Germination Of Peanut Research Articles

Influence of Prohexadione Calcium on Pod Yield and Pod Loss of Peanut

Excessive vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can make digging and inverting operations less efficient. Reducing vine growth by applying a suitable plant growth regulator would be an efficient way to manage peanut vines. Pod yield, market grade factors, and gross economic value of peanut treated with prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5‐dioxo‐4 propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) were evaluated at 19 sites in North Carolina during 1999 and 2000. Experiments were also conducted at two locations each during 1999 and 2000 to determine the effect of prohexadione Ca, digging date, and lifting (shaking peanut vines after digging to remove soil before combining) on combined yield, market grade factors, gross economic value, seed germination, and pod loss of the virginia market‐type cultivar NC 12C. Prohexadione Ca at 140 g a.i. ha−1, applied at 50% row closure and repeated 2 wk later, increased row visibility at harvest, pod yield by 310 kg ha−1, and gross economic value of quota peanut by $223 ha−1 when pooled over 19 sites. Prohexadione Ca increased combined yield by 220 kg ha−1 and decreased percent pod loss by 4% regardless of digging date and lifting treatment compared with nontreated peanut. Prohexadione Ca did not affect maximum yield (sum of pods remaining in soil and on the soil surface and pods that were combined) or germination of peanut seed. These data suggest that increased combined yield noted following application of prohexadione Ca can be partially attributed to decreased pod loss.

Contribution of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glycolytic Pathway to Dormancy Breakage and Germination of Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) Seeds

Levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate : NADPH oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.49) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate : NADP+ oxidoreduc tase, E.C. 1.1.1.44) and aldolase (fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, D-glyceraldehyde, 3-phosphate lyase, E.C. 4.1.2.13) were assayed in the seeds of genetically dormant and non-dormant pure lines of groundnut. In dormant lines cotyledons showed increased levels of activity of G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH during dry storage after-ripening. While the embryonic axis did not exhibit detectable levels of enzyme activities immediately after harvest, the activity started after a lapse of time during dry storage. When seeds of dormant lines were incubated with kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) a distinct increase in the levels of both the enzymes was observed. The levels of aldolase activity gradually decreased in the cotyledons and increased in the embryonic axis of both control and kinetin treated seeds during the period of after-ripening. Compared to control, kinetin treatment increased the aldolase activity in the embryonic axis and decreased it in the cotyledons. In non-dormant lines the activity of both the enzymes of PP pathway increased sharply both in the cotyledons and embryonic axis while aldolase activity decreased in the cotyledons and increased in the embryonic axis during germination i.e., from 24 h to 96 h of germination. Abscisic acid caused inhibition of enzyme activities to a large extent.

Michael addition of thiols with 4-methyleneglutamic acid: Preparation of adducts, their properties and presence in peanuts

The thioethers, S-(4-amino-2,4-dicarboxybutyl)cysteamine, S-(4-amino-2,4-dicarboxybutyl)cysteine and S-(4-amino-2,4-dicarboxybutyl)glutathione, were synthesized by a Michael addition between 4-methyleneglutamic acid and the respective thiol. In dilute aqueous solution, the reactions exhibit second order kinetics; glutathione reacts much slower than cysteine or cysteamine. The adducts were characterized chromatographically, electrophoretically, and by their infra-red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. None of these thioethers was detected in peanut plants ( Arachis hypogaea L.), even though large amounts of 4-methyleneglutamic acid, its amide, and glutathione are synthesized during peanut germination.

Peanut Seed Treatment with Hot Calcium Hydroxide Solutions1,2,4

Abstract Peanut seed treatment with hot water (50 C for 20 min.) or hot aqueous solutions of Ca(OH)2 were found to stimulate the rate of peanut germination and increase final stand counts in laboratory and greenhouse trials. In field germination trials, seed soaked in hot Ca(OH)2 solutions and dried, were found to perform almost as well as seed treated with commercial fungicides. It is theorized that the soaking process may remove chemicals responsible for seed dormancy, and initiate germination processes, giving seed soaked in hot water a more rapid emergence. The rapid rate of emergence can lead to seedling escape from disease, which is assisted by the antifungal properties of Ca(OH)2.

Effect of Aflatoxins on the Changes in Fats and Carbohydrates during Germination and on the Symbiotic Fixation of Nitrogen in Peanuts [Arachis hypogaea

AbstractThe rate of hydrolysis of fats during germination of peanuts decreased with the increase in the concentration of aflatoxins. Free‐reducing sugars increased up to 96 h of germination, and thereafter their concentrations remained more or less constant. However, the rate of formation of free‐reducing sugars decreased with increase in the concentration of aflatoxins. At all the stages of germination the rate of formation of sucrose decreased with increase in the concentration of aflatoxins. The aflatoxins stimulated the fixation of nitrogen during the preflowering stage, leading to an increase in the concentrations of soluble nitrogen in roots and protein in shoots: the maximum amount of total nitrogen fixed and that excreted into the soil was at a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml aflatoxins.

Moisture Requirements for Seed Germination of Peanuts1

AbstractPeanut seed (Arachis hypogaea L. var. ‘Early Runner’) were removed from moist germination pads, covered with germination blotters in a 25 C germinator at 30‐ to 45‐min intervals and placed in sealed petri plates to allow seed germination (radicle emergence). Seed moisture at time of placing in sealed container revealed that average seed moisture of about 35% was necessary for any seed to germinate. Radicle emergence of all seed in a sample was obtained at about 55 to 60% average seed moisture.

INCORPORATED VERSUS SUBSURFACE VERNOLATE FOR WEED CONTROL TN PEANUTS*

Summary. Under dry field conditions, vernolate (S‐propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) incorporated by conventional methods controlled less yellow nutsedge (Cyperusesculentus L.) and injuied peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., groundnuts) more than when injected in lines under the soil or subsurface‐applied through sweep applicators. In glasshouse studies, vernolate eliminated production of new nutsedge tubers if it was applied below the soil surface either 1 in. above or 1 in. below the parent tuber. Method of placement was less critical in determining control of most annual weeds.When averaged over two soil types and 2 years, peanuts yielded 14% more after subsurface applications than after incorporated treatments of vernolate. In comparison with the optimum subsurface placement, the yield from incorporation was significantly lower in three of four field studies, the reduced yields probably resulting from a combination of herbicide injury and poor weed control. Factors affecting the distribution of vernolate vapours (such as method of placement, soil type and amount of rainfall after treatment) apparently determine the differential toxicity of this herbicide. Neither market quality nor germination of peanut seed was adversely affected by vernolate treatment.

Study on the fatty acid composition during germination of peanuts treated with growth regulators

AbstractThe fatty acid metabolism during germination of a special variety of peanuts treated with growth regulators, viz., GA, AA, Suc, Sul, MH and DW have been studied in sterile media for 1, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days. No marked variation in the oil content of the control and the treated seeds is found during the initial period of germination. Initial growth is explained on the basis of energy supplied by the FFA and carbohydrates (as they are found decreasing during the 24 hr of germination). Practically no accumulation of FFA is observed throughout the complete period of germination. The mode of utilization of neutral oil with the period of germination is correlated with growth. The varied effect of growth regulators on the fat metabolism is explained assuming their various effects on mitochondria, the enzyme center, and on the process of photosynthesis. Active metabolism is marked from the sixth day of germination for both treated and control seeds. From the beginning of germination, interconversion of fatty acids is marked. Metabolism of fatty acids during germination is reported with the preferential utilization of 18:2 acid.

De Novo Synthesis of Isocitritase in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cotyledons

Germination of peanut seed is accompanied by a rapid increase in isocitritase (isocitrate lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) during the first 4 days. The presence of cycloheximide (50 mug/ml) during water imbibition inhibited the increase in isocitritase activity. Actinomycin D conversely did not inhibit isocitritase activity until the second day of imbibition while RNA synthesis was inhibited. Germination of peanut seed in (14)C-reconstituted amino acids followed by fractionation of a 20 to 35% ammonium sulfate preparation on a Sephadex G-200 column (57-fold purification) showed that the active enzymic fraction coincided with a large peak of radioactivity. Germination of peanut seed in 45% D(2)O followed by enzyme purification and CsCl equilibrium centrifugation revealed that all the enzyme from D(2)O seed had a higher density than normal isocitritase. These data indicate that isocitritase in peanut seed is synthesized de novo.

A Study of Protein Bodies During Germination of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Seed

A Study of Protein Bodies During Germination of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Seed

A STUDY OF PROTEIN BODIES DURING GERMINATION OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) SEED

Bagley, Bill W., Joe H. Cherry, Mary L. Rollins, and Aaron M. Altschul. (Southern Regional Lab., U.S.D.A., New Orleans, La.) A study of protein bodies during germination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(6) : 523–532. Illus. 1963.—Upon germination of peanut seed (Aracs nypoyaea) there is an ordered series of events leading to the degradation of storage protein in cotyledonary cells. In resting seed, the protein is stored in large bodies (protein bodies) about 5–10μ in diameter. As the seeds germinate, the protein bodies swell and develop cavities within. Later these swollen bodies break up into many fragments which are digested and disappear. The major changes in proteins as revealed by microscopy and by protein analysis occur between 4 and 9 days of germination. By 15 days, the parenchyma cells are empty of protein bodies or fragments, but they contain many small starch grains. In a given cell population, there is a wide range of protein‐body degradation, the degree of degradation being related to the distance from the nearest vascular bundle. In resting seed, there is a honeycomb‐like structure between and connected to the subcellular particles. After 2 days of germination this structure is no longer visibly intact.