Germination Percentage Research Articles

Effect of Seed Extraction Period and Germination Temperature on Viability of Pinus patula Under Controlled Conditions

A number of coniferous species have demonstrated varied cone responses to the temperature intensities for seed release and subsequent seed germination behaviour. This study investigated the interactions of cone physical characteristics (weight and width), exposure duration (6,12 and 24 hours) at a fixed extraction temperature (65°C) and the germination temperature (22, 27 and 32°C) on seed quality of Pinus patula. The experimental design was a factorial experiment (4×3×3) laid down in a completely randomized design (CRD), with thirty-six treatments replicated 3 times. Analysis of the difference in means from the three factor effects from ANOVA was performed using R Statistical software. Where significant differences were observed, post hoc tests were carried out to separate means using the Tukey test at 5 % significance level. Results showed significant (p=0.001) differences in germination performance as a result of cone characteristics, extraction exposure periods, and germination chamber conditions. Seeds extracted from heavy cones and exposed to germination temperature of 32℃ demonstrated the highest germination percent at 90% while the lowest was 20% from light cones exposed to similar germination temperature conditions. Negative and significant correlation coefficients were observed in germination of seeds from narrow and light cones, thus cone sorting for heavy and wide cones was recommended for better germination performance of P. patula seed germplasm.

Biochar Derived from Pond Apple (Annona glabra) as a Fertilizer to Enhance the Crop Yield: A Sustainable Approach

The intensive use of inorganic fertilizers causes many economic, ecological, and social issues around the world. In the search to discover an effective fertilizer, biochar has been in the spotlight in recent years. Hence, the present study was focused on utilizing biochar derived from pond apple (Annona glabra), which is an aquatic invasive plant as a fertilizer without harming the environment. A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effects of biochar on plant growth. Biochar was applied to soil and growth differences were identified by comparing it with the control. Banana pepper (Capsicum annum) was selected as the experimental plant. Plant growth parameters (seed germination percentage, growth rate, root length, and number of leaves) were measured to determine the effects of biochar on plant growth. In each pot, 5 seeds of C. annum were sowed and examined for 14 days to get the germinate percentages. The other plant growth parameters were recorded after 45 days. Biochar treated with soil showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in average growth rate (14.46±6.67%), root lengths (4.94±0.27 cm), and number of leaves (5.83±0.76) in comparison to the control while seed germination percentages were kept as same value. An optimizing process was carried out by increasing the amount of biochar (5%, 7%, 10% by weight) to determine the ideal amount of biochar on plant growth. Considering the average growth rate, the best result (21.43±1.01%) was shown in pot treated with 7% biochar by weight. Henceforth, the utilization of biochar derived from A. glabra as a fertilizer is an effective approach to enhance crop yield while limiting the spread of these invasive aquatic plants in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. As a result, the current study has suggested a green, sustainable strategy for the efficient use of aquatic invasive plants.
 
 Keywords: Biochar, Fertilizers, Plant growth, Aquatic invasive plant

Improving seed germination and seedling growth of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) by PGRs

Dragon fruit [Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton and Rose] is an exotic super fruit introduced in India. It can be naturally propagated through seeds and stem cuttings. Present study was carried out during 2018 to 2021 at Main Horticultural Research and Extension Centre (MHREC), College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkote, Karnataka to improve the efficiency of seed germination and seedling growth in dragon fruit using PGRs. The results showed that, there were significant differences among various treatments. Treatment 100 ppm GA3 recorded as the best treatment with respect to the parameters, viz. days taken for germination (10.60 days), germination percentage (87.00%), shoot length (10.27 cm), root length (8.06 cm), number of roots (6.20), seedling length (18.33 cm), seedling fresh weight (3.26 g), seedling dry weight (1.22 g) respectively at 90 days after sowing (DAS) and survival percentage (48%) than other treatments.

Effects of panicle position on seed viability and vigor in some selected castor seed accessions

Castor bean is widely cultivated around the world because of the commercial importance for its oil. The fruits of castor are set on a panicle-like structure called raceme. The racemes are classified into the primary, secondary and tertiary racemes as a result of their different time of initiation on the mother plant. The possibility that the raceme initiation points could affect seed viability attributes through its association with time to seed set exists. This study, therefore, determines variation in seed viability and vigor of seeds originating from different racemes positions on the same mother plant. The germination study was conducted in a screen house with 7 castor accessions using sand as a substratum. They were planted in the field under rain-fed conditions in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The castor seeds were planted in 3 rows plot with intra- and inter-row spacing of 1 m. Three seeds from each accession were sown per hole. The racemes were found to be statistically similar in terms of germination ability. However, secondary racemes had the highest mean (64.4%) for the germination percentage and germination rate index (GI) of 5.9. Accession NKAN had the higher germination ability with mean germination percentage of 68.9 and germination rate index (GI) of 6.4. In conclusion, the seed viability and vigor of castor seeds are not significantly affected by raceme positions on the mother plant.

Unveiling the Seed Storage Behavior for Conservation of Indian Olibanum: Boswellia serrata Roxb. Ex Coleb.

The study attempted to understand the storage behavior of Boswellia serrata Roxb. seeds; for which seeds were collected from three locations in the Shivalik region of the Himalayas during June 2021. Across the locations, the freshly collected seeds had an average moisture content (MC) of 10.06% and exhibited an average germination of 73%. When the seeds were further desiccated to MC 7%; the average germination was reduced to 51.33%. After this, desiccated seeds were stored hermetically at +5oC temperature for a period of 24 months, and periodic germination trials were conducted at an interval of 4 months. The average germination percentage was reduced from 73% to 13.67% during the storage period; the seed deterioration process and low temperature-induced chilling injury could be attributed to the reduced germination rate. Our results also revealed that the Pinjore seed source outperforms the other two sources in germination rate with an adjusted margin mean of 38.13. The insights derived from the study can aid in designing appropriate protocols for the conservation of the studied species.

Utjecaj vremena skladištenja na klijavost sjemena brucijskog bora (Pinus brutia Ten.)

In this study, seeds of the Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) species, which is most widely distributed in Turkey, were collected from the Anamur and Mersin regions in 2005 from four elevations: 0-400, 400-800, 800-1200 and above 1200 meters (m). These seeds were stored at +2-4 ºC and germinated at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 ºC in 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020, and the effect of storage time on germination percentage (GP) was investigated. According to the general average, there was no significant change in the GP of the seeds as the storage period increased. However, the effect of storage time on GP varied according to region, elevation and germination temperature. Especially in germination at 20 °C at lower elevations, the GP did not change much at the end of 15 years or largely maintained the 2005 germination rates. In the other zones, 80% of the initial germinations were obtained in most of the zones, although there was a slight decrease at the end of the storage period. At 15 ºC, the declines in germination were very insignificant in the first years in both sections, but became significant in the following years. At 25 ºC, the decline in germination was generally higher than at other germination temperatures, and the declines started from the 5th year onwards, and at the end of 15 years, germination declined between 38.0-61.0%. As a result, after 15 years of storage of Turkish pine seeds, it was observed that at 20 ºC the GP was significantly maintained, while at other germination temperatures, the decline in germination increased as the storage period increased. In the storage of the seeds of the species, the storage period should be determined by considering the region and elevation where the seeds were collected.

Mitigation of cadmium toxicity stress by magnetopriming during germination of soybean

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses a significant threat to food safety and agricultural production worldwide. Its solubility enables easy entry into plants, leading to reductions in seed germination, growth and crop yield. Thus, it is crucial to discover methods to alleviate the harmful impact of Cd on plant growth. Magnetopriming (MP) is a non-invasive and cost-effective technique that has been proposed to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. The current study investigated the potential of MP to improve the seed germination, early seedling growth and biochemical responses of soybean under Cd toxicity. Soybean seeds were magnetoprimed with static magnetic field (SMF) strength of 200 mT for 1 hour before germination. The unprimed and magnetoprimed seeds were grown under different concentrations of cadmium chloride (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 μM CdCl2) in Petri plates for five days in the dark at 25 + 1°C. The results revealed that Cd toxicity significantly reduced the germination percentage and inhibited the seedling growth parameters and increased oxidative stress, as determined by malondialdehyde (MDA) content in soybean seedlings from unprimed seeds. The inhibitory effect was increased with increasing concentration of Cd. However, MP remarkably increased the germination percentage, seedling growth parameters, activities of total amylase and protease, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and decreased MDA and proline content in germinating soybean seedlings at all concentrations of Cd. These findings suggest that MP can alleviate the adverse effects of Cd stress in soybean seedlings and increase the tolerance index towards Cd toxicity by enhancing the activity of amylotic and proteolytic enzymes and reducing oxidative stress.

Effect of Seed Biopriming on Germination & Seedling Attributes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The Study was conducted during Zaid season of 2022-2023 with IPC-05-59 genotype of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Find out the Effect of seed biopriming on germination & seedling attributes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). The design of experiment was Completely Randomized Design comprising treatments [viz.T0-uninoculatedT1-Bacillus sp, T2- Mesorhizobium sp., T3- Pseudomonas sp, T4- Bacillus sp(0.5)+ Mesorhizobium sp.(0.5),T5- Pseudomonas sp.(0.5)+ Mesorhizobium sp.(0.5), T6- Bacillus sp.(0.5)+Pseudomonas sp(0.5).+ Mesorhizobium sp.(0.5), T7- Bacillus sp,T8- Mesorhizobium sp, T9- Pseudomonas sp, T10- Bacillus sp.(0.5) + Mesorhizobium sp(0.5),T11-Pseudomonas sp. (0.5)+ Mesorhizobiumsp(0.5),T12- Bacillus sp.(0.5) + Pseudomonas sp. (0.5) + Mesorhizobium sp. (0.5) . The treated seeds along with control were evaluated for their morpho-physiological, growth, yield, root parameters and biochemical parameters under laboratory conditions, The study revealed that seeds biopriming techniques with Bacillus sp.(0.5)+ Pseudomonas sp(0.5).+ Mesorhizobium sp.(0.5) concentration @ 1.0ml for 1 hours T6 recorded significantly higher germination percent (93%), rate of germination (5.38), mean germination time (11.16), root length (11.73cm),shoot length(13.27cm),seedling length(25.00cm), fresh weight (7.91gm),dry weight (1.62gm), vigor index-I (2324.91), vigor index – II (135.82), seed density (1.27), electrical conductivity (0.817), seed metabolic efficiency (1.018). which was followed by seedprimingwithT12- Bacillus sp (0.5) +Pseudomonas sp (0.5) +Mesorhizobium sp (0.5) @ 1.5ml for 2 hours and minimum was recorded in T0 (control).

Application of Plant Aqueous Extracts on Yield and Quality Parameters of Soybean Seeds (Glycine max L.)

Background: In order to reduce the use of synthetic and chemical agents in agriculture, more and more research is turning to ecological, more environmentally friendly methods. Plant aqueous extracts are products that can be a significant source of various elements, depending on the type and quality of soil on which the plant species from which the solution is prepared is grown. Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aqueous extracts of different plant species on the yield and quality parameters of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.). Aqueous extracts of: nettle, nettle+comfrey, banana, banana peel, onion, willow and soybeans were used foliarly. The 1st foliar treatment plants was done when first flowers opened and the 2nd treatment was done when first pod reached final length. Result: The effect of aqueous extracts depends on the agroecological conditions and the analyzed traits. In 2020 the greatest effect was achieved on the free proline, SOD, Px and CAT. In 2021 the application of certain aqueous extracts had a significant effect on the yield, gerimination energy, germination percentage and vigour seed.

The germination response of Zea mays L. to osmotic potentials across optimal temperatures via halo-thermal time model

The maize (Zea mays L.) is a monocot that is a member of the Poaceae family and a valuable feed for livestock, human food, and raw material for various industries. The halothermal time model determines how plants respond to salt (NaCl) stress under sub-optimal conditions. This model examines the relation between NaClb (g), GR, GP, salinity and temperature stress on germination of seeds dynamics in various crops. Five constant temperatures i.e. 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C and five ψ levels (NaCl concentrations converted to ψ − 0, − 0.2, − 0.4, − 0.6, and − 0.8 MPa) were used in this experiment. In light of the results, the maximum halo-thermal time constant value was recorded at 35 °C temperature, while maximum germination percentage was detected at 30 °C in the controlled condition. Moreover, the lowermost value was recorded at 20 °C at − 0.8 MPa osmotic potential. The highest CAT, APX, and GPX activities were recorded at 15 °C at − 0.8 MPa, while the lowest values were observed for 0 MPa at 30 °C temperature. In conclusion, by employing the halo thermal time model, the germination of maize variety (var.30W52) was accurately predicted for the first time under varying levels of temperature and osmotic potentials.

Difference in Germination Traits between Congeneric Native and Exotic Species May Affect Invasion.

Germination traits are components of invasion potential, and comparing seed traits in sympatric native and invasive species can offer insights into the invasion process. We characterized seed germination traits and how they influenced the success of Eragrostis mexicana, a native species, and Eragrostis tenuifolia, an exotic species (Poaceae) in Mexico, in the context of their potential for biological invasion. Seeds from both species were collected from four sites in a natural protected area in Mexico City, and the germination of seeds of different ages was conducted in experiments at different temperatures. E. tenuifolia exhibited higher germination percentages than the native E. mexicana across all treatments. Seed age had differential effects, with older seeds of the native E. mexicana germinating better, while E. tenuifolia performed better with younger seeds. Temperature positively impacted germination for both species, although E. mexicana was limited at lower temperatures. Exotic E. tenuifolia can germinate over a wider temperature range with earlier germination rates, and generate a seed bank lasting several years, which may contribute to naturalization. The importance of germination traits in the context of invasive species establishment underscores the potential role of seed banks in facilitating biological invasions.

Effect of seed priming on germination parameters of Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.) under laboratory conditions

The current experiment was conducted during 2020-21 at the Microbiology Laboratory, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station Bawal to examine the impact of bio-inoculants and chemicals seed priming on bael seed germination. There were 15 seed priming treatments i.e., control, IBA @ 100 ppm and 50 ppm for 24 hours, NAA @ 50 and 100 ppm for 24 hours, GA3 @ 50 and 100 ppm for 24 hours, KNO3 @ 1 per cent for 24 hours, Azotobacter (HT 54) for 30 minutes, Trichoderma viride for 30 minutes, Rhizobium (CK 16) for 30 minutes, PSB (P 36) for 30 minutes, hot water for 30 minutes, nitric acid for 3 minutes, sulphuric acid for 3 minutes. Among different seed priming treatments, shortest germination time (12.7 days) was recorded with sulphuric acid for 3 minutes in agar medium at 28 ⁰C under laboratory conditions and the highest germination percentage (83.3 %), dry weight per seedling (153.2 mg), seedling length (12.2 cm) and vigour index I (976) and II (12256) were observed when bael seeds primed with GA3 @ 100 ppm for 24 hours under laboratory conditions.

Adaptation to lead in a Pb/Zn-mine population of Marrubium cuneatum

Marrubium cuneatum is an endemic Iranian plant species, which can be found in lead-contaminated environments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lead on the growth and germination in two M. cuneatum populations, from metalliferous, Pb-contaminated and uncontaminated soil, respectively. Soil and plant samples of the Tang-e Douzan Pb-Zn mine and Morghab Spring (non-contaminated site) were collected and analysed. Germination and growth were recorded under increasing Pb exposure in the non-metallicolous (NM) and the metallicolous (M) local M. cuneatum populations. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), healthy plant percentage (HPP), seedling death (SD), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), were measured. Primary assessments showed toxic levels of lead in soil samples of the Tang-e Douzan mine and in leaves of plants growing at the mine site. Germination experiments showed that the germination parameters were stimulated by low concentrations of Pb in both populations, but inhibited by high concentrations. However, the adverse effects of Pb at high concentrations on GP, GI, and HPP were significantly less in the M population. The mortality of germinating seeds (SD) was consistently associated with fungal infection, which gradually decreased with increasing Pb exposure, but to the same degree in both populations. Growth experiments clearly demonstrated Pb hypertolerance in the M population. In the NM population, seedling growth is more sensitive to excess Pb than seed germination, compared to the M population. The M population has high biomass and a relatively high Pb accumulation in its shoots, which suggests it is a suitable candidate for phyto-extraction of Pb.

Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella

Background Entomopathogenic fungi exists naturally in plants as an asymptote and have the potential to reduce the population of insect pests through indirect interactions. This study was conducted to detect and characterize the endophytic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants and their virulence effect on Galleria melonella. Methods From the rhizosphere soil of 40 tomato fields, three Beauveria bassiana and seven Metarhizium robertsii isolates were isolated using the galleria bait method. All fungi isolate were morphologically characterized by their colony color, shape, and surface texture. Isolates with the highest percentages of germination, conidial yield, and radial growth were selected, and their virulence was evaluated on second instar larvae of Galleria melonella under laboratory conditions. Results In this study, Beauveria bassiana showed white colony color and aseptate hyphae, whereas Metarhizium robertsii showed dark green to light green colony color and septate hyphal structures. Maximum spore production and conidial length were obtained by Beauveria bassiana isolate APPRC-27 with 2.67x107 spores ml-1 and 3.24 µm, respectively. Colony radial growth rates ranged from 1.73 to 3.24 mm day-1. The results revealed that the highest mortality rate of Galleria melonella (100%) was obtained by Metarhizium robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 at a concentration of 1x108 conidial ml-1 at 7 days post-inoculation. The lowest mortality rate was registered by Metarhizium robertsii isolate RST-11. Conclusions In the present study, isolates that produced the most spores and had the highest germination rates were the most virulent to Galleria mellonella second instar larvae. Therefore, virulent entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, are promising bioagents for the control of insect pests.

Physiological and molecular changes of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds under different aging conditions

BackgroundOnion seeds have limited storage capacity compared to other vegetable seeds. It is crucial to identify the mechanisms that induce tolerance to storage conditions and reduce seed deterioration. To address this goal, an experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in germination, biochemical, physiological, and molecular characteristics of onion seed landraces (Horand, Kazerun landraces and Zargan cultivar) at different aging levels (control, three-days and six-days accelerated aging, and natural aging for one year).ResultsThe findings suggest that there was an increase in glucose, fructose, total sugar, and electrolyte leakage in the Horand (HOR), Kazerun (KAZ) landraces, and Zarghan (ZAR) cultivar, with Kazerun exhibiting the greatest increase. The percentage and rate of germination of Kazerun decreased by 54% and 33%, respectively, in six-day accelerated aging compared to the control, while it decreased by 12% and 14%, respectively, in Horand. Protein content decreased with increasing levels of aging, with a decrease of 26% in Kazerun landrace at six days of aging, while it was 16% in Horand landrace. The antioxidant activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased more intensively in Kazerun. The expression of AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes were lower in Kazerun landraces than in Horand and Zargan at different aging levels.ConclusionsThe AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes play a pivotal role in onion seed germination, and their downregulation under stressful conditions has been shown to decrease germination rates. In addition, the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx enzymes decreased by seed aging, and the amount of glucose, fructose, total sugar and electrolyte leakage increased, which ultimately led to seed deterioration. Based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended to conduct further studies into the molecular aspects involved in onion seed deterioration. More research on the genes related to this process is suggested, as well as investigating the impact of different priming treatments on the genes expression involved in the onion seed aging process.

Response of gamma irradiation on germination and seedling growth of green gram var. GAM 8

Being a pulse crop, green gram has huge scope in crop improvement in terms of productivity and other yield related parameters. Genetic variability is a preferable option for breeders in breeding programme for varietal development programme and others crop improvement aspect. The present investigation was framed to create the variability in mung bean var. GAM 8 during the seedling period through gamma (γ) irradiation. The significant variation was observed in germination percentage and it was found that dose dependent relationship between the germination rate and dose. Significantly minimum germination percentage (22.38 %) was observed in 700 Gy but optimal lethal dose (LD50) calculated through Probit analysis based on germination percentage was revealed at 540.26 Gy. Data revealed that γ irradiation had significantly reduced the seedling growth parameters such as shoot length (10.05 cm), shoot dry weight (19.68 mg), seedling length (13.90 cm), vigour index I (311.01) and II (509.01) was registered in 700 Gy while minimum root length (3.83 cm) was occurred in 600 Gy γ irradiation. Growth reduction (GR) 50 and 30 with respect to the seedling length was occurred respectively at 1093.79 and 1469.74 Gy. Therefore, this finding as the source of genetic variability would be used in future breeding and crop improvement programme like enhancement of yield potentiality and stress management in mung bean var. GAM 8.

Various treatments to overcome dormancy of jernang rattan seeds (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.)

Jernang rattan is a resin known as “dragon’s blood” and belongs to e family arecaceae. Its uses vary, including being a source of supply for the ceramics, jewelry, glass, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. This study is to determine the germination response of rattan jernang seeds (Daemonorops didymophylla Becc.) in various treatments of dormancy of rattan jernang seeds. The research was conducted in Silangit, Siborongborong District, North Tapanuli Regency, starting from April 2023 to July 2023. The study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment factors are: P0 (seeds without treatment / control), P1 (soaking seeds with ordinary water 24 hours), P2 (scarification of seeds / sanding), P3 (soaking seeds with KNO3 0.5% 24 hours) and P4 (soaking seeds with coconut water 24 hours). The parameters observed are growth potential, germination test includes the percentage of normal sprouts and the percentage of dead sprouts. The conclusions were obtained soaking treatment of rattan jernang seeds in 0.5% KNO3 solution for 24 hours had a very real effect on on the percentage of germination, the percentage of normal sprouts and the percentage of dead sprouts.

Stimulating Genetic Variability on Growth And Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Using Sodium Azide

As interest in mutant breeding grows, so does the amount of study being done on employing mutagens to induce mutations for genetic variety. As a result, breeders' only means of producing variety is through mutation breeding. An experiment was conducted to induce genetic variability using sodium azide on varieties of okra (Ablemoschus esculentus). Okra seeds were treated with different sodium azide concentrations (0mM, 2mM, 4mM, and 6mM). The research was carried out at the Department of Agronomy Federal University Dutsin-ma. The objectives of the research were to evaluate the effect of sodium azide (NaN3) on the growth and yield of okra, identify the mutagen that induces beneficial mutation with minimum lethality, select the variety of okra that produce the best mutants in terms of yield and agronomic traits. The pre-soaking of okra seed in distilled water, treatment with mutagen, seed germination test, and germination percentage were done in the laboratory. The treated and the control seeds were planted in nylon bags on the field. Each treatment was in three replications. The field layout was Completely Randomized design (CRD). The result revealed that plots treated with 2mM, 4mM, and 6mM of sodium azide recorded decreased growth, yield, and yield components with an increase in concentrations of the mutagens in okra varieties studied in comparison with untreated plots. However, treatment with 2mM and 4mM performed better than those treated with 6mM. Therefore, treatment with a low concentration of Sodium Azide is recommended for the okra varieties used in this research

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by charcoal–alginate immobilized bacterial consortium isolated from pesticide-polluted Kuzhikandam Creek, Kerala, India

Chlorpyrifos, one of the most frequent organophosphorus pesticides, has been linked to major health problems and widespread environmental degradation. It is imperative to remove this herbicide from its point source of contamination since the risk of their off-site migration poses a health concern to non-target organisms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos 20% emulsifiable concentration (EC) utilizing a consortium of bacteria that had previously been isolated from a pesticide-contaminated site and are chlorpyrifos tolerant (S27I and S28I). Free cells and immobilized cells with chlorpyrifos as the only carbon source were used to analyze the biodegradation. Charcoal–alginate and kaolin–alginate were the immobilization matrices employed in the investigation. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer analysis, the degradation of chlorpyrifos was investigated. When compared to free cells, immobilized bacterial isolates showed the greatest amount of biodegradation in the investigation. Consortium (C1) among the isolates degraded chlorpyrifos most quickly compared to S27I and S28I. The study also examined the toxicity of chlorpyrifos at doses of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm on the green gram seeds’ morphological parameters. Increased chlorpyrifos concentrations resulted in appreciable variations in the germination percentage, shoot length, and root length. The green gram germination study was used to evaluate the detoxification of chlorpyrifos following its breakdown.

Biopriming of cayenne seed (Capsicum frutescens L.) using Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) - producing fluorescent pseudomonads to increase germination and growth of seeds

Capsicum frutescens L. is one of the horticultural commodities that plays an important role as food and industrial raw materials. The amount of chili consumption continues to increase, so its production requires quality seeds. The physiological quality of seeds can be improved, one of which is by using fluorescent pseudomonads as biopriming. The fluorescent pseudomonads LAHLS1, LAHT1, LAHCS2, and PfPb3 produced Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) with concentrations between 5.37 to 20.31 ppm, and were significantly different. Biopriming of C. frutescens L. seeds using different fluorescent pseudomonad isolates affected the percentage of germination, wet weight and dry weight of C. frutescens L. seedlings. Fluorescent pseudomonads LAHLS1, LAHT1, LAHCS2, and PfPb3 can increase the percentage of C. frutescens L. seed germination up to 100%. The highest seedling wet weight (43.52 mg) was found in seed biopriming using fluorescent pseudomonad LAHLS1 and the lowest was control (12.33 mg). The highest seedling dry weight (4.40 mg) was found in seed biopriming using fluorescent pseudomonad LAHLS1, and the lowest was control (0.93 mg). The results showed the potential use of IAA-producing fluorescent pseudomonads in increasing the percentage of seed germination and influencing the growth of C. frutescens L. seedlings based on observations of wet weight and dry weight of seeds.