Germination Of Sorghum Research Articles

Seed priming combined with plant hormones: influence on germination and seedling emergence of sorghum at low temperature

Seed priming combined with plant hormones: influence on germination and seedling emergence of sorghum at low temperature

Effect of lanthanum on the germination and peroxidase activity in sorghum under acid-rain stress

本文以高粱“熊杂9号”为对象, 采用模拟酸雨伤害的常规种子实验方法, 研究稀土镧对酸雨胁迫下高粱种子萌发及过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果显示, 12 mg·L^-1 La(Ⅲ)浸种后, 可明显缓解酸雨对高粱种子萌发的抑制作用, 高粱种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数较未处理组升高, 而异状发芽率降低, pH 2.5时变化幅度最明显。pH 2.0时由于酸雨使种子内部结构严重破坏, La(Ⅲ)的加入已无法缓解酸雨引发的伤害。La(Ⅲ)处理组MDA含量和POD活性均低于未处理组。上述结果表明, La(Ⅲ)可通过调节POD活性减轻酸雨胁迫引发的膜脂过氧化, 缓解酸雨对种子萌发的抑制作用。

Protein profile and malt activity during sorghum germination

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effect of germination time on major sorghum macromolecules was followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Sorghum flour was also incubated with sorghum malt to evaluate amylase and protease activities.RESULTS: The SDS‐PAGE results showed that levels of high‐molecular‐weight aggregates, β monomer and γ and α monomers increased by 120.5, 20.3 and 12.7% respectively during the first few days of germination. This behaviour shows the enhancement of prolamin extractability and concentration in sorghum as a result of starch degradation. After the third day, proteins suffered degradation by intrinsic proteases. FTIR spectroscopy showed a gradual decrease in lipid and protein levels and starch structural changes during the germination period. These modifications are due to intrinsic lipases, proteases and amylases. Sorghum flour was incubated with different malt samples resulting from 0–7 days of germination. It was found that a 5 day malt led to a sixfold increase in carbohydrate digestibility and a fourfold increase in free amino acid content.CONCLUSION: A 5 day sorghum malt is the best inoculum for porridge preparation, representing an inexpensive, effortless and culturally acceptable way to prepare weaning foods at domestic and industrial levels. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Exposure to nitric oxide protects against oxidative damage but increases the labile iron pool in sorghum embryonic axes.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), were used as the source of exogenous NO to study the effect of NO upon germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seeds through its possible interaction with iron. Modulation of cellular Fe status could be an important factor for the establishment of oxidative stress and the regulation of plant physiology. Fresh and dry weights of the embryonic axes were significantly increased in the presence of 0.1 mM SNP, as compared to control. Spin trapping EPR was used to assess the NO content in axes from control seeds after 24 h of imbibition (2.4±0.2 nmol NO g−1 FW) and seeds exposed to 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM SNP (3.1±0.3, 4.6±0.2, and 6.0±0.9 nmol NO g−1 FW, respectively) and 1 mM DETA NONOate (6.2±0.6 nmol NO g−1 FW). Incubation of seeds with 1 mM SNP protected against oxidative damage to lipids and maintained membrane integrity. The content of the deferoxamine–Fe (III) complex significantly increased in homogenates of axes excised from seeds incubated in the presence of 1 mM SNP or 1 mM DETA NONOate as compared to the control (19±2 nmol Fe g−1 FW, 15.2±0.5 nmol Fe g−1 FW, and 8±1 nmol Fe g−1 FW, respectively), whereas total Fe content in the axes was not affected by the NO donor exposure. Data presented here provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that increased availability of NO drives not only protective effects to biomacromolecules, but to increasing the Fe availability for promoting cellular development as well.

Drying Kinetics, Physico-chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of"Kindimu", a Fermented Milk-Based-Sorghum-Flour

Kindimu, a fermented milk-based cereal foods made by sun drying a mixture of fermented milk and cereal flour is a common flour ingredient in the central African region. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of processing methods on the drying behaviour, functional and nutritional quality of such a food prepared from sorghum flour and fermented milk. A mixture of 1 part sorghum flour (germinated or non - germinated) and the 2 part (w/w) on fermented milk was coated on aluminium trays to a depth of 5mm and dried at 50, 65 or 80°C. Results obtained indicated that a simple mass transfer equation Ln [(C-C*)/(Co-C*)]= -(K/L)t can be used to model the drying behaviour of the fermented milk -sorghum flour mixtures. The magnitude of mass transfer coefficient K, increased with drying temperature and the germination of sorghum. Germination and addition of milk increased the in vitro protein digestibility of sorghum flour by 19.03%, protein solubility by 11.5% and available lysine content by an average of 3.04% and reduced the phytate content by 30%. The water absorption capacity of flours was equally reduced by an average of 4%. Key Words: Fermented milk, sorghum, malting, drying kinetic, physico-chemical properties, nutritional properties. Journal of Food Technology in Africa Vol.9(1) 2004: 17-22

Effects of Thermal and Salt Treatments during Imbibition on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum at 42/19 °C

AbstractThis investigation tested the influence of thermal treatment of seeds at various stages of imbibition on the germination percentage, speed and growth response of seeds and seedlings. Seeds of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) were treated in 2, 4 or 6 g NaCl l−1 solutions and exposed for 2 h to 45 °C during the first, second or third days of imbibition. Thereafter, the seeds were dried and germinated at 42/19 °C (day/night temperature). Salt treatments did not improve the final germination percentage but increased germination speed over untreated seeds. The higher the salt concentration used, the greater the dry weights of plumules and radicles. Thermal treatment on the third day of imbibition yielded higher germination percentages than untreated seeds, while thermal treatment on the second day gave faster germination. Both the second and third day thermal treatments gave superior germination indices and higher plumule‐to‐radicle ratios. It is concluded that thermal treatment may assist in acclimating seeds to heat stress.

Trichothecene inhibitors of Striga hermonthica germination produced by Fusarium solani

Abstract Metabolites of the fungus Fusarium solani (Sud 96) inhibited Striga hermonthica germination induced by the germination stimulant GR24. The active principles were identified as trichothecenes acuminatin, neosolaniol, 8-acetylneosolaniol, and tetraacetoxy T-2 tetraol (neosolaniol diacetate) on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. Inhibitory activity of the four trichothecenes against Striga germination increased with acetylation of the hydroxyl moieties. The most abundant inhibitor produced by the fungus, 8-acetylneosolaniol, completely inhibited Striga germination at 24 μM. The fungal toxin did not affect the germination of sorghum, a host crop, but retarded root and shoot elongation of the seedlings by 60 and 30%, respectively, at the same concentration. Nomenclature: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.; sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

In this companion paper appearing in the same issue, “Kahramanmaras Suteu Imam Univ.” was also misspelled in the author–paper documentation footnote on page 1391. It should read “Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ.” instead. We apologize for any confusion.

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Sorghum β-Amylase Production: Relationship With Grain Cultivar, Steep Regime, Steep Liquor Composition and Kilning Temperature

Steep regime, nature of alkaline liquor, and kilning conditions were studied for their effects on sorghum malt β-amylase development in four Nigerian sorghum cultivars. Malt β-amylase activity was markedly (p < .001) influenced by all the four factors as well as their various interactions. Overall, malts from KSV 8 variety were the most β-amylolytic followed in sequence by those from Local Red (LR), SK 5912, and Local white (LW) respectively. The presence or absence of air rests in steep regimes was a significant (p < .001) determinant of sorghum β-amylase response to final warm steeping, steep liquor and kilning condition. The nature of the alkaline steep liquor was also a major determinant of the pattern of malt β-amylase response to the kilning condition. Steeping in Ca(OH)2 enhanced malt β-amylase activity at the higher temperature of kilning, while KOH produced the opposite effect. Ca(OH)2 enhancement of β-amylase development, at a kilning temperature of 50°C, was variety-dependent suggesting that different sorghum cultivars may employ different biosynthesis models for β-amylase synthesis. The regime-dependence of β-amylase response to kiln temperature suggests that this was an important modulator of sorghum germination physiology.

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Early planting of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids in temperate agriculture confers numerous advantages but requires genetic variation, both in lines and in parental effects for germination and seedling tolerance to low soil temperatures. The objectives of this study were to examine genetic variation among 12 diverse sorghum lines and their hybrids with two testers for their relative ability to germinate and emerge at low soil temperatures. Rate of germination, final germination level, and rate of shoot growth were measured under normal and constant cold temperature conditions (20–30°C in a greenhouse and 15°C in a growth chamber, respectively) as well as in an early planted field. Two early maturing lines, PI550666 and PI550597 (from Russia), appear to be better sources of germplasm than Shan Qui Red (from China) for germination and early seedling cold tolerance because of fewer undesirable characteristics. There were significant differences among genotypes under normal temperature conditions for both total germination percentage and rate of early shoot growth, whereas no significant differences were found in cold conditions. Of the two testers (female parents), N123A generally showed a negative combining ability for rate of germination in cold conditions, whereas crosses with tester N250A tended to be substantially better than the male parent. Selection for germination cold tolerance in seed parents will be more effective than in male parents. Though only inferred by this research, it is likely that differences in combining ability exist between seed parents for germination cold tolerance.

Germination and Seedling Cold Tolerance in Sorghum

Genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] for germination and seedling growth in cold conditions would permit earlier seeding, with a number of benefits. Field evaluation of germination and seedling cold tolerance, while ultimately necessary, is subject to unpredictable weather and limited to one period of the year. The objective of this study was to develop simple and reliable techniques capable of handling large numbers of genotypes, for estimating germination and seedling cold tolerance of sorghum in controlled environment, before field tests, and to compare results with seedling emergence in the field at low soil temperatures. Rate of germination, final germination percentage, and the rate of early shoot growth were evaluated as estimators of cold tolerance using 12 diverse genotypes and their test crosses. The largest difference among genotypes under both normal [25–30°C (day) and 20–25°C (night)] and cold stress conditions (constant 15°C) was shown by the rate of germination in petri dishes and of shoot growth in vertical plexiglass plates in normal conditions only. Rate of germination under controlled cold conditions was strongly correlated (P &lt; 0.01) with rate of emergence in a field experiment seeded early in cold soil. This work indicated that the use of two tests under controlled conditions, (i) measuring shoot growth rate under normal temperatures followed by (ii) rate of germination at 15°C, and recording data at optimum times will greatly assist in efficiently screening genotypes for cold tolerance before final evaluation in the field.

Germination, Emergence, and Yield of 20 Plant–Color, Seed–Color Near‐Isogenic Lines of Grain Sorghum

Although there is growing demand for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] with white seed and tan plant color, there is limited information on the overall agronomic fitness of sorghum with these characters. A set of experiments was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of plant color and seed color on sorghum germination, emergence, and agronomic performance. Twenty near‐isogenic lines with red seed/tan plant (RT), red seed/purple plant (RP), white seed/tan plant (WT), white seed/purple plant (WP) phenotypes were tested under field and laboratory conditions. Plant color × seed color interactions were not significant. Purple plant color phenotypes had higher cold germination, higher germination after accelerated aging, and greater seedling elongation at 10 d than tan plant color phenotypes. Plant color did not influence standard warm germination. No differences in standard warm germination or seed vigor test results were attributable to seed color. Seedling emergence under field conditions was higher for the red seed than the white seed phenotype. Grain yield was higher for the white seed than the red seed phenotype, and higher for the purple plant color than the tan plant color phenotype. Grain test weights from purple plant color lines were higher than those from tan plant color lines. All four phenotypes included relatively high yielding lines. There was considerable overlap between WT, WP, RT, RP lines in yield and other indicators of agronomic performance leading to the conclusion that white seed and tan plant color lines with comparable performance to red seed and purple plant color lines can be selected from segregating breeding populations.

Malting of Sorghum: Further Studies on Factors influencing α-Amylase Activity

The effects of steep regime, nature of alkaline steeping agent, and kilning condition on α-amylase development were studied for four Nigerian sorghum cultivars. Malt α-amylase activity was highly significantly (p<.001) influenced by all the four factors as well as their various assortments of interaction. Generally malts from the Local Red (LR) variety produced the highest a-amylase values, followed by those of SK 5912, Local White and KSV 8 in the above sequence. The presence/absence of air-rest processes in steep regimes was a significant factor (p<.001) influencing malt α-amylase response to final warm steeping as well as to the other factors under study. Similarly, the nature of the steeping agent was a very significant determinant of malt α-amylase response to kilning condition and regime of steeping. Of significant interest was the observation that Ca (OH)2 steeps enhanced malt α-amylase activity at the higher temperature of kilning. The significantly lower α-amylase values given under similar conditions by the other alkaline liquors suggest a possible increase in malt thermostability due to steeping in Ca (OH)2. Additionally, the fact that the extent of enhancement of malt α-amylase activity by Ca (OH)2, at 50°C Kiln temperature, was regime-dependent, suggests that the latter was an important modulator of sorghum germination physiology.

Effect of dew point temperature and conidium age on germination, germ tube growth and infection of maize and sorghum by Peronosclerospora sorghi

The effect of the environment on the germination, survival and infection of sorghum by conidia of Peronosclerospora sorghi is unknown in Africa. Dew point temperature, and the effect of conidium age was characterized for an isolate of P. sorghi from Zimbabwe. Germination and germ tube growth took place in the range 10–34°C (optimal at 10–34 and 20–33°, respectively). Infection was optimal at 14–30°. Incidence of infection at different temperatures was correlated with germ tube growth ( r = 0.8, P P. sorghi from the U.S.A. and India.

Desiccation and Germination of Grain Sorghum As Affected by Glufosinate

AbstractPreharvest desiccants are needed to reduce moisture content of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] for earlier harvest to preserve seed quality and quantity. Objectives of this study were (i) to examine the desiccant activity of glufosinate [2‐amino‐4‐(hydroxy‐methylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] applied at several rates to grain sorghum at different seed moisture levels in contrasting environments and (ii) to determine the effect of glufosinate on germination and seedling growth of the treated crop. The soil at College Station (east‐central Texas), was a Ships clay (very‐fine, mixed, active, thermic, Chromic Hapludert); at Mayagüez, PR, a Coto clay (very‐fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludox). Glufosinate was evaluated because of its contact herbicidal properties and limited systemic activity. In both Texas and Puerto Rico, glufosinate was applied at 0, 0.56, 1.1, or 2.2 kg ha−1 to grain sorghum. Leaves and seed were sampled at 0, 1, 2, and 3 wk after treatment (WAT) for grain and leaf moisture. Seed was collected at 2 and 3 WAT for germination and growth studies. Glufosinate at all three treatment rates dried seed of the grain sorghum hybrid ATx638/Tx2783 in Texas from &gt;350 g kg−1 grain moisture at application to a storable moisture of &lt;120 g kg−1 at 2 WAT, at which time untreated grain moisture was 150 g kg−1. Glufosinate rate did not affect grain moisture except at the high glufosinate rate at 1 WAT. Leaf moisture reduction was glufosinate rate‐dependent, but all treatments significantly reduced leaf moisture content at 1 WAT. Germination and seedling growth were not affected by glufosinate treatment. Grain desiccation rate under a tropical environment (Puerto Rico) was slightly slower than in Texas, but leaf moisture reduction was rapid and reached &lt;300 g kg−1 by 1 WAT from initial leaf moisture contents of 500 or 770 g kg−1. Germination was not adversely affected by glufosinate.

Inhibition of germination and sporulation of Claviceps africana from honeydew encrusted sorghum with seed treatment fungicides

The inhibitory effects of six fungicides on macrospore germination and production of secondary conidia of Claviceps africana were studied. Effects of these fungicides on germination of sorghum seed also were determined. Panicles from male-sterile sorghums with honeydew exudate were harvested from the USDA-ARS Research Farm, Isabela, Puerto Rico in the Spring of 1997. Honeydew exudate-infested panicles were used as inoculum to infest ergot-free sorghum seed. Seeds were placed on 1 and 2% water agar containing 100 mg/l each of streptomycin sulfate and ampicillin and were also plated on soil. They were incubated at 21–22°C, 16 h of light. At 24 and 48 h, samples were examined under a microscope, equipped with 50× and 100× objectives, for germination of macroconidia and the formation of conidiophores and secondary conidia on both seed, soil, and agar surfaces. Samples also were evaluated for seed germination. Abundant conidiophores with conidia were observed over the entire seed surface of (control) honeydew-infested seed while none were observed on untreated control seed. Fungicidal effects and seed germination results showed that captan (Captan 400 ®) and thiram (42-S Thiram ®) effectively inhibited conidiophore production and secondary conidia formation without severely reducing viability of the sorghum seed.

Effect of Sewage Sludge on Germination, Growth and Biomass Yield of Sorghum in Calcareous Soils

Effect of Sewage Sludge on Germination, Growth and Biomass Yield of Sorghum in Calcareous Soils

Development of Micro-organisms during the Malting of Sorghum

Microbiological study of sorghum during malting showed that damaged grains caused microbial infection during malting of sorghum. Lack of adequate handling and screening facilities caused damaged grains to develop microbial infection which spread to undamaged grains. This results in unacceptable levels of microbial infection of malted samples of sorghum. Abrasion study, where the pericarp of sorghum grains were damaged to allow the penetration of formaldehyde solution to destroy micro-organisms in the sub-surface layer of sorghum further confirmed that potential infection of “sound” grains resided mainly at the surface of the pericarp. Application of formaldehyde solution during steeping was effective in controlling microbial activities present on the surface of sorghum grains. A concentration of 0.1% formaldehyde solution, applied during the first steep was more effective than a concentration of 0.05% formaldehyde in controlling microbial infection during malting of sorghum. Application of similar concentration (0.1%) formaldehyde solution during the last (second) steep, was not only the most effective treatment in limiting microbial infection during germination of sorghum, it also increased the levels of hydrolytic enzymes which develop in sorghum during malting. The concentration of formaldehyde solution (0.1%) used in this study can be used to control microbial infection in sorghum, especially when applied to the final steep.