Germination Velocity Index Research Articles

Salicylic acid as a mitigator of water stress in black oats seeds

Oats are a very popular grass used in crop rotation to provide organic matter, green mass and assist in the natural aeration of the soil. Agronomic factors such as acidity correction and soil fertility adjustments can be controlled, but when it comes to climatic factors, cultivation depends on favorable climate conditions for good plant development. For instance, low rainfall occurrences result in decreased percentage of germination and plant development. Water stress affects plant development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid as a water stress mitigator on black oats. The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Products and Microorganisms of the University of Parana. Black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) seeds were submitted to different imbibition treatments: without imbibition, soaked in distilled water, and soaked in salicylic acid. Then, they were placed in gerbox boxes previously moistened with 6000 polyethylene glycol solution with different osmotic potentials (0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Ten days after the experiment, the following parameters were evaluated: germination percentage, germination velocity index, shoot length and radicle length. Salicylic acid at the concentration used in this study promotes a mitigating effect of water stress caused by PEG6000, increasing the germination percentage of black oat seeds.

Physiological quality of soybean seeds in fixed-bed dryer with air radial distribution

In recent years few countries have grown as much in international agribusiness trade as in Brazil, where soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the economic activities that have contributed most. However, in order to increase or maintain the efficiency of the oilseed, it is necessary to increase the knowledge in the post-harvest techniques that are applied to the seeds to maintain their quality. This study aimed at evaluation of the physiological quality and the drying uniformity of soybean seeds in a commercial fixed-bed dryer of the brand Granfinale and industrial ventilator of the brand AeroMack with the radial distribution of air. Samples were collected at 4 vertical heights: 0.20, 1.40, 2.60 and 3.80 meters at the dryer base combined with 4 radial distances of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 meters and central duct, through a 4x4 random factorial scheme. The following analyzes were performed on seeds: Water Content (WC), Germination Standard Test (GST), First count of Germination Standard Test (FCT), Accelerated Aging (AA), Electric Conductivity (EC) and Germination Velocity Index (GVI). The analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed, when applicable. We found a super drying in the lower layer and retardation in the upper layer of stationary drying. The seeds located at vertical heights of 0.20 and 1.40 m obtained the highest mean values of Germination Standard Test and Accelerated Aging. On the other hand, seeds located at vertical heights of 0.20 m, regardless of radial distances, showed less vigor according to Electric Conductivity test in relation to the other treatments. The variables First count of Germination Standard Test (FCT) and Germination Velocity Index (GVI) were not significantly influence by the evaluated treatments and their interaction.

Phytochemical screening and toxicity of Crambe abyssinica Hochst extracts on Solanum lycopersicum L., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Bidens pilosa L. and Glycine max (L.) Merril

This study aimed to identify the main groups of secondary compounds from Crambe abyssinica and evaluate the bioactivity of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts on the seed germination and seedling development of tomato, wild poinsettia, hairy beggartick and soybean. The phytochemical screening considered the presence or absence of total saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. In the seeds it was evaluated: germination percentage, germination velocity index, average germination time, index of allelopathic effects, shoot and root length and seedlings dry matter. In the phytochemical screening it was observed that each solvent extracted different compounds. Flavonoids were found only in the ethyl acetate extract and saponin only in the methanol extract. A high allelopathic effect of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of crambe on the bio-indicator species tomato was observed. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts also showed inhibitory effect on the weed hairy beggartick and did not present negative effects on soybean. There is the possibility of isolating the bio-active compounds of crambe and use them as a bio-herbicide to the alternative control of the weed hairy beggartick.

Allelopathy of the Melia azedarach L. Leaf Extract on the Germination of Three Selected Atlantic Forest Species

Allelopathy is a naturally occurring phenomenon that results in the release of chemicals capable of stimulating or inhibiting the development of other nearby plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Melia azedarach on the germination, seed index, length and dry mass of seedlings of three Atlantic Forest species. The treatments were distributed in a bi-factorial scheme consisting of 5 concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) and 3 species (Ceiba speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala and Samanea tubulosa), in four replicates of 25 seeds totaling 100 seeds for each treatment. The Tukey test at 1% was used to compare the means. For quantitative effects, a SISVAR polynomial regression analysis for Windows software version 4.6. The extracts were obtained from 100 mg of dehydrated and crushed leaves of M. azedarach in 1000 ml of distilled water. The sowing was carried out on germitest paper and the seeds kept germinating in germinators of the type Biochemical Oxigen Demand (BOD) at 25°C with photoperiod of 12 h. The germination, germination velocity index (GVI), length and dry mass of shoot and root were evaluated. The results obtained in the laboratory showed that the aqueous extract of leaves M. azedarach has an allelopathic effect on all studied species, reducing the percentage of germination, speed index, length and dry mass of seedlings.

English

The present work aimed to evaluate the germination, emergence, vigor and initial development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. Nine cultivars belonging to the crespa group, Cinderella, Monica SF 31, Mimosa (Salad Bowl), Veneranda, Brava, Cerbiatta (Catalonha), Itapua Super, Itauna Prisee, Simpson and Vitoria de Verao were used. The experiment was conducted to ensure the accuracy of the comparisons. The variables analyzed were: Germination, emergence, first germination and emergency counting, mean germination and emergency time, mean germination and emergence velocity, germination and emergency uncertainty index, germination and emergency synchrony, and relative frequency of germination and emergency. In order to obtain the emergency data, it was necessary to use a refrigerated room to give optimal conditions for the seeds and in the initial stage, an acclimatization for a salable development of newly emerged seedlings. For experimental design, completely randomized (CRD) was used for laboratory conditions and randomized blocks (RB) for the field, with four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. The data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The analyses were carried out using SISVAR software 5.6. Cultivar Itauna obtained the best results in physiological quality evaluations, being recommended for planting in regions of Northeastern Brazil. Key words: Lactuca sativa L., germination, emergence.

Accelerated Aging Test to Assess Vigor of Juglans Nigra Seeds

ABSTRACTThe objective of this work was to develop a methodology for standardizing the Accelerated Aging test (AA) for J. nigra seeds. After different aging treatments, seeds were subjected to the standard germination test the results of which were expressed as the percentage of normal seedlings. Germination velocity index and mean time of maximum germination were also determined. Our results showed that storage at high temperature and relative humidity deteriorates black walnut seeds to the extent that their germination capacity is lost in only seven days. Bigger seeds had a higher percentage of normal seedlings and vigor, both under favorable storage conditions and when subjected to accelerated aging treatments. This work has clearly shown that vigor of J. nigra seeds should be assessed using AA periods no longer than 72 h. The most frequent abnormality observed in AA testing was seedlings with stubby roots and no secondary roots.

Germination and validation of canola seeds after storage

Despite the economic potential that canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) has, as the variables related to the evaluation of the protein quality of this culture are still scarce. The objective was to evaluate the germination and vigor of two canola cultivars, Hyola 61 and Hyola 571 CL, stored for 120 days at 4 ÂoC. After 0, 60 and 120 days of storage the grain quality was evaluated by means of tests of germination, seedling length and emergence velocity index (EVI) on sand substrate. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial 2x3 (cultivars x storage parts) with four replicates. The data were submited to variance analysis and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Germination, seedling length and emergency velocity index (EVI) tests are useful for estimating the period in which the seeds begin to lose their viability. Germination and vigor of canola seeds, regardless of cultivar, decreased throughout storage.

Germinação de sementes de Phaseolus vulgaris L. submetidas a diferentes tratamentos com bioestimulante

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a germinação de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar BRS Esteio, pré-embebidas em diferentes doses de um bioestimulante comercial, composto por 50 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico, 90 mg L-1 de cinetina e 50 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico. Os tratamentos adotados foram: 7,5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL e 50 mL de bioestimulante por Kg de sementes e, um tratamento controle, com pré-embebição em água destilada estéril. Avaliou-se a germinação (%), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento médio da parte aérea (CMPA), comprimento médio das raízes (CMR), biomassa fresca da parte aérea (BFPA), biomassa seca da parte aérea (BSPA), biomassa fresca das raízes (BFR) e biomassa seca das raízes (BSR) das sementes germinadas. A dose de 10 mL kg-1 de semente apresentou a maior porcentagem de germinação (84%) e o maior IVG. O mesmo tratamento apresentou significativamente as maiores médias para CMPA, CMR, BFR e BSR. A BFPA e BSPA foram afetadas negativamente pela pré-embebição com bioestimulante. Conclui-se que a dose de 10 mL de bioestimulante por Kgde sementes resultou em maior porcentagem e velocidade de germinação, alongamento da parte aérea e das raízes e, incremento da biomassa fresca e seca das raízes, enquanto as diferentes dosagens de bioestimulante no tratamento de sementes de feijão proporcionaram decréscimo no acúmulo de biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea nas sementes germinadas.

Application of bacteria symbiotic with Butia archeri (Arecaceae) to the biocontrol of the phytopathogenic fungi that deteriorate seeds of Glycine max

Rhizospheric and endophytic microorganisms compete with phytopathogens for ecological niches, which led us to hypothesise that bacteria symbiotic with the palm Butia archeri may influence the germination of the seeds of Glycine max and provide effective biocontrol against phytopathogens. We evaluated seed biopriming with rhizospheric strains of the bacteria Enterobacter asburiae and Bacillus cereus, and endophytic strains of Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp. and Pantoea agglomerans. Seeds treated with E. cloacae and Enterobacter sp. presented higher germination potential, germination velocity index and accumulation of fresh biomass in the radicle than seeds that were untreated or treated with other bacteria. Seeds that were not treated were also most affected by fungi, in particular Fusarium and Penicillium, during storage. When treated with B. cereus and E. asburiae, fungal infestation of the stored seeds was reduced to levels similar to those found in seeds treated with chemical fungicide. Our combined analysis of the influence of these strains on radicular growth and the control of phytopathogens, indicates that the rhizospheric strains of B. cereus and E. asburiae may have the best potential for biocontrol. The present study also demonstrated that the microbiota associated with plants native to the Brazilian Cerrado may be a promising source of species or biomolecules with potential for the biocontrol of plant pathogens.

Biometric and Physiological Quality of Bracatinga Seeds From Different Mother Trees

ABSTRACT Mimosa scabrella Bentham (bracatinga) is a prominent forest species in the south of the country, due mainly to the high rate of increase, rapid development cycle, and to enable multiple uses of wood production, both for firewood and for more noble purposes. The aim of this work was to estimate the physiological variation among 40 mother trees, based on germinative and biometric characterization of seeds and seedlings. Biometric traits were determined for the size and the fresh mass of 100 seeds, percentage of germination and normal seedlings, germination velocity index, daily mean germination, length, and dry mass of seedlings. Means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 1% probability and estimates of Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained between all traits. The results indicate the existence of significant variation between arrays of same or different origin for both the biometric features as those from the germination test. The physiological quality of the seeds showed no direct relation to its size.

Physiological Maturity of Parapiptadenia rigida Seeds

The establishment of appropriate standards related to the physiological and morphological aspects of the seeds are fundamental procedures to help the nurserymen and seed producers in determining the maturity and the appropriate moment of collection of the fruits. In this sense, the objective of this research is to evaluate the physiological maturation of seeds of Parapiptadenia rigida by means of germination and vigor tests, based on the color of the pods. The seeds were collected in June 2017, from three matrices located in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil. The pods were classified in four stages of maturation, according to the Chart of colors model “Munsell colors chart” for plants tissues, and measured the biometric parameters. The parameters observed to evaluate the germinative potential are: first germination count, germination velocity index, emergency velocity index, and fresh and dry matter masses of seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five maturation stages and four replicates of 25 seeds each. The averages were compared using the Tukey test at a 5% probability. The germination test showed that the increase in physiological potential of P. rigida seeds is associated with the progresses of pod maturation. Therefore, the vigor test demonstrated that the physiological maturation of the species is simultaneous with the change of coloration and maturation of the pods.

Seed Size And Physiological Quality Of Three Cultivars Of Cotton

Cotton is one of the most important crops, both in the national context and worldwide. Being that, its fiber, constitutes an important raw material for the textile industry. The process of improving cottonseeds, favoured cultivars with smaller seeds. The goal of this work was to evaluate three cultivars of cottonseeds with different sizes through vigour tests. The work was developed in the seeds laboratory and the post-harvest Laboratory of plant products of the Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde. Cottonseeds of 3 cultivars were used (FiberMax 913 GLT, FiberMax 910 and DeltaPine 1648 B2RF), obtained in the crop of 2014 in the city of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with eight replications of 50 seeds. Determinations of moisture content and weight of a hundred seeds, germination test and germination velocity index, emergency test, and emergency speed index, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging were conducted. The dimensions of the size of the seeds (length, width and thickness) were also determined, with the aid of digital caliper, and the weight of the seeds, with the aid of a balance of precision of resolution 0, 001g. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and the averages compared to the Tukey test at 5% probability. There was no clear relationship between the size of the seed and its physiological performance in assessed cultivars/batches, making it necessary more studies that can prove that type of association.

Genetic divergence among provenances of Mimosa scabrella Benth. based on seed analysis

It was aimed through this work to evaluate the genetic divergence among four provenances of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth.) belonging to the state of Santa Catarina, namely: Abelardo Luz (AB), Chapadao do Lageado (CL), Lages (PB) and Tres Barras (TB) by means of multivariate analyses, they are the principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering based on the Euclidian distance. Seeds of 40 mother trees, ten from each site, were evaluated as to the biometric aspects of seeds and variables coming from germination test. The traits which contributed for the most toward divergence among the provenances were the length and breadth of seeds, % of normal seedlings, % of germination and germination velocity index. Genetic divergence among the provenances was found and separated into two groups. The cross between the superior individuals of the provenances Abelardo Luz and with the superior individuals from the provenances of group I (CL and PB) are the most promising for future genetic breeding programs.

Evaluation of Seed Germinability and Field Emergence Of Some Maize (Zea mays, L.) Hybrids Under Salinity Stress Conditions

Laboratory and field emergence under greenhouse experiments were designed to evaluate the germinability and field emergence of eight maize hybrids, i.e.; maize hybrids single white (Pioneer 30K8, Giza 130 and Hi Tech 2031), maize hybrid single yellow (Hi Tech 2066), maize hybrids triple white (Giza 310, Giza 321 and Giza 324) and maize hybrid triple yellow (Giza 352) under some levels of salt concentrations induced by sodium hypochlorite NaCl 1% solution, i.e.; (Tap water 320, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) during 2015 season. The best results of maize hybrids were obtained by Hi Tech 2031 and the depressed values restricted by Giza 352 and Giza 130, respecting of germination indices i.e. G (%), mean germination time (MGT), germination velocity index (GVI), seedling vigor index (SVI); seedling growth indices i.e. plumule length (cm), radical length (cm), seedling fresh and dry weights (g); salinity stress assay i.e. germination stress index (GSI), seedling length stress tolerance index (SLSI), radical length stress tolerance index (RLSI) and proline content; and field emergence. Results also indicated that, all salinity stress levels while compared with control treatment (320 ppm) recorded the lowest values of all previous studied traits and the lowest values were obtained by NaCl level (4000 ppm) . Regarding to the interaction, all maize hybrids under control treatment (320 ppm) recorded the highest values of all traits compared with all salinity stress levels. The best values recorded by Hi Tech 2031, Pioneer 30K8, Hi Tech 2066, Giza 310 and Giza 321 respectively. Giza 352 and Giza 130 recorded the lowest values under all NaCl concentration levels. There were highly significant differences between studied hybrids and salinity treatments and the mean performance for studied characters was discussed.

Methods of breaking seed dormancy for ornamental passion fruit species

The Passiflora L. genus covers a diversity of wild species with ornamental potential, especially due to the intrinsic beauty of its exotic flowers, flowering more than once a year and the lush foliage. However, Passiflora seeds present dormancy complicating seed germination and the establishment of commercial plant production with species with high ornamental potential. This study was conducted to determine the best pre-germination treatments to overcome seed dormancy for Passiflora quadrangularis, P. nitida, P. foetida, P. eichleriana, P. alata, P. cincinnata, P. mucronata, P. micropetala, P. suberosa, P. morifolia and P. tenuifila. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replicates, with 25 seeds per plot. Pre-germination treatments were: seeds soaked in 1,000 mg L- 1 GA3 (gibberellic acid) for 6 hours, seeds soaked in 0.2 % KNO3 (potassium nitrate) for 24 hours, seeds soaked in 1 % KNO3 for 24 hours, partial seedcoat scarification with sandpaper number 120 and control (seeds untreated). Percentage of germination, germination velocity index and radicle length were evaluated for all species. The results showed that GA3 was effective to overcome seed dormancy in P. suberosa (86%), P. morifolia (68 %) and P. tenuifila (54%). KNO3 1% had significant effect on overcoming dormancy in seeds of P. eichleriana (66%) and scarification with sandpaper increased seed germination of P. micropetala (38%).

English

The standard germination tests have been commonly used on commercial grain crops, such as soybean, field beans, rice and maize. However, there are no standard tests for potential new crops; quinoa being one of them. This work is aimed at evaluating the effect of substrate, temperature and counting time in seed germination of quinoa. The following treatments were used in tests with seeds: on blotter paper, between blotter paper, on sand and within sand, all previously soaked with distilled water. These substrates were combined to the temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30°C, and alternated between 20 to 30°C. The experiment was conducted on an entirely randomized factorial design 5 × 4 (temperature × substrate) with 4 repetitions. Normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were counted until stabilized. The germination velocity index and mean time for germination were calculated.  From the results, it was concluded that germination test of quinoa seeds should be conducted at 20 to 30°C alternate temperatures, on or between blotter paper, with initial count at 2 days and final count at 4 days. Key words: Chenopodium quinoa willd., substrate temperature, counting time, seed viability.

热激对大兴安岭三种松科树种种子萌发的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 热激对大兴安岭三种松科树种种子萌发的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201512282584 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31370610）。 Effect of heat shock on seed germination of three Pinaceae species in Great Hing'an Mountains Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:研究了热激对大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松、樟子松、红皮云杉种子萌发的影响，热激温度分别为80℃、100℃、120℃、150℃，每个温度下热激时间分别为1min、3min、5min、10min。研究结果表明：兴安落叶松种子在100℃热激10min，120℃热激5min，10min，150℃热激5min处理下萌发率较对照显著下降（P < 0.05），除80℃热激1min、3min、5min、120℃热激1min、150℃热激1min外，其他处理萌发速率指数较对照均显著下降（P < 0.05）；樟子松种子在高于80℃的所有热激处理萌发率较对照均显著下降（P < 0.05），甚至没有萌发，除80℃热激1min外，所有处理下萌发速率指数较对照均显著下降；红皮云杉种子萌发率在80℃热激5min和100℃热激1min处理下较对照显著提高（P < 0.05），萌发速率指数在80℃热激1min、3min、5min，100℃热激1min处理下较对照显著提高（P < 0.05）。兴安落叶松种子可以在短时间高强度（150℃）热激下维持萌发率，但不能承受长时间热激；樟子松种子对高于80℃的热激反应敏感，热激降低了樟子松种子的萌发能力；热激可以提高红皮云杉种子的萌发能力，短时间（1min、3min、5min）低强度（80℃）热激（包括100℃热激1min）提高红皮云杉种子萌发率和萌发速率指数，红皮云杉种子也可以承受高强度（150℃）瞬时（1min）热激。 Abstract:This study examines the effect of heat shock on the seed germination of Larix gmelinii, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Picea koraiensis from a fire-prone forest in the Great Hing'an Mountains. Seeds of the three species were exposed to a range of temperatures (80,100,120, and 150℃) for different exposure times (1, 3, 5 and 10 min). The results show that the germination rate of Larix gmelinii seeds decreased significantly (P < 0.05) relative to the control when seeds were subjected to 100℃ for 10min, 120℃ for 5min and 10min, and 150℃ for 5min. With the exception of exposures at 80℃ for 1, 3 and 5 min; 120℃ for 1min; and 150℃ for 1min, the germination velocity index of Larix gmelinii seeds showed a significant(P < 0.05) decrease for all other heat shock treatments. For sylvestris var. mongolica, the germination rate subsequent to all heat shock treatments above 80℃ decreased significantly (P < 0.05)relative to the control. Even to the point where no germination occurred at all. At the same time, the germination velocity index for every heat shock treatment higher than 80℃ decreased significantly at 1min exposure. For Picea koraiensis, the germination rate increased significantly (P < 0.05) relative to the control when subjected to heat shock treatments of 80℃ for 5min and 100℃ for 1min. Moreover, the germination velocity index increased significantly(P < 0.05)for heat shock treatments of 80℃ for 1, 3, and 5min and 100℃ for 1min. On an overall basis, Larix gmelinii seeds was able to maintain standard germination rate after a transitory high intensity heat shock of 150℃; however, it cannot tolerate a longer heat shock, the influence of transitory high intensity heat on the germination rate was more significant than that on the germination velocity index. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seeds were quite sensitive to a heat shock above 80℃: the germination rate sharply decreased with a 100℃ heat shock and almost no seeds germinated above 100℃. Picea koraiensis seeds are capable of tolerating an instantaneous (1min) high intense heat shock (150℃), and a light heat shock over short time periods(1min, 3min, 5min)for 80℃ (100℃ for 1min included) stimulated seed germination of Picea koraiensis. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Physiological and enzymatic alterations in sesame seeds submitted to different osmotic potentials.

With the imminence of global climate changes that affect the temperature and the rainfall uniformity, it is growing the concern about the adaptation of crops to the water deficit. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in physiological and enzymatic mechanisms during the germination process of sesame seeds under different water availability. To simulate the water restriction we used PEG6000, a high molecular weight molecule that does not penetrate the seed structure but allows different osmotic potentials. The treatments were -0.1, -0.2, and -0.3 MPa, and the control. Germination, first-count germination, germination velocity index, and length and dry mass of the hypocotyl and radicle were performed. The seeds were weighed before and after treatments every 3 h. After each weighing, 100 seeds were taken for analysis of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase, esterase, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), isocitrate lyase (ICL), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GTDH). The statistical design was completely randomized with five replications. PEG6000 prolonged ADH activity during the beginning of germination, maintaining the anaerobic metabolism for longer. Subsequently, their activity was reduced, as well as ICL, favoring the deterioration of the seeds that take the time to germinate. Behavior was evidenced by the appearance of SOD, CAT, and GTDH isoforms after 24 h of imbibition when water restriction was imposed. Therefore, the PEG600 is efficient in simulating water deficit conditions in future scenarios of climate change, offering impotent information regarding the germination behavior of the plants under these conditions.

Effect of Cassia occidentalis on Parthenium hysterophorus by way of secondary metabolites

Cassia occidentalis is an extensive growing weed in India with some medicinal value. It has been reported to show strong biochemical interaction causing inhibition of Parthenium hysterophorus which is an obnoxious weed of today. The present study was performed to confirm its inhibition on Parthenium. Biological parameters like Seed germination, Germination velocity index, Shoot length and Root length of 10 days old Parthenium seedlings was recorded. Fresh weight (FW), Dry weight (DW) and Relative water content% (RWC) was recorded after treating the mature Parthenium plant with various aqueous leaf leachates of Cassia occidentalis. Aqueous leaf leachates of Cassia occidentalis which were prepared in different concentrations showed significant inhibition in all biological parameters on Parthenium. This study gives a strong clue regarding the potential of suppressive effect of allelochemicals present in Cassia on Parthenium.

&lt;p&gt;High Frequency Pulsatile Electromagnetic Fields and Ultrasound Pulsatile Fields Impact on Germination Dynamic at &lt;i&gt;Ocimum basilicum&lt;/i&gt; L. and &lt;i&gt;O. basilicum&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;purpurascens&lt;/i&gt; Benth., Observed with Open Source Software’s&lt;/p&gt;

Basil (Ocimum sp.), generally knowned as 'king of herbs' due to its pharmaceutical and culinary properties, is considered to be a native plant derived from Africa and Asia. Ocimum sp. grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions with more than 50 species knowned till present time. Germination percent of Ocimum sp. is considered to be between 85-95%. Even though Ocimum sp. are considered to have fast germination velocity index (GVI), short mean germination time (MGT) and increased seedling vigor index (SVI) values, their experimental monitoring is done with specialized software's that are expensive. Low cost scientific solutions are keen on open source software germination protocols. For observing the accuracy of open source C.A.D. software's Ocimum sp. seeds where submitted to high frequency pulsatile electromagnetic fields (300 impulses/3 peak penetrance - 293 W) and ultrasound pulsatile fields (1/2 pulses by 0.5 W/cm2). All sequence images where taken using a positive/negative photo filter enhancing differences in seed development. At the end of the experiment all images where transformed into vector formats (dwg). On the dwg extension, selective free plug-ins such as Face Centroid and Area Properties help to collect data like seed development on X/Y scale, area, perimeter, no. of germinated seeds, length of seedling root, hypocotyl length.