Geumgang River Research Articles

Groundwater productivity analysis with geology in the Geumgang River region, Korea

Groundwater productivity analysis with geology in the Geumgang River region, Korea

The First Domesticated 'Cheongju Sorori Rice' Excavated in Korea.

Archaeological excavations led by Yung-jo Lee and Jong-yoon Woo were carried out twice at the Sorori paleolithic site, Cheongju, in the Republic of Korea, at the upper stream of the Geumgang river, the Miho riverside. A total of 127 rice seeds were excavated, including 18 ancient rice and 109 Quasi-rice, in 1998 and 2001. At the first excavation, eleven short japonica-type ancient rice and one slender smooth ancient rice with two kinds of Quasi-rice were excavated. The average length of the 11 short rice grains obtained from the first and second excavation was 7.19 mm and the average width was 3.08 mm, respectively. The Quasi-rice are apparently different from the rice and do not have bi-peak protuberances on their glume surface. At the second excavation, six short ancient rice chaffs and some Quasi-rice 2 were found. These short-grained ancient rice were comparable to the ancient rice that were excavated at the Illsan Neolithic site. Geologists and radiologists confirmed that the peat layer in which the rice found was older than 15,000 years. In this study, the morphological characteristics, crushing, and DNA band patterns related to the genetic polymorphism of rice grains in Cheongju Sorori were compared and analyzed for genetic similarities and differences with wild rice, weed rice, and modern rice. The morphological, ecological, and physiological variations in rice grains excavated from the Sorori site were presumed to denote the origin of rice domestication in Korea. It is also suggested that the results of the DNA sequencing of excavated rice are very important clues in estimating the origin of the early domestication of rice.

익산지역 마한문화의 성립과 변천

It is generally believed that Mahan was founded before the 2nd century BC. According to historical records, Mahan began with King Jun's migration and settlement in the Iksan area. Since there are not many cases that have been investigated in relation to the residential areas with living remains, few facts of them are known accurately. The tombs constructed include wooden coffin tombs with stone mound, pit tombs, and jar coffin tombs. Out of them, however, wooden coffin tombs with stone mound and pit tombs from an early period are sporadically identified, and the mainly excavated relics are bronze ware. Following the southward transfer of King Jun, a large group of tombs were constructed as in Madong, and the relics excavated are featuring both bronze and iron ware. In light of this, it can be said that the Mahan society in the Iksan region during the establishment period developed by actively accepting advanced civilization. Around the 1st century, the Mahan society in the Iksan region faced a period of stagnation, and villages began to be built in full swing after the 2nd century AD, reaching a peak in the 3rd to 4th centuries AD. Large-scale settlements appeared in places like Sadeok and Jangshin and small- and medium-sized villages were formed and organically connected to each other around the large-scale settlements in the center. As for tombs, mounded tombs with an encircling ditch began to be built in earnest, and it can be seen as the developing period of Mahan culture.. The Mahan culture in the Iksan area sustained even after Baekje territorialization. Such dwellings as four-pillar and non-four-pillar types of Mahan culture continued and, in some dwellings, fire pits made of plate stone and utensils which can be seen as Baekje elements appear and Baekje pottery is found in the sites of dwellings. Furthermore, dwelling sites with pillars used for walls related to the center of Baekje made an entrance. Tombs of the Mahan tradition also continued to be built even after Baekje territorialization. However, the stone chamber or stone-lined tomb related to the center of Baekje were employed for burial body and the grave goods changed to Baekje pottery, while Baekje pottery was excavated within the burial mound. In the areas of Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri, the lower reaches of the Geumgang River, stone- built tombs of Baekje style were built in the mid-5th century, an evidence confirming that Baekje first took control of the lower Geumgang River, an important waterway transportation route and gateway. After the Gwangam-ri area in the middle of the Mangyeong River basin first became Baekje territory, Baekje central culture seemed to have entered the surrounding areas, too.

Population Structure Using Mitochondrial DNA for the Conservation of Liobagrus geumgangensis (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae), an Endemic Freshwater Fish in Korea

Liobagrus geumgangensis is a novel Korean fish species endemic to the Geumgang and Mangyeonggang River basins on the Korean Peninsula. During a survey of L. geumgangensis, the discovery of Liobagrus mediadiposalis as a potential threat prompted an investigation into L. geumgangensis genetic diversity and structure. Three populations of L. geumagangensis and one population of L. mediadiposalis were investigated using a 1024-bp sequence in the cytb region of mitochondrial DNA. The Mangyeonggang River of L. geumagangensis displayed the lowest haplotype diversity (Hd) within a range of 0.000–0.337, with one to two haplotypes (h). The Jecheon region of the Geumgang River for L. geumagangensis population had the highest nucleotide diversity (π) and was within the range of 0.00000–0.00066. The h of L. mediadiposalis population was 3, the range of Hd was 0.292, and π was 0.00231. Tajima’s D (D) and Fu’s Fs (F) were negative and non-significant in the LgGJ population. The genetic structure of L. geumgangensis had no shared haplotypes among the three populations. The discovery of L. mediadiposalis in the Geumgang River suggests the necessity of non-habitat conservation and population management of fish farms to conserve L. geumgangensis.

Delineation of groundwater potential map using GIS and MCDM in Geumgang River basin, South Korea

Delineation of groundwater potential map using GIS and MCDM in Geumgang River basin, South Korea

GIS를 이용한 옥천 이성산성의 기능과 역할 재구성

It is estimated that Yiseong Fortress was renovated along with Samnyeon Fortress. Gulsan Fortress has been discussed as an important strategic point for Silla in the west region of the Sobaeksan Mountain during the battle of the Three Kingdoms. In particular, the article on the renovation of Gulsan Fortress in the Samguksagi is mentioned as an important historical event that can examine Silla's strategy for external expansion, provinces governance, and depense system in the surrounding area. Specifically, it is believed that Yiseong Fortress served as an administrative and military base for Silla as well as a military base. In this paper, the status of Yiseong Fortress was examined using the spatial analysis method of GIS. First, in relation to the characteristics of the administrative ruling place, Yiseong Fortress had accessibility and control in terms of topography and geography. Yiseong Fortress was located in a low hill, so it was relatively easy to access compared to the mountain fortresses of the highlands. This means that it is equipped with conditions to more efficiently control the surrounding human and economic resources. In addition, it was found that effective control of the local people and the agricultural production infrastructure was also possible through the analysis of the relationship between the provinces and settlements. Yiseong Fortress was the only one located in Okcheon and Boeun in a nodule where land and waterways intersect. As a result of a proximity analysis of the fortresses around Chupungryeong-ro, which Silla used as an diplomatic expansion route, it was confirmed that Yiseong Fortress was recently in close proximity. This is consistent with the historical fact that Silla pioneered the arterial road network, completing the local organizational system around the Hub Fortress, and reorganizing the government ruling system. In addition, Yiseong Fortress also had the advantage of using the waterway network that was operated upstream of the Geumgang River. In other words, Yiseong Fortress would have played a role in securing or supplying goods secured in Boeun or Cheongsan through waterways as the center of the amphibious transportation network. Yiseong Fortress was included in the fortress group in the Okcheon area, which was at the forefront of confrontation with Baekje. This can be assumed as a regional government-level system, and the spatial status of Yiseong Fortress was examined through network analysis. As a result of the analysis, Yiseong Fortress advantageous in securing power and influence in the network composed of fortresses, and occupied a position to exert a strong ripple effect using his power as well as his role as an intermediary. This spatial status of the Okcheon Yiseong Fortress is considered to have served as the background for the renovation of Gulsan Fortress during the period between Soji-maripgan.

만경강유역 마한 분묘의 전개 양상과 의미

Changes in the culture of Mahan tombs in the Mangyeonggang River basin can be divided into the period of prosperity of Jeokseok Wooden Tomb and the Tomb of the Tokwang (Mokgwan) Tomb related to the establishment of Mahan, the period of prosperity of the Bungu Tomb, and the period of traditional continuity of the Bungu Tomb after the Baekje Kingdom.
 Jeokseokmokgwanmyo and Tokwangmyo were central tombs during the establishment of Mahan, and the distribution of numerous large-scale cluster Tokwangmyo in this area is also an active basis for showing that the Mangyeonggang River basin was the most important area and center in relation to the establishment of Mahan. It can be said that the influx of new groups and cultures played a major role in the region rather than the instrumental development of indigenous forces due to the formation of a new culture different from before.
 Bungumyo is the central tomb of Mahan, which began to appear in the area when the earthenware tombs were prevalent and was used for a long time until the mid-6th century when it was replaced by a complete Baekje culture after the territorialization of Baekje. At first, it has an independent graveyard and emerges around the 2nd century B.C. in the form of a general, and gradually the connection of the main building and burial facilities change into a multi-section, and a series of changes occur through various types of expansion. However, depending on the region, there are differences in the multiple-place pattern centered on the burial subject and the non-burial subject, and in Iksan, regional features such as Wanju Sangun-ri and Jeonju Jangdong are not identified. In addition, in the southern region, starting with the Geumgang River, the appearance of a large-scale dedicated coffin is another characteristic of this region, as the pattern of the retaining tube is generally seen in the appearance of a large-scale dedicated coffin.
 In addition, it is difficult to find an instrumental development process and succession from the culture of the Tokwang (woodwind) Tomb during the previous Mahan period. However, the culture of the tomb can also be seen as the emergence of a new culture, but in general, factors that can be examined for the connection with the culture of indigenous forces before the Tokwang(wooden) tomb culture are identifiedrather than the introduction and spread of culture at once. This is also a matter that needs to be studied more.
 It is difficult to grasp the aspect of Mahan small country in the Mangyeonggang River basin area only with archaeological data of residential and tomb. However, hierarchies and hierarchies have been identified between remains in the earth mine (wooden) tomb stage during the Mahan establishment period, but it is still difficult to distinguish the territorial rights within the region during this period and to observe regional characteristics. It is believed that a full-fledged small Mahan-level political body will be possible in the stage of the prosperity of the tomb, where regional characteristics become clear. Considering the distribution patterns and characteristics of residential and tomb sites, it is estimated that the area can be divided into about 10 to 11 areas, which is somewhat similar to the county and prefecture units during the Baekje period.

임진왜란 참전 명 장수 기념비 건립의 지역적 의미 고찰

This thesis focuses on the Gongju Myeongguk Sam three memorial stones, which was built to commemorate the general of the Ming Dynasty, which came as a volunteer during the general Invasion of Korea in 1592, from a regional ersective. A monument honoring a great general who participated in the Imjin War was built nationwide from 1597 to 1600. This period coincides with the time when the Japanese troops began to invade due to the general and the Ming troops withdrew. Mangilsaeunbi Monument, Wigwanimjebi Monument, and guerrilla leader Namgong Jongdeokbi Monument, built in Gongju, are one of the monuments to general in the Ming Dynasty built during this period. The three memorial stones are collectively called 'Princess Myeongguk Samgujang'. It was built in March and April of 1599 (the 30th year of King Seonjo's reign) along the Geumgang River in Gongju, and is now relocated to Gongsanseong Fortress. The reason why Gongju Myeongguk Three Equipment is drawing attention is because of the construction subject. Nearly 20 people from the Gongju area at the time were named on the monument, leaving their presence as they participated in the construction of the monument. There is a clear difference from other local cases in which only the names of one or two inscription writers are engraved. Nevertheless, until now, Myeongguk Samgujang has only been viewed from the perspective of Jaejo-eun's idea related to the Imjin War and a symbolic monument commemorating historical events, but there has been no advanced research on the subject of the monument's construction.
 During the Joseon Dynasty, Gongju was an administrative and military stronghold in Chungcheong-do and a geographical location, and is also deeply related to the Imjin War. Based on his experience as an admiral in Gongju, 1,600 people gathered when he recruited volunteers from Goma Naru, Gongju. Gwanghaegun led the group and stayed for about eight months, and Ming troops were stationed several times during the war due to the smooth advantage of supplying military supplies. I think it is possible to reveal the specificity of the regional aspect by tracking the process of the monument being built under the leadership of Gongju people with such a special environment and experience and looking at the faces and networks of the participants.
 The names of the characters classified by the names of the groups called Jinsa, Hyanggwan, and Win-Win are engraved on the Myeongguk Samgujang. As a result of examining their faces, it was found that they were the students of Hyanggwan, Jinsa, and Hyanggyo, which were registered in Gongju Hyangan. In addition, the construction of a monument was promoted under the leadership of Hyanggwan, a leading local clan, and it is understood that win-win and Shinshi, who led the gathering and coalition of local public opinion, participated in this. In addition, most of the characters were identified as the Imjin War and direct and indirect activities. Hyanggwan did not spare economic support, such as providing food for not only Ming troops stationed in Gongju, but also government troops, and he also participated in the righteous army himself. In the case of win-win, not all participants' records were identified due to the limitations of the data, but some figures were identified as having worked in the righteous army in the early days of the Imjin War or participated in the battle with Jungbong Joheon, and a series of activities related to Joheon.

백제 한성기 횡혈식석실분의 분포 특성과 지방지배 방식의 다양성

The emergence and spread of stone chamber tombs with corridor(橫穴式石室墳) during Baekje’s Hanseong period are understood as closely linked to the rule of provinces however, these tombs are not evenly distributed across the area of Baekje, but concentrated in specific areas. The purpose of this article is to grasp the characteristics of the distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor in the Hanseong period of Baekje, thereby looking into the historical and cultural implications of these characteristics. Stone chamber tombs with corridor adopted by the central Baekje in the late 4th century spread in three stages to various regions of Baekje ranging from Gyeonggi region to inland Chungcheong and the downstream region of Geumgang River. The aspects of the step-by-step distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor show the process of Baekje’s power expansion to the area of Mahan, and verify that Baekje’s governing strategy was reflected in this process. While such a distribution of stone chamber tombs with corridor is hardly found in the distribution area of rock mound tombs (積石墳丘墓) among tomb systems in Mahan, its close correlation is confirmed in the distribution areas of earth mound tombs (盛土墳丘墓) and of ring ditched pit tombs (周溝土壙墓). And it was found that the distribution density is highest in the distribution area of ring ditched pit tombs. This implies that while Baekje tried to accomplish provincial rule by spreading stone chamber tombs with corridor intensively in the cultural area origin that was foreign to Baekje’s underlying culture, they needed not bother to spread stone chamber tombs with corridor in the cultural area because Baekje was able to govern the cultural area origin with relative ease on the basis of cultural and social sameness. That is, Baekje realized provincial rule by applying different systems according to areas of Mahan in the process of integrating the Mahan society. On the other hand, Baekje made the existing local traditional tombs disappear or coexist after spreading stone chamber tombs with corridor to local community in the distribution areas of earth mound tombs and of ring ditched pit tombs where underlying culture was different; or imposed indirect rule by granting prestige goods while respecting the existing local tombs as in the distribution area of rock mound tombs. And thus, the aspects of provincial rule were not uniform. This means that Baekje accomplished provincial rule through regulating the use of stone chamber tombs with corridor on the basis of the cultural sameness or difference of underlying culture in a broad framework, while adopting various governing strategies in detail in consideration of the circumstances of each provincial society. It appears that as for the province governing systems, multiple ruling strategies were applied, such as the central regulation and differentiation of tomb systems, the use of provincial desire for imitating the central tomb system, and the securing of support base through respect for the existing local tomb system. As a result, Baekje created circumstances in which it needed not proceed with multidirectional territorialization across all the areas including the distribution area of earth mound tombs, as well as the distribution area of rock mound tombs. And consequently, Baekje was able to win a victory in competition with Mokjiguk (目支國) and integrate the society of Mahan.

Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity of the Endemic Korean Aucha Perch, Coreoperca herzi (Centropomidae), in Korea.

The Korean endemic aucha perch, Coreoperca herzi, belongs to the family Centropomidae. Thus far, studies on C. herzi have focused on mitochondrial genomes, egg development, and early life history, while studies on their genetic diversity or genetic structure are lacking. We investigated these aspects in this study using mitochondrial DNA data. Haplotypes were divided into the Hangang River, Nakdonggang River, Geumgang River, and southwest region water system populations. A translocated population, the Yangyang Namdaechun Stream, was confirmed to have originated from the Hangang River water system population based on haplotype distribution and genetic structure results. The FST of the mitochondrial DNA indicated distinct genetic differentiation in the Hangang, Nakdonggang, Geumgang, and southwest regions. According to COI and analyses, the analysis of molecular variance revealed a higher variance in the four water system groups (98.41%) than in the southwest region water system versus the Hangang River water system (80.27%) groups. This study presents basic data for conservation by providing extensive information on the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and translocation population of C. herzi.

백제 기벌포 위치비정에 관하여

Gibulpo was the first battleground and the last decisive battleground of the Three Kingdoms Unification War in the 7th century. Gibulpo has a deep historical significance. Gibulpo is widely known as Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do. However, there are many minority opinions that it is not Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do. There are a total of five historical events that took place in Gibulpo. The names of Gibulpo are recorded differently in the historical records.
 First, in 660 Baekje recorded it as a place that must be blocked to defend the country at a defense strategy meeting to defend the country. It is also recorded as a Baekgang. Second, it is recorded as Woongjingang-gu or Woongjin-gu as an area that landed when Sojeongbang of the Tang Dynasty invaded Baekje. Third, during the Baekje Revival War in 661, the place where Dochim, the supreme commander of the Revival Army, blocked Tang and Silla County was called Woongjingang-gu. Fourth, in 663, the place where the Japanese and Baekje allied forces fought in the sea with the Tang navy was Baekgang-gu. Fifth, in 676, Silla and the Tang Dynasty fought a naval battle at Gibulpo, Soburiju.
 Gibeolpo, which Baekje's adults and Heungsu told them to stop, was the same place as Woongjingang-gu, where Sojeongbang landed. And it was Woongjingang-gu, where Dochim tried to stop Tang and Silla. In addition, Soburiju Gibeolpo, where Silla and Tang fought in 676, was the same area.
 They were compared and analyzed militarily and literature to determine the location of Gibulpo. As a result of comparing and analyzing these events individually, four places were identified as the same place. As a result of the identification, the location of Gibulpo Port has been known to the estuary of the Geumgang River so far, and it has been confirmed to be the middle and upper reaches of the Geumgang River.
 Specifically, it was identified as Bulamsan Mountain and Dochisan Mountain in Seongdong-myeon, Nonsan-si from Godajin, Sedo-myeon, Buyeo-gun. However, the war zone in Baekgang-gu in 663 was found to be the estuary of the Geumgang River and the upper and lower reaches, so further research will be conducted.

Population structure and genetic diversity of the endangered fish black shinner Pseudopungtungia nigra (Cyprinidae) in Korea: a wild and restoration population

The black shinner Pseudopungtungia nigra Mori, 1935 is an endangered fish endemic to Korea. It lives in the narrow basin of the Geumgang River, Mangyeonggang River, and Ungcheoncheon Stream, which flow into the West Sea of Korea. One population of P. nigra in Ungcheoncheon Stream has been locally exterminated once; it is now inhabiting the upper reaches of the dam through a restoration program. Efforts to identify and understand the genetic structure of these populations are important for conservation planning. Here, we analyzed genetic diversity using 21 microsatellite markers for 9 populations. The mean number of alleles ranged from 4.4 to 8.1, mean allelic richness ranged from 4.6 to 7.8, mean observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.519 to 0.702, and mean expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.540 to 0.763. All groups had recent and historical bottlenecks (P < 0.05, M-ratio < 0.68). Three groups [YD (2019), OC and UC] had significant inbreeding index values, suggesting that they were engaged in inbreeding. We observed a moderate level of genetic differentiation between MG and the rest of the population (FST = 0.135 to 0.168, P < 0.05). The genetic structure exhibited a fitting constant K = 2, along with separation between MG and the remaining populations. With respect to genetic flow, YD (2019), OC, CG, and ND shifted to the UC population (0.263 to 0.278). The genetic flow of each population was transferred only within the population; there was no gene flow among populations, except for the Ungcheoncheon Stream population. This study shows that the Ungcheoncheon Stream population needs conservation efforts to increase its genetic diversity, and the Geumgang River populations needs a conservation plan that considers the possibility of conservation and evolution through gene exchange among the populations.

조선후기 충청도 조운제도의 변화와 금강 일대 군현의 세곡운송

Like the other areas, the grain shipping system of Chungcheong-do was fully equipped during the reign of Seongjong of Joseon and Jungjong of Joseon. However, as the Imjin War broke out before and after the 17th century and it was difficult to secure grain transport ships and grain transport workers, tax grain was paid to the Joseon Dynasty by utilizing Gyeonggangseon ships of Seoul which were called private ships (私船) or local Toseon ships. This is called direct payment (直納) or direct payment to authority (直上納). Direct payment of tax grain was widely done in the three southern provinces including Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and Gyeongsang-do. Among them, direct payment of Chungcheong-do was most actively done.BR The areas that directly paid to the Joseon Dynasty in Chungcheong-do were Counties and prefectures in the whole area of the west cost and the Geumgang River. The counties and prefectures in the whole area of the west cost and the Geumgang River obligatorily needed ships to load tax grain to directly pay. However, these areas had lesser local Toseon ships and the insufficient conditions to attract Gyeonggangseon shipowners. The Gyeonggangseon shipowners were sensitive to rent that they received after rending their ships, that is, Seonga (船價). Chungcheong-do’s Seonga was lower than that of Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do. Therefore, the Gyeonggangseon shipowners avoided transporting Chungcheong-do’s tax grain. And due to this, the partial areas including Hongju did Chakseon (捉船) to catch Gyeonggangseon ships forcibly in the ocean. Eventually, the Joseon Dynasty implemented Jakdaeje (作隊制) to raise fiance stably, organized Gyeonggangseon ships as Seongye (船契), and make them responsible for Chungcheong-do’s tax grain transport. And Jugyo ships took full charge of tax grain of the counties and prefectures in Chungcheong-do in the 19th century as Jugyosa that appeared in the reign of Jeongjo of Joseon was connected to Jakdaeje.BR 11 counties and prefectures located in the whole area of the Geumgan River in Chungcheong-do were all Jugyo ships’ sphere of activity. Each county and prefecture installed Gangchang and Haechang on the Geumgang River and accumulated tax grain collected from the precincts. Then, Jugyo ships came down to the places from Seoul and transported tax grain. 14 sailors including Gamgwan, Saekni, the shipowner, and Gyeokgun were on board the ships. Among them, Gamgwan and Sekni resided in the counties and prefectures that paid tax grain and the shipowner and Gyeokgun were the people who resided on the Han River in the areas of Seoul and Yongsan. Jugyo ships which departed from the Geumgang River arrived at Seoul after sailing for about 30 days. Like this, the Jugyo ship-centered tax grain transport method which was active on the Geumgan River continued until the late 19th century.

금강하구 유부도 갯벌의 지형 특성과 조위에 따른 조간대 경계 변화

As the tidal flat of Yubudo island located at the Geumgang River estuary was registered as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage in 2021. It is essential to investigate spatiotemporal change in the tidal flat for sustainable conservation. This study aims to obtain high-resolution DEM for continuous monitoring of the sedimentary landform, and to analyze the morphological characteristics of intertidal flat around the island. Sedimentary landform was analyzed using the orthographic images and point cloud data which were obtained in the study. On the west side of Yubudo comprised of sandy material, large-scale ripple marks were confirmed. While, tidal channels were observed on the east side of the island with silt deposits containing sand. The location of spit and sandbars, which developed to the north of Yubudo, moved to the east compared to the past without artificial facilities. The largest change in area according to tidal elevation changes occurred when the M.S.L rose from the L.W.O.N.T., and the largest change in volume appeared when the sea level rose from L.W.O.S.T to L.W.O.M.T. It was confirmed that the spit and sandbar of the northern part of the island were also exposed on the H.W.O.S.T., and the sandy sediments are major habitats for sea bird. Changes in the sedimentation patterns and the tidal flats around Yubudo should be continuously monitored, and it is expected that the spatial data obtained in this study can be used as basic data for future studies.

Fibrivirga algicola gen. nov., sp. nov., an algicidal bacterium isolated from a freshwater river.

An aerobic, gram-stain-negative, pink-colored, non-motile and rod-shaped algicidal bacterium, designated as JA-25T was isolated from freshwater in Geumgang River, Republic of Korea. Strain JA-25T grew at 15-30°C and pH 6-9, and did not require NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JA-25T belongs to the family 'Spirosomaceae' and is most closely related to Fibrella aestuarina BUZ 2T (93.6%). Strain JA-25T showed < 90% sequence similarity to other members of the family 'Spirosomaceae'. The average nucleotide identity(ANI), in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity(AAI) values based on the genomic sequences of JA-25T and F. aestuarina BUZ 2T were 74.4, 20.5, and 73.6%, respectively. Strain JA-25T showed an algicidal effect on the marine flagellate alga Heterocapsa triquetra, but no effect on fresh water cyanobacterium (Nostoc). In genome analysis, RIPP-like peptides were detected and predicted to resemble the indolmycin biosynthetic gene cluster, which possibly influence its algicidal effect. Furthermore, a bacteriorhodopsin gene with photoheterotrophic characteristics was detected. The genomic DNA G + C content was 52.5mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, C16:0 (> 10%). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 and major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two phospholipids, and five unidentified lipids. Considering the phylogenetic inference, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, strain JA-25T should be classified as a novel species in the novel genus Fibrivirga, with the proposed name Fibrivirga algicola sp. nov. The type strain is JA-25T (= KCCM 43334T = NBRC 114259T).

Impact Assessment of Climate Change on the Near and the Far Future Streamflow in the Bocheongcheon Basin of Geumgang River, South Korea

Highly concentrated precipitation during the rainy season poses challenges to the South Korean water resources management in efficiently storing and redistributing water resources. Under the new climate regime, water resources management is likely to become more challenging with regards to water-related disaster risk and deterioration of water quality. To alleviate such issues by adjusting management plans, this study examined the impact of climate change on the streamflow in the Bocheongcheon basin of the Geumgang river. A globally accepted hydrologic model, the HEC-HMS model, was chosen for the simulation. By the calibration and the validation processes, the model performance was evaluated to range between “satisfactory” and “very good”. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the future streamflow over six decades from 2041 to 2100 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results indicated significant increase in the future streamflow of the study site in all months and seasons over the simulation period. Intensification of seasonal differences and fluctuations was projected under RCP 8.5, implying a challenge for water resources managers to secure stable sources of clean water and to prevent water-related disasters. The analysis of the simulation results was applied to suggest possible local adaptive water resources management policy.

Analysis of the Correlation Between Ecological Status and Location Environment by Cultivated Land Restoration Type of Geumgang Riverine Ecobelt

Background and objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological status of six areas around Geumgang River that used to be farmlands before they were restored as a riverine ecobelt. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the location environment and ecological status of the sites to identify the environmental factors affecting them. Methods The sites are classified into four types according to restoration: terraced paddy fields, flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. The survey items were divided into land use status, plant ecology, and animal ecology. Results In terms of plant ecology, terraced paddy fields showed favorable naturality with the rate of native species above 90% and the naturalization index below 10%. In terms of animal ecology, the total number of species found in these areas was biggest in terraced paddy fields, followed by flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. Regarding species diversity, terraced paddy fields also showed abundant species with an average of 1.05 to 1.09. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the forest area around the sites had the most significant effect on species diversity. The grassland and open water area showed a positive correlation with the total number of animal species and the number of dragonflies, confirming that the marshy grassland had a positive effect. As the cultivated land and urbanized area around the sites increased, it had a negative effect on the distribution of native species and the number of animal species that appeared, and a positive effect on the naturalization index. Conclusion It is necessary to establish preemption and restoration plans for sites such as grasslands adjacent to the forest and terraced paddy fields in order to promote resilience of the diverse species returning to the purchased lands.

A new species of Hangangbathynella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from South Korea.

A new parabathynellid bathynellacean species, Hangangbathynella mihoensissp. nov., was found in the groundwater of the Geumgang River in South Korea. This is the first report of Hangangbathynella from a tributary of the Geumgang River. All previously-reported species were found in the Hangang River and the origins of the two rivers are distinct from each other. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the two-segmented mandibular palp and the absence of epipods on thoracopod II. In this study, we provide a description of the new species and an identification table for the genus Hangangbathynella. In addition, we obtained partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene for DNA barcoding.

Changes in Landscape Characteristics of Stream Habitats with the Construction and Operation of River-Crossing Structures in the Geum-gang River, South Korea

Changes in Landscape Characteristics of Stream Habitats with the Construction and Operation of River-Crossing Structures in the Geum-gang River, South Korea

Identifying the riparian type affecting habitat selection of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in Daecheong Dam reservoir area

This study was conducted to identify the habitat selection by the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) depending on the type of waterfront in the Geumgang River region near the Daecheong Dam. As a result of the habitat suitability analysis, the suitable region (very suitable and suitable) was found to be 48.8%, accounting for 217.9km of the total of 446.3 km, and 17.2% or 76.5km of the total region was found to be unsuitable (unsuitable and very unsuitable). As a result of analyzing the types of waterfront area, it was found in the order of wetland> forest> grassland> bare land and the number of traces of otters per kilometer of each type of the waterfront areas was found to be rockface (36.0), bare land (0.92)> forest (0.8), grassland (0.76)>, and wetland (0.75). The result shows a relatively high number of otter traces for rockface compared with other waterfront types, though the composition ratio of rockface takes only a small part of the overall waterfront areas. It is because rockfaces are safer from man-made disturbance, while providing homes and shelters, as well as locating nearby open water which has abundant amount of food resources, compared with other types of waterfront.