected to different loadings under ambient curing with RCA to be investigated in future study. Originality/value The replacement percentage of natural aggregate by RCA may be further enhanced to 50% in GPC under ambient curing condition without compromising on the mechanical properties of concrete. This may be a good alternative for OPC and natural aggregate to reduce pollution and leads sustainability in the construction.

A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete Activated by a Rice Husk Ash-Synthesised Sodium Silicate Solution and Sodium Hydroxide

Commercial sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (SS) are commonly used as alkaline activators in geopolymer concrete production despite concerns about their availability and associated CO2 emissions. This study employs an alternative alkaline activator (AA) synthesized from a sodium silicate alternative (SSA) solution derived from rice husk ash (RHA) and a 10 M sodium hydroxide solution. The initial phase established an optimal water-to-binder (W/B) ratio of 0.50, balancing workability and structural performance. Subsequent investigations explored the influence of the alkali/precursor (A/P) ratio on geopolymer concrete properties. A control mix uses ordinary Portland cement (OPC), while ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer concrete—GPC mixes (GPC1, GPC2, GPC3, GPC4) vary the A/P ratios (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) with a 1:1 ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (SS: SH). The engineering performance was evaluated through a slump test, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and tensile splitting (TS) tests in accordance with the appropriate standards. The geopolymer mixes, excluding GPC3, offer suitable workability; UCS and TS, though lower than the control mix, peak at an A/P ratio of 0.4. Despite lower mechanical strength than OPC, geopolymers’ environmental benefits make them a valuable alternative. GPC2, with a 0.4 A/P ratio and 0.5 W/B (water to binder) ratio, is recommended for balanced workability and structural performance. Future research should focus on enhancing the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete for sustainable, high-performance mixtures.

Enhancing multi-objective mix design for GGBS-based geopolymer concrete with natural mineral blends under ambient curing: A Taguchi-Grey relational optimization

Rising populations and industrial expansion necessitate sustainable alternatives to conventional cement-based concrete. Geopolymers, with their impressive mechanical properties, eco-friendliness, and potential for waste utilization, offer a promising solution. Yet, concerns like rapid setting and low workability limit their widespread adoption. This study addresses these challenges by optimizing a geopolymer concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) blended with bentonite and dolomite minerals. Employing the Taguchi method, we optimized the mix design considering key factors like binder content, mineral replacements, alkaline-to-binder ratio, and solution ratios. Grey-Relational Analysis identified the optimal mix with 10 % bentonite and dolomite replacement, a 0.55 alkaline-to-binder ratio, 12 M NaOH solution, and 425 kg/m3 cementing materials. This optimized mix exhibited significantly improved setting times, enhanced workability, and the highest compressive strength among all tested mixtures. Experimental validation confirms its effectiveness, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative. Importantly, this research explores GGBS as a replacement for commonly used Fly Ash, further advancing sustainable construction practices.

Effect of Iron Ore Tailings and High Magnesium Nickel Slag on Flyash - Ggbs Based Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)

Abstract: The cement industry is a major producer of carbon dioxide (CO2), a powerful greenhouse gas which contaminate the environment by emitting massive volumes of CO2. The building sector contributes both directly and indirectly to environmental degradation, natural resource depletion, and global warming. From a sustainability standpoint, it is critical that cement manufacturing be reduced. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new material that does not require portland cement as a binder, instead, materials rich in Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (Al), such as Flyash (FA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder. The use of iron ore tailings (IOT) in place of traditional aggregates in concrete has been discovered to be feasible. Concrete made using IOT aggregate performed well with respect to strength and durable studies. GPC mix of 12M was prepared using FA, GGBS, aggregates, alkaline alkali activators such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). A study on using iron ore tailings (IOT) in replacement of fine aggregates in percentages of 20, 30, 40 and 50 are studied in GPC. After achieving optimum strength in above mix then high magnesium nickel slag (HMNS) was replaced with varying percentages 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5. As alkaline activators with 12M NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions are used with a ratio of 2.5. Mechanical properties such as Compressive, Split tensile and Flexural strength are evaluated to determine the influence of IOT and HMNS replacement in GPC.

Impact of coconut husk microcrystalline cellulose on the properties of geopolymer lightweight concrete

Geopolymer composite is an alternative to ordinary Portland cement. It has potential to avoid CO2 emissions to the atmosphere and to save raw materials during its manufacture. Flyash-based geopolymer concrete is altered by adding ground granulated bast-furnace slag (GGBS) to improve its fresh and hardened properties. Thermal ash aggregate is used as coarse aggregate to reduce geopolymer concrete density, improve strength, and conserve natural aggregate. Along with this matrix, coconut husk microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is added to enhance its performance. In a M40 grade flyash and GGBS-based geopolymer concrete, MCC was used to replace fly ash at 1% to 5% levels. The geopolymer composites were tested for slump, compression, split tensile, water absorption, and acid resistance to determine the way coconut husk MCC interacts with lightweight concrete. An inclusion of 3% MCC with geopolymer composites improved 2% slump, 6% of compressive and split tensile strength. About 1.6% of water absorption was reduced in GPC matrix with 3% of MCC. Meanwhile 3% of MCC in geopolymer concrete improved, 4% of weight and 7% of strength under acid exposure. The research strongly supported utilizing MCC in geopolymer concrete to render it more sustainable and eco-friendlier.

Experimental Study on the Behavior of One Part Geopolymer Concrete Using Natural Binders and Activators

The cement industry is one of the primary factors contributing to the process of global warming with a large carbon footprint. Approximately 8% of global CO2 emissions are attributed to cement. The development of cement substitute materials has advanced with the discovery of geopolymer concrete. The conventional geopolymers are two part mixes made up of an activator-containing liquid phase and an aluminum-silicate material-containing solid phase. Among the many benefits of geopolymers are their increased environmental friendliness, better workability, greater compressive strength, increased resistance to sulfate and acids, increased temperature resistance, and decreased drying shrinkage and creep. However, geopolymerization is a difficult procedure. Furthermore, there are still certain drawbacks to geopolymer concrete, such as the fact that alkaline solutions are difficult to handle and apply because they are viscous, corrosive, difficult to transport, as well as challenging to store in huge quantities. As a result, the creation of one-part geopolymer concrete gained more advantages over the traditional two part geopolymer. Solid aluminosilicate and solid alkali activator combine to form one part geopolymer concrete. The creation of one-part geopolymer concrete with natural binders is the primary goal of this research. It should be highlighted that GGBS based geopolymer concrete is challenging to make and has poor workability. As a result, various proportions of GGBS and silica fume are utilized as binders in this experiment. Powdered NaOH is utilized as alkaline activator. The mechanical properties are established by conducting necessary experiments for finding the best concrete mixture for this present work.The concrete mix with 80%, GGBS, 10% silica fume and 10% NaOH exhibits the expected quality of fresh properties and mechanical characteristics.

Experimental Study on Characteristics of Fly Ash–GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete with Demolition Waste as Fine Aggregate

Experimental Study on Characteristics of Fly Ash–GGBS-Based Geopolymer Concrete with Demolition Waste as Fine Aggregate

Study on the mechanical properties of GGBS-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber by cluster and regression analysis

Study on the mechanical properties of GGBS-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber by cluster and regression analysis

Mix Design of Fly Ash and GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete activated with Water Glass

Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) has emerged as an alternative to cement concrete due to its reduced carbon footprint and excellent mechanical properties. However, not much emphasis is made on the development of mix designs using industrial waste. The current study focuses on the mix-design considerations for GPC using fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). The mix design of GPC involves in selecting materials to produce the desired strength. In this investigation, Water Glass (WG) is used as an activator for the activation of the polymerization reaction. The mix design of GPC is the optimization of a group of various parameters, such as the activator to binder ratio, aggregate to binder ratio, coarse aggregate to fine aggregate ratio, activator concentration, and amount of binder content. The activator to binder ratio affects workability and strength, while the activator concentration influences the polymerization reaction and final strength development. The selection of suitable aggregates plays a vital role in achieving a dense and durable GPC matrix. The mix design for GPC requires a holistic approach that considers the selection of appropriate binders, activators, and aggregates. Proper optimization of these factors can result in excellent strength and durability of the GPC and a reduced carbon footprint. Further research is needed to explore alternative binders, evaluate long-term performance, and establish standardized mix design guidelines for the widespread adoption of GPC in construction.

Efficient machine learning algorithm with enhanced cat swarm optimization for prediction of compressive strength of GGBS-based geopolymer concrete at elevated temperature

In order to assess building damage and develop fire safety applications, it is crucial to examine the mechanical behavior of concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Compressive strength is the most crucial mechanical characteristic of concrete which is vital for the quality assurance of engineering structures. But it is difficult to estimate the compressive strength with accuracy after geopolymer concrete (GPC) is exposed to extreme temperatures. The residual compressive strength of GGBS-based GPC is predicted in this study using a novel enhanced cat swarm-optimized extreme learning machine (ELM-ECSO) model. The ELM-ECSO compared executing statistical parameters such as the determination coefficient (R2), adjusted determination coefficient (Adj. R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean squared error (RMSE) with simple ELM and ELM with cat swarm optimized to check its generalizability. To create a dataset for training and testing of the model, several experiments using various mix designs were carried out at high temperatures. The quasi-Monte Carlo method was implemented for the sensitivity analysis of the model. Assessment results showed that the ELM-ECSO model transcends the other two models owing to the highest prediction accuracy and showing the least error. Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was carried out to compare all the models. The sensitivity analysis indicated temperature exposure and curing age as the most impactful parameter while predicting the residual compressive strength of GPC. GPC with a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5 and alkaline solution/GGBS ratio of 0.40 shows better resilience against higher temperatures.

Experimental Study on Steel Fibre Reinforced Rubberised GGBS Based Geopolymer Concrete

Geopolymer concrete is a sustainable material which can reuse industrial by-products and thereby minimize the emission of greenhouse gases during its production, unlike cement. This geopolymer concrete is found to develop high strength within a short period of ambient curing. It is observed that the addition of steel fibers enhances the strength and durability characteristics of this concrete. The paper highlights the engineering and durability properties of steel fiber-reinforced GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete and explains how the bond strength and impact resistance of GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete is improved by the inclusion of steel fibers.

Effect of alkaline activator solution over GGBS based concrete under ambient curing

Geopolymer concrete (GC) is one of the recent inventions in the vicinity of concrete that helps to conserve the environment in its own way by its ability to replace cement concrete. Manufacturing cement leads to air pollution and land pollution. With the advent of geopolymer technology, the strain on the environment can be minimised. The aspects affecting the properties of GC are the type of binder material used, the ratio of alkaline mix to binder ratio, the ratio of NaOH and Na2SiO3 mix used as the alkaline blend, and the molarity of the sodium hydroxide blend. With the use of GGBS, geopolymer concrete could be synthesised using ambient curing, which completely eliminates heat curing. Hence, in this research work, the two important parameters related to alkaline solutions, such as the ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 blend and the molarity of the NaOH mixture, are optimised for GGBS-based geopolymer concrete. Molarity of the NaOH mix ranges from 8 M, 10 M, 12 M, and 14 M. The ratio of Na2SiO3 and NaOH solution is varied at 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. The findings of this research work help optimise the design of GGBS-based geoplymer mixes for their hardened properties.

Experimental studies on GGBS based geopolymer concrete

Concrete is accepted globally as a fascinating building material because of its adoptability. Cement is the main component used for the manufacture of concrete and it is an eco-detrimental product. In order to reduce carbon emissions, cement use must be restrained and alternative materials shall be identified. One such option with improved durability is geopolymer concrete (GPC). Instead of cement in concrete, industrial wastes such as kaolin, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, rice husk ash, red mud, and other byproducts can be used as binder materials in GPC. GGBS was adopted as a binder material and traditional aggregates were used along with GGBS to prepare geopolymer concrete. As activator fluid, activator solutions of 8, 10, and 12 molarities were employed. GPC of various molarities were examined for workability, mechanical properties and durability. At 28 days, GPC prepared using 12 M activator solution exhibitted compression strength of 86.99 MPa. Mechanical properties will increase with increase in the molarity of the alkaline solution. Linear relationships existed between compressive strength and split tensile; and with flexural strength. But increase in molarity makes the GPC less workable. GPC makes the matrix more durable by being able to withstand the entry of chemicals and water. Thus, GPC is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional concrete.

Understanding the potential role of precursor content in the geopolymer concrete strength development

A common pozzolanic admixture used by several studies is agricultural waste ashes. An amorphousaluminosilicate substance is knownas pozzolanic admixture, which may not be inherently cementitious but combines with water and calcium hydroxide to produce cementitious substances.As precursors, fly ash and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), industrial by-products, have been employed as raw materials in geopolymer concrete. However, a significant prerequisite for the development of geopolymer concrete, aluminosilicate sources are abundant in agricultural waste ashes as well. Therefore, this experimental work aimed to create a geopolymer using industrial waste products and agricultural waste ashes to effectively use readily available and inexpensive agricultural waste materials like rice husk ash (RHA) and bagasse ash (BA). In this study, various geopolymer concrete mixtures with variable levels of precursors (fly ash, GGBS, RHA, and BA) were cast and tested for their 28-day compressive strength and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Based on the findings of the compressive strength experiments, it is found that addition of RHA and BA significantly improves the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete. XRD traces of geopolymer concrete blended with RHA and BA revealed that both RHA and BA added geopolymer concrete has denser intermolecular bonding of materials as compared to the fly ash based and GGBS based geopolymer concrete. Additionally, the geopolymer concrete that incorporates RHA has a higher cost-effectiveness than geopolymer concrete that is combined solely with industrial by-products.

Evaluation of gamma and neutron radiation shielding properties of the GGBFS based geopolymer concrete

Superior characteristics of the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) based geopolymer concrete (GGC) compared with the ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based concrete (OPCC), have made it a more preferable choice for being used in the radiation shielding. The aim of this study is to investigate the radiation shielding properties of the GGC containing different contents of magnetite aggregates in separate and cover-layer forms. In this study: 1)gamma and neutron attenuation capacities of one-layer samples, including the OPCC containing 100 % normal-density aggregates, the GGC containing 0 % to 100 % magnetite aggregates and the steel fiber reinforced GGC containing 100 % magnetite aggregates have been evaluated, 2)the OPCC containing 100 % normal-density aggregates specimens have been covered with 5 cm layer of the concretes studied at the first stage to investigate their effects on radiation attenuation and 3)a comparison between a two-layer specimen and an equivalent mixed sample has been conducted. The main results obtained are: a)when the ordinary aggregates are replaced by the magnetite ones from 0 to 100 volume percentages, the parameters such as the linear attenuation coefficient (μ) and the removal cross section (ΣR) are respectively increased from 0.14225 to 0.18055 cm−1 and from 0.116086 to 0.143864 cm−1 in the GGC, b)adding 1.5 vol% of steel fibers to the GGC containing 100 % magnetite aggregates leads to increase in μ and ΣR respectively equal to 2.697 % and 6.5819 %, c)for gamma radiation, ratios of the transmitted rays to the incident ones in sample covered with the GGC containing 100 % magnetite aggregates and the specimen covered with the GGC containing 100 % ordinary aggregates have been obtained respectively equal to 0.197563 and 0.250297. For neutron radiation, these ratios have been obtained equal to 0.261019 and 0.346008, respectively and d)radiation attenuation capacity of the two-layer specimen has been obtained higher than that of its equivalent mixed sample.

Environmental Impact Assessment of fly ash and GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete in Road Construction

– Geopolymer concrete is an effective alternative to reduce adverse impacts of cement manufacturing on environment and achieving sustainable development. Road construction is a major sector, which utilizes concrete in large volume, having significant effect on environment. The present work is presented in two parts. In the first part, evaluation of CO2 emission for 1m3 of geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement concrete has been carried out and further compared. In the second part the results of first part are used to evaluate the CO2 emission for various types of road construction, National highway, State highway, Major District Road, Other District Road, Village Road for 1km of road. About 18 % of reduction in CO2 emission can be obtained by using geopolymer concrete instead of ordinary Portland cement concrete in road construction, just in 1km of stretch. Significant reduction in CO2 emission can be obtained in road sector by utilising geopolymer concrete leading to sustainability.

An improved mechanical behaviour of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete

Concrete is high in carbon dioxide emission which produce more heat of hydration. To reduce the heat of hydration as a new generation and also the advanced concrete, we are making the geo polymer concrete which doesn’t have the cement it means of no heat of hydration. In this research we are adding geopolymer concrete is made with fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the ground granulated blast furnace slag serving as a partial replacement for the fly ash. The concrete mix is prepared for both normal concrete and geo polymer concrete at M25 grade to each and compared them for suitable construction purpose. The geo polymer concrete is casted in mix ratios of Mix-A (FA50 -GGBS 50), Mix –B (FA25-GGBS75), Mix-C (FA0-GGBS100). The concrete samples were prepared by cube moulds of 150 mm*150 mm*150 mm and tested for compression testing. For the homogeneous normal concrete and geo polymer concrete workability tests were conducted. The test results of compression test have shown a gradual increment of characteristic compressive strength compared to the normal concrete and geo polymer concrete. In all curing periods, it is observed that geo polymer concrete values have higher compressive strength test results. Geopolymers' improved strength can be concluded to be enhanced by an increase in GGBS replacement level.