Germination Of Radish Research Articles

Toxicity of paper mill pelletized waste using germination and biomass production as bioindicators

The use of wood residues to produce energy and steam in the pulp and paper industry generates ash waste and sewage sludge that contain nutrients for plants as a potential fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of pelletized waste from the pulp and paper industry using bioindicators. Two controlled experiments were conducted with radish seeds and perennial ryegrass seeds: an experiment to determine the germination index and root growth in soil extracts incubated with pelletized waste, and a pot experiment with ryegrass seeds sown in an amended Alfisol with pelletized wastes in which aerial and root biomass production was determined. The results indicate that the Alfisol amended with pelletized waste did not exhibit any acute or sub-acute toxic effects in radish germination. None of the evaluated pellets showed evidence of deterioration in root elongation, including at a 40 Mg ha-1 dose. The highest root growth was with pellet 2, with ash and sludge at the 40 Mg ha-1 dose, which was higher than that in the control treatment (p<0.05). Seed germination was between 93.9% and 100%. The highest ryegrass aerial biomass occurred with pellets 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Pelletized waste from the paper industry exhibited neither mild nor acute effects of toxicity in both radish seed germination and aerial and root biomass production of ryegrass sown in degraded soil.

Macroscopic effects of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide on edible plant growth

Several products with antimicrobial properties have been developed taking into account human health. Silver, titanium and other metal-based particles can be incorporated into fabrics and plastics in order to prevent microbial growth on their surfaces. The widespread use of these products raises environmental interest, since those metals can lixiviate from the material and reach water and soil, contaminating plants, animals and, at high doses, can cause hazardous effects. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles adsorbed on fumed silica (AgNp) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in root growth and morphology of onion (Allium cepa L.) and seed germination, root growth and morphology of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The toxicological behavior of the particles was assayed using standard cytotoxic tests. AgNp and TiO2 induced root growth inhibition of onion even at a concentration as low as 0.001mgL−1. TiO2 lead to a reduction in root growth of radish while AgNp improved the root growth. The results are in agreement with those found in the literature, with regards to each plant having a specific response to different metal nanoparticles. More studies must be performed to understand the effect of nanoparticles in toxicity of edible plants.

Lactic acid fermentation of human urine to improve its fertilizing value and reduce odour emissions

During storage of urine, urea is biologically decomposed to ammonia, which can be lost through volatilization and in turn causes significant unpleasant smell. In response, lactic acid fermentation of urine is a cost-effective technique to decrease nitrogen volatilization and reduce odour emissions. Fresh urine (pH = 5.2–5.3 and NH4+-N = 1.2–1.3 g L−1) was lacto-fermented for 36 days in closed glass jars with a lactic acid bacterial inoculum from sauerkraut juice and compared to untreated, stored urine. In the lacto-fermented urine, the pH was reduced to 3.8–4.7 and the ammonium content by 22–30%, while the pH of the untreated urine rose to 6.1 and its ammonium content increased by 32% due to urea hydrolysis. The concentration of lactic acid bacteria in lacto-fermented urine was 7.3 CFU ml−1, suggesting that urine is a suitable growth medium for lactic acid bacteria. The odour of the stored urine was subjectively perceived by four people to be twice as strong as that of lacto-fermented samples. Lacto-fermented urine induced increased radish germination compared to stored urine (74–86% versus 2–31%). Adding a lactic acid bacterial inoculum to one week old urine in the storage tanks in a urine-diverting dry toilet reduced the pH from 8.9 to 7.7 after one month, while the ammonium content increased by 35%, probably due to the high initial pH of the urine. Given that the hydrolyzed stale urine has a high buffering capacity, the lactic acid bacterial inoculum should be added to the urine storage tank of a UDDT before urine starts to accumulate there to increase the efficiency of the lactic acid fermentation.

Effects of Copper on Germination and Seedling Growth of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Effects of Copper on Germination and Seedling Growth of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Treatment of Source-Separated Human Feces via Lactic Acid Fermentation Combined with Thermophilic Composting

ABSTRACTHuman feces from urine diverting dry toilets can serve as valuable soil conditioners. For a successful agricultural application, an efficient pathogen reduction needs to be ensured, with no negative effects on plants. This study assessed the efficiency of lacto-fermentation combined with thermophilic composting on pathogen removal from human feces and the post-treatment effects on germination and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) and tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) compared to lacto-fermentation combined with vermi-composting and the control. The NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratio of 3.0 and 3.6, respectively, suggested the obtained compost and vermi-compost was not yet mature. A complete reduction in the concentration of all investigated bacterial indicators (i.e., coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens) from 5–7 log CFU g−1 to below detection limit (<3 log CFU g−1) was achieved after lacto-fermentation combined with thermophilic composting. Lacto-fermentation combined with vermi-composting also contributed to pathogen die-off, but coliform bacteria were reduced to only 5 log CFU g−1. Fertilization of seeds of radish by compost obtained after lacto-fermentation combined with thermophilic composting led to a higher germination index than by the vermicast obtained by lacto-fermentation and vermi-composting (90% versus 84%). Moreover, significantly bigger average fruit weight and total biomass per tomato plant (p < 0.05) were obtained after compost amendment compared to vermicast or the control.

Preparation of Compost Tea and its Utility as a Plant Growth Promoter

In the present study, the utility of the compost tea prepared from organic waste compost was evaluated as plant growth promoter. The collected compost was analyzed for their physiochemical and biological parameters. The results indicated that the compost was stable and mature. The two-different yeast were isolated from the compost and studied for their plant growth promoting (PGP) traits viz. enzyme activities, phosphate and zinc solubilisation, ammonia excretion, HCN production, indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Furthermore, compost tea was prepared from compost using aerated extraction method and analyzed for water soluble nitrogen (WSN) and water soluble carbon (WSC). The prepared compost tea was fortified with the isolated yeast strains to enhance their efficiency on the seed germination of commercial vegetable plants viz. radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Solanum lycosersicum) and chilli (Capsicum annuum). The results suggested that the fortified compost tea enhanced the seed germination of radish, tomato and chilli by 92 %, 97 % and 89 % respectively as compared to compost tea and control.

Comparison of allelopathic potential of Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) using radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as an indicator plant

Allelopathy is the direct influence of an organic substances released from one plant on the growth and development of other plants. To avoid the hazardous and indiscriminate use of chemicals for weed control in paddy fields much concerns were deposited on proper assessment and manipulation of allelopathic properties of rice plants. There is a huge variation in allelopathic potential among rice varieties. Therefore, in this experiment relay seeding technique without soil (experiment 1) and with soil as a medium (experiment 2) were conducted under laboratory condition to observe and screen the allelopathic potential of selected Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties on seed germination, shoot and root length and dry matter production of radish ( Raphanus sativus ) as a phototoxic sensitive test crop. Significant differences (p≤0.05) were observed among different rice varieties in terms of seed germination and growth inhibition of radish. The dry weight accumulation of rice cultivars ranged from 12.5-76.3% in experiment 1 and 15.9-79.9% in experiment 2. All tested varieties of rice performed inhibitions to studied characters of radish. In both experiments, the highest dry weight reductions were noticed with rice varieties Pachchaperumal and Herathbanda . Both the evaluation methods were positively correlated in determining percent reduction in all the measured parameters of radish. According to the results it can be concluded that the al-lelopathic potential of rice varieties varies in a very broad range and out of varieties tested Pachaperumal and Herathbanda showed highest allelopathic potential against radish growth.

Assessment of resistance of soddy-calcareous typical soils of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus to chemical contamination

Based on laboratory modeling, a conclusion has been made that contamination of soddy-calcareous typical soil of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus by Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil results in its poorer biological properties. The total number of bacteria drops, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase and celluloselytic activity become smaller, the amount of bacteria of the Azotobacter genus decreases, and the parameters of germination and initial growth of radish become poorer. With respect to the adverse effect on the biological properties of the investigates soil, heavy metals may be arranged into the following series: Cr > Cu ≥ Ni = Pb. Qualitative benchmarks of the regional maximum permissible contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil in soddycalcareous typical soils of this region were determined on the basis of changes in ecological soil functions.

Bioherbicidal activity of a germacranolide sesquiterpene dilactone from Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

ABSTRACTAmbrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is an invasive plant whose allelopathic properties have been suggested by its field behaviour and demonstrated through phytotoxicity bioassays. However, the nature of the molecules responsible for the allelopathic activity of common ragweed has not been explored. The main objective of this study was to identify the phytotoxic molecules produced by A. artemisiifolia. A preliminary investigation has indicated that a methanol extract of A. artemisiifolia completely inhibited the germination of cress and radish. Semi-preparative fractionation of the methanol extract allowed separating of phytotoxic fraction which contained a single compound. The structure of this compound was elucidated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS, high-resolution mass spectral, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectra as sesquiterpene lactone isabelin (C15H16O4). The effect of pure isabelin was tested on four different weed species, confirming the inhibitory activity of molecule. The results indicate directions for the future studies about herbicidal specific activity of isabelin, as pure molecule or in the crude extract, as a potential candidate for biological weed control.

Germination and initial development of canola and radish submitted to castor leaves aqueous extracts

This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic activity of aqueous extracts of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) leaves on germination and initial growth of canola (Brassica napus L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings. Two experiments were conducted, usingcanola seeds for the first, which was installed in a 2x7 factorial scheme (with two photoperiods – dark and light and seven extracts concentrations - 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32%). The second experiment consisted of an evaluation of radish seed germination submitted to seven concentrations of the extracts in the dark photoperiod. The germination of the canola seeds was reduced in the dark, and the use of extracts at concentrations of 16% and 32%inhibited seeds germination for both studied photoperiods. The radish seed germination was completely inhibited when the concentration of 32% was used, however, at the concentrations of 4, 8 and 16% a reduction on rootand hypocoyl development of the seedlings were observed, affirming the high allelopathic potential of castor bean aqueous extracts on canola and radish.

Comparison of the allelopathic effects and uptake of Fallopia japonica phytochemicals by Raphanus sativus

SummaryFallopia japonica (Japanese Knotweed) is a prolific invader possessing several potentially allelopathic chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine whether four of these compounds inhibit the germination and growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. Seeds were planted in potting soil and grown under glasshouse conditions for 2 weeks and the phytochemicals were gradually added to the soil over the course of the study. For all phytochemicals, there was no significant reduction in germination, plant heights, leaf widths or leaf lengths. However, plants treated with resveratrol, emodin and (–)‐epicatechin had significantly shorter root lengths than the control. Seedlings were dried and extracts were prepared with methanol. Extracts were tested via fluorescence spectrophotometry for uptake of the chemicals. Polydatin was detected at the highest concentration, with resveratrol and emodin detected at much lower concentrations. (–)‐Epicatechin was below the limits of detection. These results suggest that F. japonica may negatively impact the growth of other species and that multiple chemicals work together to give the plant a competitive advantage.

Selection of maturity indices for compost derived from grape pomace

Compost quality is usually determined through chemical composition and sanitary parameters; however it is necessary to determine more precise maturity indices. The objective of this work was to identify sensitive properties to measure compost maturity using a novel approach based on quality indices. Nine mature compost piles were sampled and analyzed for extractable and total elements, NH4-N/NO3-N, electrical conductivity, C/N ratio, humic and fulvic fractions, hydrolytic enzyme activities, radish germination, respiration CO2 and microbiological parameters. The results indicated that humic acid: fulvic acid ratio, total bacteria count, and hydrolytic enzyme activities were sensitive parameters to define compost maturity and more specific tools to explain microbial activity and humification degree along the curing phase. The proposed model could be used to evaluate compost maturity with good reliability.

Effect of compost of Parthenium hysterophorus on seed germination and survival of radish (Raphanus sativus): a comparative study

Seed germination and survival of radish ( Raphanus sativus) in soil affected with inorganic chemical fertilizers and in Parthenium compost was observed and a comparative study was made. Synthetic chemical fertilizers are indiscriminately used these days, which have several deleterious long term effects on environment and human health. Nitrogen and phosphate-based synthetic fertilizers leach into groundwater, causing water pollution. They also damage the natural makeup of soil in the long term. Therefore, integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients will not only supply essential nutrients to the soil but may also have some synergistic interaction to increase their efficiency and thereby, reduce environment hazards.

Single and Joint Toxicity of Sulfamonomethoxine and Cadmium on Three Agricultural Crops

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in an agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Chinese cabbage (Solanum lycopersicum), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated. The results showed that the root and shoot elongation were significantly affected under the contamination condition (P < 0.05). In the single-factor experiments, the toxic effect of SMM on crops was much stronger than that of Cd. In the joint effects of SMM and Cd, the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root/shoot elongation of the three crops were complicated, while SMM and Cd had significantly (P < 0.05) synergic effects on root/shoot elongation of the three crops. At the low concentration of SMM, SMM and Cd had significantly (P < 0.05) synergic effects on root/shoot elongation of the three crops, but antagonistic effects were found when the concentration of SMM was high.

Russian

In model experiments the use of hydrogel in light-brown soils increased the germination of radish by 85 %. When light-brown soils are used rationally in non-irrigated conditions, the amount of organic carbon in them is higher than in the virgin lands. The structural state of the soil is improved by the hydrogel, especially under irrigation. The use of the hydrogel improves morphological characteristics of the soil, increases its wetness and the presence of worms. The maximum amount of organic carbon was found in the non-irrigated conditions (boghara) in the variant with the gel. The weight of the radish in irrigated conditions (drop irrigation) is higher, especially when using the gel. Irrigation without gel improves soil criterion and its productivity in comparison with boghara (no gel). Boghara with gel improves the parameters under examination more effectively than irrigation without gel.

Remediation of saline soils by a two-step process: Washing and amendment with sludge

Soil salinization is a serious land-degradation problem that affects soil, plants and groundwater within ecosystems. In this work, the effect of washing saline–sodic soils with CaCl2 at 2% (w/v) and amendment with composted and dry sewage sludge was evaluated in a remediation assay. The effectiveness of amendments to improve the soil fertility was investigated with seed germination assays of Raphanus sativus L. Two different organic wastes were used: sewage sludge composted with pruning wastes (CP) and thermally dried sewage sludge (T) at rates of 1 and 2% (w/v) on organic matter basis. In general, there was an increase of germination percentage in the amended washed soils. The best indices were obtained at the 1% amendment dose with CP. The low exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in washed–amended soil (3 to 6 times lower than that of saline–sodic soil) could partially explain the increase in seed germination percentage of R. sativus L. The incorporation of organic amendments to washed soil also seemed to be beneficial as a step in the restoration process according to the chemical characteristics, especially by increasing the level of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. A significant multiple linear regression of radish germination index in terms of pH values, sodium adsorption ratio of soil (SAR), and different forms of nitrogen (NH4+ and NO2−) was found.Overall, saline–sodic soil washing with CaCl2 followed by addition of organic amendments seems to be a promising strategy for restoration of such soils with simultaneous improvements of cation balance and nutrient/organic matter contents.

Allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis on seedling growth of radish, semen cassiae and black soyabean

The allelopathic potential of Rhus chinensis Mill on seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), semen cassiae (seed of Cassia obtusifolia L.) and black soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was investigated under laboratory conditions. The water extracts of seed, leaf and bark of R. chinensis inhibited the germination and the growth of roots and shoots of radish, semen cassiae, and black soyabean. Significant increasing reductions in the germination and growth of roots and shoots were observed as the concentration of water extract increased in all bioassays. The order of allelopathic potentials of the three parts from R. chinensis plant on seed germination of these receptors was leaf > seed > bark. However, the inhibition of water extracts from R. chinensis seed on root activity of semen cassiae was more severe than from the other two parts. The allelopathic potential on the germination of radish was higher than that of black soyabean and semen cassiae. The integrated effect index for allelopathic potential of water extracts of leaf of R. chinensis on radish, semen cassiae and black soyabean seedling growth were −0.88, −0.93 and −0.98 respectively. The results suggested that it is important to minimize the negative allelopathic potential of R. chinensis in agroforestry systems, and to exploit this traditional Chinese medicinal tree for the production of natural bio-pesticides.

Pharmacological activities of selected wild mushrooms in South Waziristan (FATA), Pakistan

This study investigates the pharmacological importance of selected wild mushrooms viz., Morchella esculenta (common morel), Calvatia gigantea (Giant puffball) and Astraeus hygrometricus (False earthstar) collected from South Waziristan Agency, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan. The selected mushrooms were collected from Tehsil Makeen, Wana and Birmal of South Waziristan Agency during a sampling survey conducted in April–May 2010. The dry fruiting bodies of mushrooms were methanol extracted and evaluated for total phenolic, protein, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and their effects on radish seed growth. The results revealed that methanol crude extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of A. hygrometricus and C. gigantea have higher phenolic content and total antioxidant activity as well as greater brine shrimp cytotoxicity. On the other hand, M. esculenta has a high level of protein content and promoted seedling growth in radish. Antioxidant activity for A. hygrometricus, C. gigantea and M. esculenta at IC50 values were: 9.3±0.3μg/ml, 22.2±0.3μg/ml and 18.0±0.1μg/ml, respectively. Methanolic extract of C. gigantea (10mg/ml) reduced the seed germination and shoot length of radish by 16%. In contrast, the methanolic extract (10mg/ml) of M. esculenta and C. gigantea enhanced the shoot length, root length and root/shoot ratio of radish. Higher LC50 value was recorded for methanolic extract of A. hygrometricus (19.0±0.3μg/ml) followed by M. esculenta (17±0.19μg/ml), whereas methanolic extract of C. gigantea showed lower LC50 value (16±0.23μg/ml). It is inferred from the present investigation that mushrooms collected from South Waziristan could be potential source of compounds with beneficial biological activities.

English

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts from mature leaves, stem bark and roots of Drimys brasiliensis Miers on germination and initial seedling development of two target species, Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish). The aqueous extract was prepared in a proportion of 10 g of plant powder, dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water, resulting in a 10% extract concentrate. Dilutions were made with distilled water to 7.5; 5.0; 2.5% and 0% (control). Germination and seedling growth bioassays were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. The different plant parts exerted inhibitory effects on germination and early growth of wheat and radish, however, the extract obtained from the leaves was more effective in inhibiting the germination of radish. All plant parts of D. brasiliensis may constitute a promising source in the search for compounds capable of acting as natural phytotoxins.

Chaetominine, (+)-alantrypinone, questin, isorhodoptilometrin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde produced by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. YL-6 inhibit wheat (Triticum aestivum) and radish (Raphanus sativus) germination

Five phytotoxic substances with allelopathic activity were isolated from endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. YL-6 habited in Pleioblastus amarus. The chemical structures of these substances were determined as chaetominine (1), (+)-alantrypinone (2), questin (3), isorhodoptilometrin (4), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5) by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. The potential allelopathic effects of compounds 1–5 were evaluated on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and radish (Raphanus sativus). Under lab condition, at concentrations of 10 and 20 ppm, compounds 1–5 inhibit the germination and growth of the two tested seeds completely. An idole-3-acetic acid (IAA) derivative, (+)-alantrypinone (2) displayed the best inhibitory effects on radish seeds among these tested compounds with the similar activity as the positive control glyphosate, a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide. In the further evaluation of compounds 1–5, Questin (3), an anthraquinone derivative, can inhibit shoot and root elongation of wheat, the inhibitory effects assessed were similar to the positive control glyphosate.