Capital Of Germany Research Articles

Multiliteracy as human capital in first-generation adult immigrants in Germany

ABSTRACT In the present study, we combined the Focus on Multilingualism approach with the human capital theory to investigate multilingual profiles among first-generation adult immigrants in Germany and the relationship between immigrants’ multiliteracy and their employment status. We used data representative for Germany on the self-reported literacy skills in the majority, heritage, and foreign languages of first-generation immigrants (n = 451, age 18–64) gathered in the LEO 2018 study. To analyze multilingual literacy skills, we estimated adults’ multilingual profiles using LCA. In a second step, we conducted logistic regression models with multiliteracy and employment status. We found two multilingual profiles of first-generation immigrants: a profile with higher and a profile with lower literacy skills in all investigated languages. The profiles differed by the level of adults’ literacy skills in all investigated languages and showed a unique non-overlapping language ordering pattern. The results gained from the logistic regressions revealed that multiliteracy in first-generation immigrants may represent human capital in Germany. After controlling for additional variables (age, gender, education), the analysis showed that higher multiliteracy increases the probability of adult immigrants’ employment. Furthermore, our findings indicated independent positive effects of literacy in each language in multilingual repertoires on employment probability.

Oral emergency contraception practices of community pharmacies: a mystery caller study in the capital of Germany, Berlin

BackgroundIn Germany, oral emergency contraception (EC) with the active ingredients levonorgestrel (LNG) and ulipristal acetate (UPA) is available as over-the-counter (OTC) medicine only from community pharmacies (CPs). Because of the window of effect, which is limited to only a few days, CPs have a great responsibility to provide rapid and unimpeded access, while also ensuring “adequate” counseling. The aim was—for the first time in Europe and thus also in Germany for the methodology used in this study—to investigate immediate availability, pricing, and aspects of counseling.MethodsCovert mystery calls were conducted in a random sample of CPs stratified by districts in the German capital Berlin. Each of the 263 CPs included was called once at random by one of two trained female student mystery callers. They simulated a product-based scenario for the UPA original ellaOne®, citing a contraceptive failure one day ago as the reason.ResultsOf 257 successfully called CPs, UPA preparations were immediately available in 98.4% (253/257) and LNG preparations in 86.8% (184/212) of CPs. Prices for UPA preparations varied from €15.95 to €42.95 (∆ 169%; median €35.00 [interquartile range (IQR) €5.91]) and for LNG preparations from €10.60 to €32.49 (Δ 207%; median €22.00 [IQR €5.76]). Information about the correct different window of effect of UPA and LNG preparations was provided in 69.8% (127/182) of CPs. UPA preparations were recommended in 63.1% (111/176) and LNG preparations in 17.2% (30/174) of CPs. Information was provided on how to take them as soon as possible in 30.8% (44/143) of CPs and on how to use them after vomiting in 46.0% (64/139).ConclusionsBerlin CPs support access through high immediate availability, especially to UPA preparations. However, access is hampered by high absolute price ranges of both UPA and LNG preparations, which could ideally be minimized by a comparison app. It is positive that CPs promote the benefits of UPA preparations by recommending them noticeably more often than LNG preparations. However, there are deficiencies in giving advice, so there is a need to raise awareness among pharmacy staff to ensure “adequate” counseling in advance over the phone.

The Rationality of Weber's Actions and Changes in Community Behavior (Case Study of Behavior Change in the Arrangement of the Benoyo Spring Area)

Before the City without Slums Program (Kotaku) arrangement and its community by the Department of Housing and Settlement, the Benoyo spring area was not well-preserved and poorly maintained. This study aims to discover what induced the behavior changes after implementing Kotaku. The researcher found it interesting as changing behavior is not something that could be easily accomplished. This research was conducted at the Benoyo spring in Ngentak Kutowinangun Lor Salatiga using qualitative methods with descriptive research. The results of this study reaffirm Max Weber’s statement that change can occur because it is based on value rationality. The value given in the Kotaku program is commensurate with the values already existing in society. It is synonymous with when Max Weber explained the growth of capitalism in Germany as the ethical values of Protestant religion (inner-worldly). The old (traditional) rationality has been replaced by value rationality, followed by objective and instrument rationality. This research thus shows the importance of value rationality in changing behavior.

What is good drinking water? 41 years of water conflicts around the Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe, 1956–1997

Abstract. Drinking water in Germany is usually praised as the best-controlled food that can be enjoyed almost without exception. What constitutes high-quality drinking water is defined by law and drinking water should “inspire enjoyment, in other words, it should be colourless, clear, cool and odourless as well as tasty” (Deutsches Institut für Normung, 2017, DIN 2000:2017-02). Since this food is one of the basic human needs, it receives special social attention. When in 1956, the idyllic Rhine valley in the borderlands between the south west of Germany and France was turned into the nuclear capital of Germany with the siting of the Nuclear Research Centre in Leopoldshafen north of Karlsruhe, the local community feared especially a reduction of the water quality. This early perception of water risks ran like a thread through the history of the Nuclear Research Centre and the local population. This paper traces back the long-lasting conflict between the people in the Hardtwald area, where Karlsruhe and Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen are located, who valued their rural surroundings and lived mostly from agriculture in the 1950s and the claims as well as hopes of the Federal Republic of Germany, which saw the federal reactor station as central for the country's future flourishment in the post-war period (Gleitsmann, 2011). This clash of values between the Nuclear Research Centre, the different governments and the people of the Hardtwald area continued up until the 1990s, when the municipality of Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen made plans to take over one of the water wells of the Nuclear Research Centre. The takeover became a strategic component in the municipality's Water Concept 2000, through which it aimed at modernising and securing its drinking water supply for the future. During the hearing, opponents cited past violations of rules and free interpretations of threshold values as the basis for their counter arguments. This body of knowledge from the past was knowledge lived by the opponents of the Water Concept 2000. The background information from 41 years shaped their risk perception. Historicizing risk is valuable in the way of gaining a deeper understanding of local resistance against nuclear sites. Risk perception is not a linear process and relies heavily on communication processes as well as the recognition of different value systems. Social science research on resistance against nuclear siting often remains in the moment, even though historians have shown that there is a deeper history behind the opposition. Additionally, historical research often lacks both a theorisation and a conceptualisation of the issues portrayed. Seen from a wider perspective, sociologically informed historical research can contribute to future decision-making concerning nuclear sites, such as nuclear waste storage as well as other technological sites perceived as being risky. Being able to understand where increased risk perceptions come from, how increased resistance occurred and also which mistakes could have been avoided, paves the way for understanding cooperation and for finding sustainable solutions.

Contributors’ Notes

Contributors’ Notes

Quantifying CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of a city with the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> Monitoring satellite mission

Abstract. We investigate the potential of the Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring (CO2M) mission, a proposed constellation of CO2 imaging satellites, to estimate the CO2 emissions of a city on the example of Berlin, the capital of Germany. On average, Berlin emits about 20 Mt CO2 yr−1 during satellite overpass (11:30 LT). The study uses synthetic satellite observations of a constellation of up to six satellites generated from 1 year of high-resolution atmospheric transport simulations. The emissions were estimated by (1) an analytical atmospheric inversion applied to the plume of Berlin simulated by the same model that was used to generate the synthetic observations and (2) a mass-balance approach that estimates the CO2 flux through multiple cross sections of the city plume detected by a plume detection algorithm. The plume was either detected from CO2 observations alone or from additional nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations on the same platform. The two approaches were set up to span the range between (i) the optimistic assumption of a perfect transport model that provides an accurate prediction of plume location and CO2 background and (ii) the pessimistic assumption that plume location and background can only be determined reliably from the satellite observations. Often unfavorable meteorological conditions allowed us to successfully apply the analytical inversion to only 11 out of 61 overpasses per satellite per year on average. From a single overpass, the instantaneous emissions of Berlin could be estimated with an average precision of 3.0 to 4.2 Mt yr−1 (15 %–21 % of emissions during overpass) depending on the assumed instrument noise ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 ppm. Applying the mass-balance approach required the detection of a sufficiently large plume, which on average was only possible on three overpasses per satellite per year when using CO2 observations for plume detection. This number doubled to six estimates when the plumes were detected from NO2 observations due to the better signal-to-noise ratio and lower sensitivity to clouds of the measurements. Compared to the analytical inversion, the mass-balance approach had a lower precision ranging from 8.1 to 10.7 Mt yr−1 (40 % to 53 %), because it is affected by additional uncertainties introduced by the estimation of the location of the plume, the CO2 background field, and the wind speed within the plume. These uncertainties also resulted in systematic biases, especially without the NO2 observations. An additional source of bias was non-separable fluxes from outside of Berlin. Annual emissions were estimated by fitting a low-order periodic spline to the individual estimates to account for the seasonal variability of the emissions, but we did not account for the diurnal cycle of emissions, which is an additional source of uncertainty that is difficult to characterize. The analytical inversion was able to estimate annual emissions with an accuracy of < 1.1 Mt yr−1 (< 6 %) even with only one satellite, but this assumes perfect knowledge of plume location and CO2 background. The accuracy was much smaller when applying the mass-balance approach, which determines plume location and background directly from the satellite observations. At least two satellites were necessary for the mass-balance approach to have a sufficiently large number of estimates distributed over the year to robustly fit a spline, but even then the accuracy was low (> 8 Mt yr−1 (>40 %)) when using the CO2 observations alone. When using the NO2 observations to detect the plume, the accuracy could be greatly improved to 22 % and 13 % with two and three satellites, respectively. Using the complementary information provided by the CO2 and NO2 observations on the CO2M mission, it should be possible to quantify annual emissions of a city like Berlin with an accuracy of about 10 % to 20 %, even in the pessimistic case that plume location and CO2 background have to be determined from the observations alone. This requires, however, that the temporal coverage of the constellation is sufficiently high to resolve the temporal variability of emissions.

The Theory of Factions in Monopoly Capital

Kurt Gossweiler has become known as one of the most important German researchers on fascism. Particularly his books The Röhm Affair, Big Banks, Industrial Monopolies, State: Economy and Policy of the State Monopolistic Capitalism in Germany 1914–1932 and Capital, Reichswehr and NSDAP: To the Early History of German Fascism 1919–1924 are found as reference books also in Western German university libraries, despite Gossweiler's main merit: having irrefutably hammered out the class character of fascism analyzing the factions in German monopoly capitalism. After 1989, after the incorporation of the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR), he devoted himself to researching the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact with focus on revisionism.

The Political Economy of De‐liberalization. A Comparative Study on Austria, Germany and SwitzerlandFill, AnnaCham: Springer (2019), 155 p., ISBN 978‐3‐030‐01065‐2

The Political Economy of De‐liberalization. A Comparative Study on Austria, Germany and SwitzerlandFill, AnnaCham: Springer (2019), 155 p., ISBN 978‐3‐030‐01065‐2

Cultural Topographies of the New Berlin ed. by Karin Bauer and Jennifer Ruth Hosek

Reviewed by: Cultural Topographies of the New Berlin ed. by Karin Bauer and Jennifer Ruth Hosek Lars Richter Karin Bauer and Jennifer Ruth Hosek, editors. Cultural Topographies of the New Berlin. Berghahn, 2018. 420 pp. Cloth, $120.00. "What is Berlin today?" (7) ask editors Karin Bauer and Jennifer Ruth Hosek in their introduction to this impressive volume, well aware that the answers the individual contributions provide are frequently contradictory and caught in fields of tension among marketing exploits, urban imagineering, subcultural activities, national identity, migration, race, the city's complicated past, and numerous fürther aspects that make up the cultural topography of Germany's capital in the twenty-first century. Divided into four parts dealing with gentrification, memorialization, immigration, and the city's present memoryscapes, Cultural Topographies of the New Berlin wisely chooses an interdisciplinary approach to do justice to Berlin's cultural diversity. Explicitly referencing the "New Berlin" in the volume's title aptly provides the direction for what follows—after all, the "new" comes at the expense of the "old," and the editors aim to take into account the "connection between spatial production and historical memory" (6). The volume certainly lives up to this promise, and as a consequence, the friction between "utopian desires and nostalgic longing" (30), as Katrina Sark puts it in her chapter on subcultural spaces, and the disappearance of history in favor of projecting a more future-oriented image of Berlin (Erek and Ganter) loom large in the background of many contributions. The main text the contributors are reading is of course the city itself, and the urban spaces that form the focal point of their analyses [End Page 135] range from the sites of Berlin's "creative class" in Simon Ward's chapter to the city's arguably most recognizable icon, the Brandenburg Gate, in the chapter by Sarah Pogoda and Rüdiger Traxler. In addition to the city as text, the volume does not fail to include artistic representations of urban spaces in texts. Again, the variety is remarkable, and the reader will find explorations of the depiction of Berlin in recent German comics (Lynn Marie Kutch), a fresh look at canonical films like Wim Wenders's Der Himmel über Berlin (1987; Wings of Desire) (Peter Gölz), and an overview of how Berlin's darker side is staged cinematically in contemporary international film productions (Andre Schütze). It is fürther commendable that Berlin's long and complex multicultural history forms an important part of this volume with chapters on Turkish-German relationships (Christiane Steckenbiller), Jewish life (Hadas Cohen and Dani Kranz), and an intriguing investigation of integration politics that disguise themselves as calls for assimilation in Johanna Schuster-Craig's chapter on Neukölln artists. In addition to the individual chapters' lucid analyses, one of the biggest strengths of this volume is the way the articles are brought into dialogue with each other. Without exception, each chapter references or comments on at least one if not more contributions, and the authors and editors must be lauded for executing these cross-references so remarkably well. The effect on the reader, when reading the volume as a whole, is one of carefully constructed interconnectedness that, figuratively speaking, connects many dots on the topographical map that the volume draws. The effect for those who approach this volume with the intention of reading just individual articles is similar—they will be directed into new, often surprising directions worthy of exploration. The volume is also highly suitable for implementation in the classroom. For those teaching courses on contemporary Berlin as well as for those who seek to include sections on the capital in survey courses on cultural history, architecture, literature, or film, the collection will be an indispensable source. All chapters provide sufficient background for their analyses and are accessibly written, making them appropriate for courses at all levels. In sum, Cultural Topographies of the New Berlin is an important, fresh, and invigorating addition to Berlin scholarship, and its broad interdisciplinary [End Page 136] scope makes it a highly recommended read for researchers and students with an interest in the many facets of Germany's capital. Most importantly, it more than lives up...

It Deepens Like a Coastal Shelf: Educational Mobility and Social Capital in Germany

The prospects for the next generation—whether young people, regardless of their backgrounds, have equal chances of social success—pose a momentous problem for modern societies. Inequality of opportunity, often reflected by social immobility, is a threat to the egalitarian promise and the stability of your society. This work argues that social capital transmission plays an important role for the chances of social success in Western societies. For the example of Germany, it is reasoned that weak social capital environments deepen existing disadvantages. Even though all levels of education are easily accessible and affordable, Germany has one of the lowest levels of educational mobility among the industrialized countries of the world. Problems appear to be systematic, since the decision regarding entry into higher secondary education is made at early age and is left, in most cases, with the parents, who rely on their own educational trajectory. Outside of the school environment, differences in social capital inheritance explain educational immobility. With the use of the German Socio-Economic Panel survey from 1984 to 2014, various analyses about the relation between social capital and educational success are performed. Social capital, which is helpful for educational and social success, clearly depends on the educational family background. This indirect link has been disregarded in past contributions. Alternative forms of schooling, such as comprehensive and all-day education, as well as a delay of the decision regarding entry into higher education, could help improving unequal social capital inheritance.

Analysis of the E-Bus Berlin project

The E-Bus project was launched in August 2015 in Berlin should contribute to reduction of harmful emissions, noise reduction and development of the electric bus market in the area of Berlin and Brandenburg. This article discusses the first electric bus line in the capital of Germany, which was based on the use of various technical solutions. Two basic groups of such solutions were taken into account – the use of the Solaris Urbino 12 electric bus and the Bombardier Primove inductive charging system. The advantages of using electric vehicles in public transport in Berlin were also discussed. The presented issues were based on the environmental balance of the E-Bus Berlin project.

The Economic Constitution of Nazi Germany

This paper provides analysis of a institutional structure of the national economy model of Hitler's Germany. Once in power, Hitler did not cancel the Weimar Constitution. By means of a number of regulatory legal acts, he "hooked it up" with the Nazi Constitution: political and economic. The former is based on the Law on emergency powers; the legal basis of the Economic Constitution is represented by the Law on the preparation of building national economy. It included some relatively homogeneous set of institutions, instruments and their interpretations that is applied within the framework of the market, Socialist transitional and economic models for their constitutional implementation. The constitutional model of the economy of Nazi Germany consists of the aggregation of major features, principles and indicators of the economic order of the Third Reich. The author proves that the Nazi State was not turned into a "notary" that stipulated the decisions of the large monopolistic capital of Germany. It made itself the owner of the means of production, solely determined an industrial policy the aim of which was to prepare for World War II.

Relative Age Effects in Mathematics and Reading: Investigating the Generalizability across Students, Time and Classes.

A child's age in comparison to the age of her or his classmates (relative age) has been found to be an influential factor on academic achievement, particularly but not exclusively at the beginning of formal schooling. However, few studies have focused on the generalizability of relative age effects. To close this gap, the present study analyzes the generalizability across students with and without immigrant backgrounds, across three student cohorts that entered school under a changing law of school enrollment, and across classes. To this end, we capitalized on representative large-scale data sets from three student cohorts attending public schools in Berlin, the capital of Germany. We analyzed the data using a multilevel framework. Our results for the overall student sample indicate relative age effects for reading and mathematics in favor of the relatively older students in Grade 2 that become somewhat smaller in size in Grade 3. By Grade 8, relative age effects had vanished in reading and had even reversed in favor of the relatively young in mathematics. Furthermore, relative age effects were not found to be systematically different among students with and without immigrant backgrounds, student cohorts, or across classes. Taken together, these results empirically underscore the broad generalizability of the findings as found for the overall student population and replicate the pattern of findings on relative effects as identified by the majority of previous studies.

From Berlin to Kigali: the sobering journey of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

What do Berlin, Kigali, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have in common? Berlin is the capital of Germany, brimming with attractiveness, science, culture, and a great lifestyle after the re-unification 25 years ago. Kigali is the largest city in Rwanda as well as its capital since the country’s independence in 1962, located at an altitude of 1,560 m. ARDS is characterized by dysregulated inflammation, inappropriate accumulation of leukocytes, uncontrolled activation of coagulation, and alveolar barrier disruption (1), often resulting in a life-threatening impairment of pulmonary gas exchange with hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis. The main causes of ARDS are direct (pneumonia, aspiration of gastric content) or indirect injuries (sepsis, massive transfusion, multi-trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis). In European countries, the incidence of ARDS was estimated to be 50 cases per 100,000 person years, corresponding to approximately 40,000 cases per year for a country like Germany (2). ARDS is often associated with multiple-organ failure. A broad scenario of acute interventions for ARDS therapy have been investigated and recommended in recent years, but evidence that all these measures can decrease mortality is still limited (3). Mortality remains as high as 40–50% in major series (4).

The Reporting of the Journalists of “Raz, Dwa, Trzy” at the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936

The Olympic Games of 1936 in Berlin found sports and Olympic movement in the Second Republic of Poland at astage of developing and strengthening its organizational structure. The most famous and honored sport newspapers were: “Przegląd Sportowy” from Warsaw and – published by “IKC” concern from Cracow – “Raz, Dwa, Trzy”. The circulation of both titles constituted more than 3/4 of the circulation of all the sporting titles in the Second Republic of Poland. In this paper reports of “Raz, Dwa, Trzy” correspondents of the Olympic Games and the capital of Germany were presented. The analysis of the reporting of the journalists of “Raz, Dwa, Trzy” from the The Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin allows to conclude that the narration of the reports fully corresponded with the aforementioned Polish-German Press Agreement of the 7th October 1934 and its basic assumptions. At the same time it was in accordance with the appreciation expressed to German organizers by foreign correspondents. The relations of the correspondents from Cracow indicate that Hitler’s’ regimentation reached its goals also in this environment. Enormous sports and infrastructural investments in the Third Reich, together with incorporating the modern technology, high degree of social discipline and the penchant for order and cleanliness, so typical for Germans, found their expressive reflection in the pages of “Raz, Dwa, Trzy”.

Formal and Informal Social Capital in Germany: The Role of Institutions and Ethnic Diversity

Evidence for the often-posited negative relation between ethnic diversity and various measures of social capital is burdened by difficulties measuring the levels of aggregation at which the indicators operate, the common use of cross-sectional data, and by the common omission of macro-level variables that plausibly confound the relation between ethnic diversity and social capital. To overcome these problems, this article studies social capital in Germany. Germany has a sizeable immigrant population and a considerable within-country variation in the extent to which government institutions and the labour market function. Districts also have different democratic histories. To explore to what extent social capital can be explained by ethnic diversity and institutional characteristics of districts in Germany, we combine data from the German Socioeconomic Panel, with relevant macro-level characteristics at the level of districts (‘Kreise’). We use three-level multilevel regression analyses to study the 2003 data, and individual fixed effects panel regressions to study the consequences of changes between 2003 and 2008. Our findings indicate that ethnic diversity in districts has a negative effect on political participation. We find no evidence that ethnic diversity is related to other forms of social capital.

, (From Rhineland Capitalism, to the New Hard Capitalism of Berlin)

Greek Abstract: Ο «καπιταλισμός του Ρήνου» (ονομάζeται έτσι eπeιδή η Γeρμανία και η Γαλλία ως δύο χώρeς που eκφράζουν αυτό το μοντέλο βρίσκονται και στις δύο πλeυρές του Ρήνου) ως έννοια eισήχθη το 1991 από τον Γάλλο οικονομολόγο Michael Albert και αναφέρeται στην μορφή του καπιταλισμού μeτά τον δeύτeρο παγκόσμιο πόλeμο στην Γeρμανία, στην Γαλλία και σe άλλeς χώρeς της Βόρeιας και Κeντρικής Eυρώπης καθώς και στην Ιαπωνία. Ο καπιταλισμός του Ρήνου eνσωματώνeι το κοινωνικό κράτος στην οικονομία της αγοράς παρέχοντας σημαντικές βαλβίδeς eξομάλυνσης κοινωνικών αντιθέσeων, διαμeσολάβησης συμφeρόντων και eν τέλeι κοινωνικής συνοχής. Το συγκeκριμένο μοντέλο που προασπίζeται τόσο το κοινωνικό κράτος όσο και την αγορά διαφοροποιeίται από τον Albert από το αγγλοσαξωνικό ή (νέο)αμeρικανικό μοντέλο καπιταλισμού που υλοποίησαν οι κυβeρνήσeις Ρόναλτ Ρeϊγκαν και Μάργκαρeτ Θάτσeρ, υπό eπιρροή των θeωριών του νeοφιλeλeυθeρισμού. Το τέλος του καπιταλισμού του Ρήνου μeτά την γeρμανική eνοποίηση και η eπικράτηση eνός νέου βάναυσου καπιταλισμού του Βeρολίνου, eίχe eμφανeίς κοινωνικές eπιδράσeις ,μe τους Γeρμανούς σήμeρα να φοβούνται ότι η κρίση θα eξουδeτeρώσeι τις κατακτήσeις eυημeρίας που κληρονόμησαν από τον ρηνανικό καπιταλισμό. Oι κοινωνικές συνέπeιeς του νέου βάναυσου καπιταλισμού του Βeρολίνου οδηγούν στην διάρρηξη των κοινωνικών δeσμών της κοινωνίας της eργασίας κάτω από την πίeση της πeριθωριοποίησης και της αποδιάρθρωσης της αλληλeγγύης.Ο νέος χρηματοπιστωτικός καπιταλισμός του Βeρολίνου χαρακτηρίζeται από μια αδυσώπητη eπέκταση της λογικής της αγοράς σe πeδία που δeν eίχαν ακόμα eνσωματωθeί από τον καπιταλισμό. Αυτό συνδέeται αυτόματα μe την απορρύθμιση θeσμών και κανόνων που πeριορίζουν την αγορά. Η τυπολογία του Albert άσκησe μeγάλη eπιρροή και βρήκe συνέχeια σe ποικίλeς άλλeς τυπολογίeς. Συνέχeια βρίσκeι η τυπολογία του Albert στις προσeγγίσeις γύρω από την ποικιλομορφία του καπιταλισμού οι οποίeς eίναι λιγότeρο κριτικές. English Abstract: The (So‐called because Germany and France, two of its practitioners, lie on either side of the Rhine) as concept was introduced in 1991 by the French economist Michael Albert and refers to the form of capitalism after the Second World War in Germany, in France and in other Countries of Western and Continental Europe and in Japan. The model of Rhineland Capitalism incorporates the welfare state to the market economy, providing important mechanisms of handling social contradictions, of interests mediation and ultimately offers a high grade of social cohesion. This model defends both, the welfare state and the market and is differentiated by Albert from Anglo Saxon or (new) American model of capitalism that have implemented the governments of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, under influence of theories of neoliberalism. The overcoming of Rhineland capitalism in Germany after German unification and the prevalence of a new harder capitalism of Berlin, left obvious social signs, with the Germans now fear that the crisis will neutralize that prosperity that with the Rhine capitalism was widespread throughout the German society. Hence the social consequences of the new capitalism of Berlin is leading to disruption of social ties in labor society under the pressure of marginalization and dislocation of solidarity. The new financial capitalism of Berlin characterized by a relentless expansion of market logic in areas that had not yet been incorporated by capitalism. It automatically connects to the deregulation of rules and regulations that restrict the market. The typology of Albert had a great influence and found then a variety of other typologies, like the theory of Varieties of Capitalism. ]

Large-scale Microscopic Simulation of Taxi Services

The paper presents research on large-scale microscopic simulation of taxi services in Berlin based on floating car data collected by the Taxi Berlin fleet, the largest taxi association in Germany's capital. Firstly, Berlin's taxi market is shortly described and the demand and supply data obtained from FCD analysed. Secondly, the online taxi dispatching problem formulation for this specific case is given, followed by the definition of two real-time rule-based heuristics used to dispatch taxis dynamically within the simulation. Finally, the simulation setup in MATSim is described, and the results obtained with both heuristics are analysed and compared in terms of dispatching performance, proving the effectiveness of the second strategy at different demand scales.

Heat mortality in Berlin – Spatial variability at the neighborhood scale

Heat stress increasingly affects urban populations in higher geographical latitudes. Related adverse health effects are expected to increase due to urbanization, population aging, and global warming. While many studies have examined the relationship between heat and mortality, only a few have examined the intra-urban spatial variability between them. This missing research is particularly evident for northern mid-latitude cities, where populations are not prepared for heat stress. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate heat-related excess mortality in its spatial variability at the neighborhood scale (397 planning areas) for Berlin, the capital of Germany. We analyzed age-standardized mortality rates by calculating the relative heat mortality risk ratio for months with and without severe heat waves. Local indicators of spatial association were used to locate spatial clusters. The results highlighted the intra-urban variability of heat-related excess mortality, and demonstrated clustering for the planning areas of Berlin. Temporal aggregation of mortality data enabled a neighborhood-scale analysis. Resulting heat-related excess mortality maps allow urban decision makers to identify hot spots for emergency and adaptation planning, and serve as a basis for further investigations of heat stress risk on an individual level.

Regional-scale assessment of hydrothermal heat plant capacities fed from deep sedimentary aquifers in Berlin/Germany

Regions of active volcanism offer high-enthalpy production rates at economically feasible development costs. But most of the developed and highly energy-consuming countries do not possess adequate quantities of such geothermal resources. Still, even in these countries, the crust's heat potential is enormous and may, in principle, easily cover to-day's demands for centuries. This heat may be mined for direct heating or even for energy conversion purposes, but the potential is largely undeveloped for different reasons: limited geological data inducing development risks, technological challenges, high invest and limited public acceptance. This situation holds true for the low-enthalpy hydrothermal heat reservoirs of the Northeast German Basin and specifically for the city of Berlin, Germany's capital. This work introduces a model for the preliminary assessment of hydrothermal heat plant capacities fed from deep, low-enthalpy aquifers in Berlin. The model relies on an existing structural model that resolves the relevant reservoir formations at major unit scale. Hydro/thermal field data are largely missing for deep reservoir units in Berlin, therefore statistical distributions for the Northeastern German Basin are used within known confidence limits. The resulting plant model is capable of addressing the average main hydrothermal tendencies. We focus attention on the sedimentary aquifers of the Middle Buntsandstein and the Upper Rotliegend, where the heat resource is represented by hot, saline waters embodied in the pore space of sandstone formations at different depths. In the Northeast German Basin the formation temperature increases approximately linearly with depth, while the rock porosity and the porosity-related hydraulic rock permeability generally decreases exponentially. Deeper aquifers therefore provide hotter fluid, but restricted production fluxes. Hydrothermal heat plants fed from these sedimentary aquifers therefore face a trade-off between the fluid temperature and the hydraulic productivity. For the Berlin region, the model predicts productive Buntsandstein aquifers at a temperature level of 60–70°C offering well doublet powers of ca. 3MW(th). Sedimentary Rotliegend aquifers, located much deeper, exhibit higher temperature (ca. 125°C) but much reduced hydraulic conductivities, causing limited thermal plant productivities. To increase the productivity of Sedimentary Rotliegend aquifers, engineered geothermal well designs are required, which are not considered in this work.