Gevuina Research Articles

Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) seed oil

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 81, Issue 7 p. 721-723 Letters to the Editor Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) seed oil K. Aitzetmuller, Corresponding Author K. Aitzetmuller aitzetm@freenet.de Institute for Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, D-48147 Muenster, Germany Bundesanstalt für Getreide-, Kartoffel- und Fettforschung (BAGKF), D-48147 Muenster, Germany Feldbehnstr. 64 a, D-25451 Quickborn, Germanyaitzetm@freenet.deSearch for more papers by this author K. Aitzetmuller, Corresponding Author K. Aitzetmuller aitzetm@freenet.de Institute for Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, D-48147 Muenster, Germany Bundesanstalt für Getreide-, Kartoffel- und Fettforschung (BAGKF), D-48147 Muenster, Germany Feldbehnstr. 64 a, D-25451 Quickborn, Germanyaitzetm@freenet.deSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-004-968-6Citations: 8 After the retirement of the author, the two former BAGKF lipid research institutes were combined and renamed the Institute for Lipid Research. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume81, Issue7July 2004Pages 721-723 RelatedInformation

Effect of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol on the performance of Chilean hazelnut oil (Gevuina avellana Mol) at high temperature

AbstractThe high temperature antioxidant efficiency of α‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol and a mixture of both on hazelnut oil were evaluated. Crude hazelnut oil (HZO), crude hazelnut oil treated with alumina (THZO), as well as three samples of THZO to which 150 mg kg−1 of α‐tocopherol, 140 mg kg−1 of α‐tocotrienol or a mixture containing 70 mg kg−1 of α‐tocopherol and 70 mg kg−1 of α‐tocotrienol, were added and submitted to thermal treatment at 180°C for 18 h. The addition of tocols to THZO decreased the formation of polar compounds and increased its oxidative stability in all the systems studied. However, α‐tocopherol showed a higher antioxidant capacity than α‐tocotrienol at high temperature. In addition, α‐tocotrienol showed a more rapid degradation rate than α‐tocopherol under the conditions studied. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Simulation of multistage extraction of antioxidants from Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) hulls

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the ethanol extraction of Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) hulls to obtain antioxidant compounds. The effects of temperature on the kinetics of polyphenolics extraction and on the antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed. The radical‐scavenging activities of the extracts were comparable with that of BHA when used at the same concentration. The optimal temperature for the antioxidant activities of the extracts was 40°C. A four‐stage cross‐flow extraction was carried out and a four‐stage countercurrent extraction was simulated, where each stage lasted 30 min. Best results were obtained with countercurrent extraction, which produced an extract that showed 94.4% α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydazyl radical inhibition, compared with 86.2% obtained in the first stage of cross‐flow extraction and 92.62% in a batch extraction that lasted 100 h. UV‐vis and NIR spectra of extracts from cross‐flow and from the simulated countercurrent extraction revealed that the composition of extracts varied along the stages and was affected by the operational strategy.

Characterisation of Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) tissues: light microscopy and cell wall polysaccharides

AbstractBy applying several differential staining techniques and light microscopy, the structure and composition of Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) seeds were analysed. The structure of the G avellana seed is very simple, with a thin, heavily lignified seed coat and two voluminous cotyledons. The embryo food reserves are uniformly distributed over the cotyledon cells. The cell wall polysaccharides were recovered from the alcohol‐insoluble residue by mild treatment with warm chlorite solution and sequential extraction with alkali solutions of increasing concentration. FT‐IR spectra in the 1200–850 cm−1 region were used together with chemometric techniques to distinguish the hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides in the extracts. The most abundant extracts were fractionated by graded precipitation in ethanol. A xyloglucan was identified by 1H and 13C NMR as the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide, with a sugar composition of 4Glc:3.5Xyl:1Gal:0.5Fuc. The hazelnut cell walls are composed of equivalent amounts of pectic polysaccharides, xyloglucans and cellulose.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry

Enzymatic extraction of oil from Gevuina avellana, the chilean hazelnut

AbstractChilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) oil is highly appreciated in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Hazelnut oil (oil content calculated on 49% dry basis) is traditionally obtained by pressing, a low‐efficiency process that results in a low‐quality product. In this work, the conventional process was compared with two enzymatic alternatives in which commercial enzymes were used to increase the oil extraction yield: (i) extraction in aqueous medium and (ii) extraction by pressing after an enzymatic treatment. The effect of various parameters on the extraction yield was studied to define the most satisfactory processing conditions. These included reaction time, temperature, enzyme concentration, and, in the aqueous medium extraction process, the water/seed ratio, particle size, and pH. Although pressing is the better alternative, in both processes enzyme treatment improved extraction yields (94 and 98% for aqueous medium extraction and pressing after enzyme treatment, respectively, compared to 52% obtained in the conventional process). Moreover, the quality of the oil obtained is the same as or better than that of oil obtained by the conventional process.

Aqueous Extraction and Membrane Isolation of Protein from Defatted Gevuina avellana

ABSTRACT: Proteins from defatted Gevuina avellana seeds were extracted in aqueous media. Protein extraction was limited at liquid‐to‐solid ratios under 12 g/g, but was not significantly affected by temperatures in the 25 to 45 °C range. The maximum protein extractability occurred both at acidic and alkaline pH; the presence and concentration of NaCl affected it differently, depending on the extraction pH. Up to 3 extraction stages with whey recycle after ultrafiltration were performed, without affecting the protein extraction yield. The functional properties of the protein isolated with membranes were similar or better than those from isoelectric precipitation.

Antioxidant activity of extracts from Gevuina avellana and Rosa rubiginosa defatted seeds

Chilean hazelnuts (Gevuina avellana Mol) and mosqueta rose (Rosa aff. Rubiginosa L.) meals were extracted with methanol, ethanol, acidified water, acetone, butanol, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Ethanol and methanol extracted the highest amount of soluble substances from both seed meals. The highest concentration of total polyphenols was found in the ethanolic extracts, although that of acetone from R. rubiginosa presented similar values. The antioxidant activity of the extracts evaluated by the β-carotene assay and with as hydrogen radical scavenging ability showed that the activity of the butanol and methanol extracts from G. avellana was comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the G. avellana methanol, ethanol and water extracts was 2–3 times lower than those of BHT and BHA, respectively. The activity of R. rubiginosa extracts ranged from that of BHT for the water extracts to 80% inhibition in respect to control achieved with the ethanol extracts.

Evaluation of extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants.

The antioxidant activity of the extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls was evaluated and compared with that of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), using the beta-carotene bleaching assay, the accelerated oxidation of crude soybean oil, and the 2,2-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Solvents of different polarity were used to obtain the extracts. Both the extraction yield and the antioxidant activity were strongly dependent on the solvent. The ethanol and diethyl ether soluble fractions were the most active with the beta-carotene assay. Ethanol and methanol extracts were the most active in hydrogen radical scavenging activity. Water and methanol inhibited more efficiently the oxidation of soybean oil at 70 and 80 degrees C, respectively. As a general trend, increased antioxidant activity was observed for increased extract concentration. Except the acetone extracts, all were stable after 6 months storage at 4 degrees C. The ethanol solubles from G. avellana hulls present antioxidant activity similar to that of synthetic antioxidants and to other reported residual agroindustrial materials.

Solid-state spectroscopic analysis of lignins from several Austral hardwoods

In order to gain information about lignin molecular characteristics with a direct bearing on the remarkable susceptibility of some Austral hardwoods to biological delignification, milled-wood lignins were isolated and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques in the solid state. Cross polarization and magic-angle spinning 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C CPMAS NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the lignin preparations were obtained. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and quantified as percentages of the total spectral area, and the differences observed discussed in terms of lignin composition. The spectral patterns obtained revealed that the woods from Gevuina avellana, Eucryphia cordifolia and Nothofagus dombeyii have lignin with high syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, as evidenced by relative areas of 13 C NMR signals at 153 and 148 ppm, and FTIR bands at 1335 and 1275 cm −1. The presence of syringyl-rich lignins, characterized by lower redox potential and condensation degree than guaiacyl-rich lignins, could be a structural factor contributing to the ease of extensive delignification of these woods by white-rot fungi.

Characterization of chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana mol) seed oil

AbstractThe fatty acid composition, tocopherol and tocotrienol content, and oxidative stability of petroleum benzene‐extracted Gevuina avellana Mol (Proteaceae) seed oil were determined. Positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids were elucidated by gas chromatography‐electron impact mass spectrometry after 2‐alkenyl‐4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatization. This stable oil (Rancimat induction period at 110°C: 20 h) is composed of more than 85% monounsaturated fatty acids and about equal amounts (6%) of saturated and polyunsaturated (principally linoleic) fatty acids. Unusual positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids, i.e., C16:1 Δ11, C18:1 Δ12, C20:1 Δ11, C20:1 Δ15, C22:1 Δ17, and presumably C22:1 Δ19 were identified. The C18:1 Δ12 and C22:1 Δ19 fatty acids are described for the first time in G. avellana seed oil. While only minute quantities of α‐, γ‐tocopherols and β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocotrienols were found, the oil contained a substantial amount of α‐tocotrienol (130 mg/kg). The potential nutritional value of G. avellana seed oil is discussed on the basis of its composition.

Comparative Foliar Anatomy of South American Proteaceae

The family Proteaceae Knight is represented in South America by over 100 species that belong to eight genera, all Grevilleoideae. Nine species that represent all of the tribes established by Johnson and Briggs (1975) that occur in South America were studied: Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia dentata, L. ferruginea, L. hirsuta, Gevuina avellana, Roupala mollis, R. montana, Panopsis polystachia and Orites myrtoidea. We found anatomical and structural similarities between these species and the taxonomic scheme proposed by Johnson and Briggs (1975). In the Embothrieae, each species of Lomatiinae exhibits individual structural features, although in every case, there is at least one or more feature shared with the Embothriinae; suggesting a common phylogenetic origin, whereas E. coccineum preserves a larger number of ancestral features. Of the three subtribes of Macadamineae, the Roupalinae are a natural group with individual features, the Gevuininae share a few characters with the Lomatiinae and the Macadamiinae with the Oriteae. This last one is the most peculiar, although it shares a few characters with Embothrieae and Macadamieae.

Valores de producción de semillas y hojarasca de diferentes especies del tipo forestal siempreverde de la Cordillera de la Costa de Valdivia obtenidos durante un período de 10 años

SUMMARY Data of 10 years of seed and litter production in evergreen forests of the Coastal Mountains of Valdivia with and without application of silvicultural treatments are analized. Data were collected monthly from 0,1 m 2 boxes randomly placed on each of 1 hectare plots in three test plots, tree plots submitted to clear-cut, three plots under seed-tree treatment and two plots under shelterwood treatment. Monthly and seasonal tendencies of seed production and viability are determined for Laurelia philippiana, Saxegothaea conspicua, Amomyrtus luma, A. meli, Eucryphia cordifolia, Aextoxicon punctatum, Podocarpus nubigena, Gevuina avellana and Drimys winteri. Average litter production and monthly variation is also determined. Finally annual variation of seed production in ten years for all the species is analized. Only Aextoxicon punctatum shows a definite periodicity. The other species, require more years of study to clarify their tendencies.

Influencia de las raíces proteiformes en el desarrollo de plántulas de Gevuina avellana Mol. (Proteaceae)

SUMMARY Proteoid roots are clusters of rootlets which grow close to one another in longitudinal rows and which surround the root axis. In order to test their significance for the plant, the development of Gevuina avellana Mol. in greenhouses over sterilized volcanic ash soil was compared with the development of those plants grown on normal, non-sterilized volcanic ash soil. The seedlings were obtained through sterile germination of seeds from the province of Valdivia and Llanquihue, Chile. Eight months after transplanting, the seedlings were removed to count the number of leaves and the number of proteoid clusters in each plant, to measure the size of the shoot and of the root, and to determine the dry weight of the various organs. Furthermore, chemical analyses of the foliar matter were performed. The plants grown on sterilized soil did not form proteoid roots, while those grown in normal soil varied in the number of rootlet clusters present, depending on the origin of the seeds. Plants with pro­ teoid roots presented greater development than plants lacking these roots. The greatest difference was found in biomass production rather than size, demonstrating that proteoid roots tend to favour G. avellana's development. The formation of proteoid roots is brought about by the soil's microorganisms and it depends on the genetic disposition of the plant. The proteoid roots did not show selectivity in the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, we postulate that the function of proteoid rootlets is to increase the absorption of water by the plant. This hypothesis is confirmed by field observations and by the literature.

GERMINACION "IN VITRO" DE GEVUINA AVELLANA MOL. (PROTEACEAE)

Gevuina avellana (avellano), a native chilean tree, has fruits of great economi c importanc e and well developed proteoi d roots of considerable scientific value. Its reproductio n with seeds is slow, irregular and little efficient. This pape r describes a metho d of improving germination of the species and thus having large numbe r of seedlings of a similar age and size. Fruits (nuts) from thre e different localities were used for the study: Lago Chap o in th e provinc e of Llanquihue , Puert o Klocke r in the provinc e of Osorno and Tres Chiflones in Valdivia. All the fruits as well as the seeds withou t pericarp were desinfected, sucessively, in mercuri c chloride and sodium hypochloride ; half an hou r in each. They were then washed and sown on an agar substrat e unde r sterile conditions. The most favourable substrat e concentratio n was 0.7 % since, below this the seeds sink and die due to the lack of oxygen while over this percentage , they lack the humidit y needed for germination.Microorganisms contaminate d all the norma l fruits sown to germinate . This contaminatio n can be reduced to 25 % if the exocarp is sterilized; contaminatio n is eliminated when the seeds are sterilized. T he seeds presented a high powe r of germinatio n withou t any significant differences amon g their places of origin. Germina ­ tion, 92 % of the seeds, begun 7 days after sowing and ende d on day 32 .

Seasonal changes of cold resistance of Proteaceae of the South Chilean laurel forest

Seasonal changes in cold-resistance in five Proteaceae: Gevuina avellana, Lomatia hirsuta, Lomatia dentata, Lomatia ferruginea and Embothrium coccineum were studied in the Botanical Garden, Universidad Austral de Chile in Valdivia, Chile. All species presented such changes in relation to the minimum air temperatures but not in relation to rainfall. Cold-resistance increased together with the temperature decrease from March to May. Maximum resistance was observed in winter (June to August). The spring temperature increase caused a decrease of cold-resistance, which reached its maximum from spring (November) to summer (December to February).

The microscopical identification of fruits from Gevuina avellana Molina (author's transl)

The fruits of Gevuina avellana Molina, which in Chile are eaten like hazel-nuts, were subjected to microscopic examination. There are several anatomical characteristics, useful for differentiation. The anatomy of these nuts was then compared with that of hazel-nuts (Corylus avellana L.) is added.

Verbreitung und Wasserhaushalt araukano-patagonischer Proteaceen in Beziehung zu mikroklimatischen Faktoren

To determine ranges of climatic tolerance under which Proteaceae regenerate spontaneously, thermohygrograph records were carried out in the herb layers of numerous habitats. To characterize optimal conditions of the different species, daily average temperature curves were calculated. By means of a statistical analysis, probability of the occurrence of nocturnal freezing in the summer season was determined for typical habitats. To characterize ecologic amplitudes, habitational variation of other values was used: Temperature averages of complete days (general thermic requirements), daily temperature fluctuations (continentality), temperature averages and atmospheric saturation deficit of the warmer half-day (xerothermic adaptation). To characterize water relationships, measurements of relative transpiration were carried out and compared with saturation deficits of the leaves. Results are discussed, relating them with phytogeographic aspects. Furthermore a former investigation is taken into account, related with drought resistance of Patagonic evergreen species. Embothrium coccineum being a “facultative tropophyte”, is distinguished by low thermic requirements. Notwithstanding it also invades habitats presenting rather warm conditions during the light period. The frequency of freezings is high in its typical open biotopes. Distribution on small scale is strongly controlled by the light factor. Embothrium is a typical heliophyte with reference to its rapid transpiration. However, stomatal regulation is slow even under considerable water losses. This feature is equalized by a pronounced plasmatic drought resistance as well as by the ability to shed the leaves. Gevuina avellana is a true evergreen tree like all the following species. Its optimum habitat is characterized by warm conditions, rare nocturnal free zings and reduced thermic fluctuations. By all means the ecological range is relatively wide. Corresponding to its ability for establishing themselve in open habitats of convenient climatic conditions, Gevuina — just as well as the preceding species — is one of the most important pioneers following the forest destruction. The water relationships recall to that of Lomatia hirsuta (see below). This is accordant with the fact, that both trees possess extraordinary thermophilic features, considering the phytogeographic region in question. Optimum habitats of Lomatia dentata are similar to that of Gevuina . However, its ecological ranges are much more reduced with reference to the temperature and humidity factors. On the other hand, this species regenerates and competes very succesfully in shadowy stands. Its typical biotopes are situated in the interior of deciduous Nothofagus forests. Because of that corresponding microclimates are little similar to their regional climate, whic is characterized by moderate continental features. Lomatia ferruginea is the only species restricted to climatic conditions of the temperate rain forests. Correspondingly, the optimum biotope presents low average temperature, small thermic fluctuations and high atmospheric humidity. This species represents a typical example for the drought resistance relations of subantarctic evergreen trees: Stomatal transpiration is suspended when saturation deficit reaches up to 10 % or so. Nevertheless, the subletal deficit lies much higher (76 %). This surprising wide safety range is explained as a compensation for reduced efficacy of the cuticle in permanent humid and windy conditions. Lomatia hirsuta forms a prominent contrast to the preceding species. In relation to continentality, it coincides with Embothriurm , and relative to its thermic requirements is comparable to Gevuina . This tree possesses a special aptitude to occupy xerothermic habitats. Drought resistance is chiefly based on diffusion resistance of the cuticle, and transpiration is very strongly reduced when water losses arrive at a critical value.