German Minister Research Articles

Environmental Education in the Federal Republic of Germany: A Survey

Silent Spring sent a vivid warning around the world. The Federal government's first environmental programme, passed in 1970, stressed the significance of environmental education. As early as the late 1960s, syllabuses in biology and geography included environmental problems. The early 1970s saw a period of intensive subject-specific work and a flurry of publications in the natural and social sciences. Large organisations such as Unesco and the Council of Europe were a strong influence, especially in the theoretical field. Increasingly, efforts were made to devise a way of making environmental education transcend subject barriers. Interdisciplinary teams in the Kiel Institute for Science Education (Institut fur die Padagogik de Naturwissenschaften, IPN) developed teaching materials and a methodological programme for environmental education. This was published in 1981. German ministries first of all participated in the international activities of Unesco in Stockholm, Tbilisi and Munich. Recommendations and resolutions were passed for the various educational disciplines in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1978 (Munich) and 1980 (Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Science in the Lander, KMK). Within individual German Lander, environmental problems found their way into syllabuses in the various subjects. However, such theoretical recommendations from educational and ministerial sources were in practice rarely implemented in the schools. In an empirical study in 1985, IPN questioned teachers in 60 schools as to how they had conducted environmental education during the past six months. This survey showed up considerable weaknesses, in terms of the time allocated to such teaching as well as, and in particular, in terms of methodology. It demonstrated that environmental education is still seen as an extension of subject teaching and, as a rule, is conducted in this fashion. In 1986, the Federal Minister of Education and Science in Bonn organised a symposium including experts from all areas of teaching. Their suggestions and recommendations were incorporated into a list of criteria produced by the Commission of Federal and Land Representatives for Educational Planning and the Promotion of Research (Bund-Lander Kommission fur Bildungsplanung und Forschungsforderung).

AIDS in the Two Berlins

In September 1987 West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl welcomed the German Democratic Republic's Party Chairman Erich Honneker to Bonn for the first time, and with the full ceremony attendant upon a visiting head of state. Coming nearly forty years after the founding of today's German states, this symbolic acknowledgment of political reality offered hope for the end of a postwar history of mutual avoidance, denial, and sabotage. Remarkably enough, the very first point of the communique signed by the two leaders had nothing to do with international politics in the conventional sense of the term; rather it was an agreement to conduct joint research on AIDS. That the two competing regimes could agree on the need for basic scientific work in virology and immunology-while avoiding any discussion of their ideological differences regarding public health and other policies affecting AIDS-creates the illusion that everyone is united in the struggle against the epidemic. It also points to the polyvocality of AIDS, as scientific entity and cultural myth, as abstraction and experience. geht alle an (AIDS concerns us all), the official education slogan of the West German AIDS-Hilfen, or Support Groups, has been adopted by West German Minister of Health Rita Siissmuth to inform the entire populace of West Berlin and West Germany of its proper relation to the public health crisis. In contrast, there is no slogan in the German Democratic Republic, despite the fact that official slogans are otherwise as abundant there as advertising jingles in America. Furthermore, according to Dr. Niels Sonnichsen, the GDR's leading AIDS expert, by no means geht alle an. Rather, it primarily affects the homosexual risk group, and East German educational efforts are therefore to be directed particularly to young homosexuals. The striking difference in these two approaches cannot be explained by appealing to the East-West ideological divide, nor can it be accounted for by

‘Technical Co–operation’ Between the League of Nations and China

When in August 1933 the German Minister to China, Dr Oskar P. Trautmann, reported to Berlin, ‘daβ die Völkerbundsmelodie politisch hier ausgespielt hat’, he had jumped to a conclusion too soon. When two years later the Journal Round Table commented, ‘to-day the League of Nations is no longer a political factor in the Far East’, this assessment was vindicated by evidence of every description. The two years between had witnessed the peak and decline of the League of Nation's ‘technical co-operation’ with the National Government of China. This episode plays its part as one of the major accomplishments of the League during the dismal second decade of its existence. It figures, however, only marginally in the history of twentieth-century China. Western works on modern Chinese history tend to neglect it altogether, and the most comprehensive scholarly treatment of China's foreign relations during the Republican period does not even deem it worth a reference in passing. On the other hand, the one authoritative textbook on modern Chinese economic history published in the People's Republic of China devotes ample space to the denunciation of the League's Chinese enterprise.

Woodrow Wilson and Germany's Membership in the League of Nations, 1918–19

On January 15, 1919, Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, recently appointed foreign minister of the German Republic, concluded a press conference with the following appeal:We demand a policy of reconciliation …, a policy which realizes a genuine … League of Nations. But we will be asked whom we are introducing into this League. Then we must be able to say: “We are introducing a united people that wants peace in the world and is willing to enter the lists for every progress of mankind. …”With these words the German minister gave expression to an ideal that had inspired many left-wing liberals and pacifists in Germany during the war, and that had been taken up by the spokesmen of the newly proclaimed German Republic immediately after the armistice. To them, as well as to Brockdorff, the future League of Nations, in the way it was going to be constituted, was to become the test of the spirit in which the peace would be concluded. The crucial point was whether, and if so on what terms, it would include the new German Republic. If it admitted Germany on equal terms, it would thus demonstrate that it would be a universal organization, open to all democratic nations and in line with the aspirations of the moderate Left of Europe.

Fifty-Five Years of Progress in Parasitology in Kansas

Historically, parasitology in Kansas is synonymous with helminthology. Although parasitology rightly includes medical entomology, this subdiscipline centered in the faculties of our state universities has a long and illustrious history that will not be reviewed here. To appreciate progress in parasitology in Kansas one may well look at this science in Europe during the 19th century. The 1800's marked the firm establishment of parasitology, mostly by men trained in medicine; only a few parasitologists held chairs in zoology at the great universities. Many were laymen fascinated by worms in animals; among them was Goze, a German minister who made many contributions to the systematics of helminths. Great strides were made in systematics by the parasitologists Bloch, Leuckart, Rudolphi and others. Experimental parasitology had its beginning during the era of the systematists. Kiichenmeister demonstrated that cysticerci of rabbits developed into tapeworms when fed to dogs, whereas cysticerci of beef developed into tapeworms in man. The German systematist and experimentalist Looss demonstrated how man became infected with hookworm by penetration of infective larvae through the unbroken skin. During the latter part of the 19th Century, Sir Ronald Ross demonstrated that mosquitoes transmitted avian malaria and Sir Patrick Manson demonstrated that mosquitoes could transmit a filariid nematode to man. By the 1860's foundations for the science of parasitology were well established and man was cognizant of the part that parasites played in human and animal diseases. This knowledge of hostparasite relationships came some 20 years before bacteria finally were established as a cause of disease.

Ecumenical Relations Between Boston Puritanism and German Pietism: Cotton Mather and August Hermann Francke

May I begin with a personal introduction to the theme of this evening's lecture, the encounter between continental pietism and New England Puritanism? I began teaching Church history at the Martin Luther University in Halle-Wittenberg in 1932. There I had the opportunity to study the archives of August Hermann Francke, in the old library of Francke's orphanage. These archives were in a state of highly inspiring disorder, for there were chances of all kinds of unforeseen discoveries, both in the many boxes containing Francke's correspondence and on the shelves holding all the books sent to this head of pietism by his friends all over the world. At first, I studied his correspondence with ministers, scholars, bishops and generals in Russia and the Baltics, publishing an article about Francke in Russia. Then I came across some boxes which held an enormous mass of material connected with New England, letters to German ministers and German communities in Pennsylvania, diaries of emigrants, together with letters in English from Puritan theologians and New England missionaries. I was especially interested in Francke's correspondence with Cotton Mather.

German Minister Advocates Tax Reform to Encourage Industry

German Minister Advocates Tax Reform to Encourage Industry

Education in the British Zone of Germany

ijI THEN considering education in Germany since the war we can j/jf make a convenient distinction between the periods before and T T after the beginning of the year I947. This is particularly clear in the British and American zones, since at that time control of education in them was handed over to the German authorities in the various Lander, and the Military Governments confined their activities to a general supervision and the giving of advice and assistance. They retained, it is true, certain powers over appointments and the power to veto legislation, but in fact it has hardly ever been found necessary to use those powers and the veto was never used. In the French zone there is no such clear distinction between the two periods, but Military Government control, though always much firmer than in the other two western zones, certainly became less obtrusive as time went on. It is also possible to make a further division in the second period before and after the currency reform of June I948, and this applies as much to theFrench zone as to the other two. Before that date material problems of providing school equipment were more pressing than any others; after it they were largely solved with remarkable rapidity. This does not mean, however, that the economic difficulties in education ended with currency reform. In some ways they became more formidable. For one thing, before the currency reform education had been one of the very few things that money could buy and so, while the universities and schools suffered from almost every conceivable shortage, they did not experience a shortage of the essential raw material of education. There was no shortage of pupils. On the whole, currency reform did not have quite the devastating effects on the attendance at universities and schools that many expected, and I feel that the German Ministries of Education deserve a good deal of credit for the way in which they made emergency provisions to deal with the crisis. More serious was the fact that one result of currency reform was, paradoxically, to make it clear to the German Governments how poor they were. Education suffered severely in consequence, particularly in the poorer LDnder, such as Schleswig-Holstein and Nieder Sachsen in the British zone, which were not only economically weaker than the others but more oppressed by the influx of refugees. It may be hoped that the provision in the Bonn Constitution which allows the Federal Government to make subventions for education to the poorer Lander will enable something to be done to sol-ve 32

Denmark under the Nazi Heel

ON November 5,1942, a new German Minister to Denmark, Dr. Karl Rudolf Werner Best, arrived in Copenhagen to replace von Renthe-Fink, a career diplomat who had represented the Reich in Denmark since pre-Nazi days. The new Minister, a high SS officer and Gestapo official, has been in the Foreign Service for only about six months and during this time is said to have elaborated a European constitution in accord ance with the ideas he formulated last year in his Grossrau mordnung und Grossverwaltung. His arrival was greeted with the greatest apprehension by the Danes, who with their usual sense of irony muttered that they expected a best-ial future. Everything indicates that these Danish apprehensions are justified and that the autonomy which the Germans have per mitted occupied Denmark for more than two and a half years is ending. The Nazis seem to have concluded that the preferential treatment which they have accorded the Danes has not paid. It has not won their sympathy and recently has not prevented sabotage from increasing throughout the country. And with North Africa in Allied hands the German supply situation is now so tense that the Nazis cannot afford to look too far ahead

The art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries

The art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries

Note from the German Minister for Foreign Affairs to the Charge D’Affaires of the United States at Berlin

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The Art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries.

The Art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries.

The Art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries. Arnold Brecht , Comstock Glaser

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsThe Art and Technique of Administration in German Ministries. Arnold Brecht , Comstock Glaser Karl LoewensteinKarl Loewenstein Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 13, Number 2Jun., 1941 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/243989 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1941 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

New Geometry for Germany

The circle will in future have 400 degrees in Germany, instead of 360, as at present, and the right angle 100, instead of 90. This is ordered in a new decree of the German Minister of the Interior.Degrees will continue to be divided into minutes and seconds, but these will also be arranged on the decimal principle.Several years will be allowed to elapse before the new geometry is made obligatory, especially for use at sea, but it will be taught in the schools next year.—Daily Telegraph and Morning Post, Nov 1, 1937.

Regulations for German Scholars Travelling Abroad

THE following is a translation of an extract from a decree of the German Minister of Education entitled “Foreign Travel by University Teachers and Students” and dated December 24, 1936, recently received at NATURE office: “It has frequently been observed of late that Germans and especially professors and students, when travelling abroad for cultural or scientific purposes, have failed to establish contact with their local national official representatives. Such contact is specially important in countries where Jews occupy a predominant influence in cultural affairs, and where emigrants seek to press into the foreground in questions concerning German cultural life. In these countries it is particularly necessary that German national guests, local or official, shall be informed of these local relationships by the official national representatives abroad. I therefore order that all under control of my Ministry who travel abroad for study, research or lectures, or for congresses or similar purposes, shall on their arrival in a foreign country forthwith get into contact Fith the competent local representative of Germany, with the Foreign Organization of the Nazi Party and with the branch office of the German Academic Exchange Service, whenever possible. If this be not 4one, a short report of the reasons must be furnished to me. I take this opportunity to point out that previous decrees concerning foreign journeys are still not always obeyed by all concerned. For example, news of a proposed journey abroad by persons under 4Jontrol of my Office often reaches me first through the German Centre for Congresses. This results in delay, and the person involved not only risks refusal of the necessary foreign exchange, but is also acting in defiance of my orders. I therefore hereby order all controlled by my Office to obey in every detail the Decree on Foreign Travel, and to lay before me, through the official channels, any applications for permission to travel abroad.”

The Teaching of History and Prehistory in Germany

THE German Minister of the Interior, Dr. Frick, has issued a circular (under official reference number III 3120/22.6) containing “guiding ideas”(Leitgedanken) for historical instruction in all German schools, and has transmitted them to all educational authorities in Germany. These “directive principles”(Eichtlinien) have been issued also to the Union of School-book Publishers, and are to serve as a standard for the educational authorities in forming their opinion of historical textbooks submitted to them for adoption. Until the publication of these historical textbooks, which can scarcely be expected before Easter 1935, these “directive principles” are also to be regarded as guiding ideas for historical instruction in all German schools. We print below a translation, with German words and phrases in parentheses where there may be doubt as to the actual shade of meaning, of the full text of the document.

French Welcome German Ministers

French Welcome German Ministers

Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich von Raumer

Few German men of letters living in the first half of the nineteenth century had more friends than Ludwig Tieck, but of these none was more closely associated with him over a long period of years than Friedrich von Raumer, who was by adoption one of the distinguished Prussians of his day. Raumer was born at Wörlitz, Anhalt, in 1781; he studied law and political science at Halle and Gottingen and then entered the Prussian service as Referendar, Assessor and Rat, successively. In 1809 he became Regierunisrat in Potsdam and in the following year was transferred to the office of Chancellor Hardenberg. In 1811 he was appointed professor of history at Breslau, a post which he held until 1819, when he became professor of political science at Berlin. While a delegate to the German Parliament of 1848, he was sent to Paris as German minister, and on his return to Berlin, he became a member of the First Chamber there. In 1853 he was retired as professor but continued to deliver lectures until shortly before his death in 1873. He is regarded as a pioneer in German historiography, and as one of the leading German historians before Ranke. His two principal works are Geschichte der Hohenslaufen und ihrer Zeit in six volumes (1823-1825) and Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts in eight volumes (1832-1850), both splendid examples of the Romantic attitude toward history. Interest in literature is revealed in his fourvolume Bandbuch tur Geschichte der Literatur (1864-1866), as well as in several No veil en.

International Congress of Genetics

THE fifth International Congress Genetics, held in Berlin on Sept 11–18 was very important and successful meetings. The opening addresses of welcome were given in the auditorium of the Berlin Medical Society in Luisenstrasse while all the other sessions were held at the University (Unter den Linden). Members of the Congress were welcomed by Prof. E. Baur, chairman of the committee of arrangements, as well as by the German Minister of the Interior, the Prussian Minister of Agriculture, the head of the Berlin Medical Service, and Prof. Kniep, representing the University of Berlin. At this meeting an address was given by Prof. R. von Wettstein on the problem of evolution. Prof. S. Navashin, the distinguished cytologist of Moscow, was elected president of the Congress, a fact which is significant of the fundamental part which cytology has played in the modern development of genetics. The membership of the Congress numbered more than 1000. Mornings were devoted to general addresses, while in the afternoon the Congress met in six sections and about 135 papers were read.

The German Minister For Foreign Affairs To The American Ambassador At Berlin

Essay| August 01 1915 The German Minister For Foreign Affairs To The American Ambassador At Berlin Current History (1915) 2 (5): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1915.2.5.819 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation The German Minister For Foreign Affairs To The American Ambassador At Berlin. Current History 1 August 1915; 2 (5): 819–822. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1915.2.5.819 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1915 by The Regents of the University of California1915 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.