German Immigrants Research Articles

Orchids of the Southern Cone (1830–2000) – Part III. Karl Friedrich Reiche’s Orchidaceae Chilensis and a commentary about Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin’s Orchidacearum Genera et Species (Vol. 2, Part I)

Karl Reiche (1860–1929), a German botanist, came to Chile in 1889 as a professor at the Lyceum in the city of Constitución. He was attracted by the country’s climate and its traditional friendliness to German immigrants. A few years later, in 1897, Federico Phillippi, Director of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, welcomed Reiche as the new Head of the Botanical Section, a position he held until 1910. During his 21 years in Chile, Reiche worked intensively on the Chilean flora and was a prolific writer. Besides six volumes of the Estudios críticos de la Flora de Chile (1896–1911), several editions of Reiche’s Plant Geography of Chile were published (1907, 1934–1937, 2013), a magnificent essay on Chiles’ Orchidaceae, Orchidaceae Chilensis (1910, reprint 2007), and several other minor works. On Reiche’s suggestion, The Museo Nacional engaged Friedrich Kraenzlin (1847–1934) to write a treatment of the orchids of the Southern Cone that was published in 1904 as the second volume of Orchidacearum Genera et Species, a work that was widely criticized by many botanists, beginning with Reiche himself.

Brazilian artisanal Colonial cheese: characterization, microbiological safety, and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis during ripening.

The artisanal Colonial cheese is typical of the southern region of Brazil and dates back to the colonization by Italian and German immigrants. Produced with raw milk, it is the main cheese produced by more than 15,200 small rural proprieties. The consumer increasingly appraises food with territorial valorization, demanding specific sanitary norms for this type of cheese. This work aimed to know the physical-chemical characteristics of the cheeses produced in the west of Santa Catarina State, to study the ripening time to reach microbiological safety, and to experimentally observe the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076 during the ripening. The physical-chemical characterization was performed with 129 samples of cheeses. Five dairies were selected for evaluation of the ripening process. Salmonella survival using a challenge test was performed on three batches prepared in a pilot plant. The cheeses were classified as high (15.4%), medium (74.6%), and low moisture (9.2%), and concerning fat content as semi-fat (37.5%) and fat (62.5%). Salmonella challenge test demonstrated their survival for up to 28 days, depending on the initial contamination. The ripening monitoring showed that thermotolerant coliforms could be a good indicator of the process because they are the most persistent microorganisms.

Socio-political and business activities of the Mering family in Ukrainian in the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries

The purpose of the article is a consideration of the multifaceted history of representatives of the Mering family in the social and political life and socio-economic development of Ukraine in the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries. On the example of studying the activities of the Mering family, it is necessary to trace the adaptation processes that accompanied foreigners during their life in the territory of Ukraine. The methodology is based on the use of general historical and special research methods. In particular, on the basis of the logical method, a hypothesis was formed regarding the economic basis of the relationship; the historical method made it possible to single out the chronological sequence and trend in relationships; the deductive method made it possible to divide the period into stages in order to determine certain features of the facts of relationships that depended on specific political conditions, the prosopographic method contributed to the reconstruction of the genealogy of the Mering family, as well as information about the time and place of birth, religion, citizenship, language, family environment and upbringing, atmosphere in the family, education, choice of profession, participation in the social and political life of Ukraine Scientific novelty. In the scientific study, it was proved that the scale of the relationship between German immigrants and the Ukrainian population was greater than it is customary to talk about it in historical science. Also, the issue of the relationship between the German and Ukrainian ethnic groups in various spheres was investigated using the example of the family of F. Mering - a doctor, professor of medicine at the Imperial University named after St. Volodymyr (Kyiv), public and political figure of the country. Research results. In the conditions of the development of the Ukrainian state, its active integration into the European and world community, interest in the historical past has significantly increased. The creative reinterpretation of the falsified history of Ukraine in the recent past has increased interest in many figures of Ukrainian history. Today, prosopographic studies help to comprehensively and more reliably investigate the life and activities of entire families and create a family portrait of the Merings. So, the history of every nation that inhabits the state of Ukraine is an integral part of our general history.

Словацкие города в конце XIV – первой половине XV века. Специфика положения и причины расцвета

Slovak cities at the end of the XIV- first half of the XV century were actively developing and getting richer. Their situation was caused by a number ofcomplex interrelated reasons. An important role here was played by international trade with the Czech Kingdom, the Polish Kingdom and other countries, mining and the support of the king in the struggle for city rights. At the same time, the kings did not stop exploiting the cities and sought benefits for themselves in supporting the communal struggle. German immigrants had an ambiguous influence on urban life.

Die hellen Jahre über dem Atlantik. Leben zwischen Deutschland und Amerika by Frank Trommler

Reviewed by: Die hellen Jahre über dem Atlantik. Leben zwischen Deutschland und Amerika by Frank Trommler Stephen Brockmann Die hellen Jahre über dem Atlantik. Leben zwischen Deutschland und Amerika. By Frank Trommler. Vienna: Böhlau, 2022. Pp. 384. Hardcover €28.00. ISBN 978-3412525422. Frank Trommler’s beautifully illustrated tome is both an autobiography and a personal history of German studies in the United States over the course of the last six decades. As someone who served as president of the GSA at the moment of German reunification, who organized the humanities program of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies in Washington, D.C., from the early 1990s into the twenty-first century, and who played a central role in planning the academic commemoration of the three-hundredth anniversary of German immigration to North America in 1983, Trommler is uniquely placed to offer insights into the ways that the field has changed. These changes are both positive and negative. When Trommler arrived in the United States from West Germany in the 1960s, “German studies” did not exist, and the most influential practitioners of Germanistik, defined primarily as the study of canonical German-language literature, formed an “old boys network” that came together every year in December for the MLA convention. That “old boys network” was, to a large extent, dominated by white, male, German-speaking immigrants from Central Europe, many of whom had fled from the predations of the Nazi dictatorship. During his first decades in the United States, Trommler witnessed the final flowering of that approach to Germanistik. At the same time, over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, he fought for and helped to ensure the breakthrough of a more comprehensive, historically and politically oriented approach to the German-speaking world, one that brought historians together with literary scholars. Their most important institutional foundation was the GSA, a product of the 1970s that was originally called the Western Association for German Studies (WAGS) before its name changed to the current one in 1983. The transformation in the field also brought with it increasing diversification, as more and more women began to take on leading roles, feminist scholarship grew and flourished, and the definition of “German” was broadened to include more than just traditional ethnic Germans but also multiculturalism, hybridity, migration, etc. The field also became increasingly “Americanized,” i.e., less dominated by Germanistik [End Page 340] as practiced in Germany and Austria and more focused on its position within the US academy and in dialog with American colleagues in other disciplines such as English and history. Paradoxically, this “Americanization” of German studies was also championed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), which had a keen interest in preserving the relevance of Germany and German culture for an American audience. All of those developments were always threatened by the fundamental fact that Germany is a long way away from the United States, and that the humanities generally, as well as foreign languages and cultures, including German, are relatively marginal. Even within the MLA, the English language and British, American, and Canadian literature dominate. During the Cold War, German and other foreign language fields profited from a Cold War bonus, and even after German reunification, the field of German profited temporarily from renewed interest among American college students. However, in the long run, the end of the Cold War led to declining interest in European languages and cultures, including German. The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, only exacerbated this problem, and Trommler notes the way that US and European attitudes differed radically in the wake of that event: “The Americans are from Mars, the Europeans from Venus” (335–336, a reference to a book by Robert Kagan published shortly after 9/11). As a result of all these developments, as well as others, American interest in central Europe generally, and in German-speaking culture specifically, radically declined after 9/11, and it has continued to decline. Therefore, although the field of German studies has become more diversified and open, it has also become less central to US intellectual life, even within an academic setting. The field has been diversified but also, at the very same time...

Civil War Settlers: Scandinavians, Citizenship, and American Empire, 1848–1870

Civil War Settlers: Scandinavians, Citizenship, and American Empire, 1848–1870

Notes on Contributors

Other| April 01 2023 Notes on Contributors Journal of American Ethnic History (2023) 42 (3): 140–141. https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.11 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Notes on Contributors. Journal of American Ethnic History 1 April 2023; 42 (3): 140–141. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.3.11 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of American Ethnic History Search Advanced Search Ronald H. Bayor is Professor Emeritus of History at Georgia Tech. He is the founding editor of JAEH and a past president of the IEHS. He is the author of, among other titles, Encountering Ellis Island: How European immigrants Entered America (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), and the editor of The Oxford Handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity (Oxford University Press, 2016).Erika Weidemann Bravo is the Texas A&M University Defense and POW/MIA Accounting Agency Research Partner Historian. Her research focuses on war and population movement, particularly ethnic German immigration to North America after World War II. She published a chapter in European Mennonites and the Holocaust (University of Toronto Press, 2020).dann j. Broyld is Associate Professor of African American History at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Broyld's book Borderland Blacks: Two Cities in the Niagara Region During the Final Decades of Slavery (2022) is published by the... You do not currently have access to this content.

Orchids of the Southern Cone (1830–2000) – Part II. The Philippi dynasty: <i>Plantarum Novarum Chilensium</i> and <i>Catalogus Plantarum Chilensium</i>

Bernhard Eunom Philippi (1811–1852), his brother Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808–1904), and the latter’s son Federico Philippi (1836–1910) must be considered the main actors in the history of the natural sciences in Chile between 1840 and 1910. While Bernhard was responsible for convincing the rest of his family to emigrate to Chile (and in fact, became the initiator of German immigration to southern Chile), Rudolph became the leading Figure in Chile’s scientific community, becoming the first director of the National Museum of Natural History, a post he held from 1853 to 1897. The description of many new orchid species in the series Plantarum novarum Chilensium (1856–1864) during this time is only one of his merits. His son Federico took over the direction of the Museum after his father’s retirement until he died in 1910. Catalogus plantarum Chilensium (1881) stands out among his numerous publications.

A True American: William Walcutt, Nativism, and Nineteenth-Century Art by Wendy Jean Katz

Reviewed by: A True American: William Walcutt, Nativism, and Nineteenth-Century Art by Wendy Jean Katz Kara M. French (bio) William Walcutt, Art, Early American art, Nativism A True American: William Walcutt, Nativism, and Nineteenth-Century Art. By Wendy Jean Katz. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2022, Pp. 226.) Questions of who gets to call themselves a "real" American and whose histories should be centered have saturated the political arena in recent years. In the atmosphere of these heated debates, Wendy Jean Katz's analysis of nativism's ties to nineteenth-century art and artists appears very relevant. Examining the career of popular nineteenth-century artist William Walcutt—a man Katz accurately describes as "nativist adjacent" if not a card-carrying Know-Nothing—and his circle allows for a deeper understanding of how pervasive nativist ideals and symbols were in the illustrations, engravings, banners, and sculptures in the visual vernacular of the 1840s and 50s (xii). A True American goes beyond the more familiar and obvious tropes of nativist ideology—exaggerated caricatures of Irish and German immigrants or scheming Jesuits locking women in convents—to show how even seemingly innocuous displays of the eagle or Thanksgiving celebrations were part of a larger nativist symbology. Katz argues that "the most patriotic art of the nineteenth century, the art that spoke most strongly about American democracy, was often the art most colored by exclusionary ideas about citizenship" (xiii). It was an art that centered the heroism of white Anglo–Saxon Protestant men while relegating women, the enslaved, and people of color to supporting roles, often ushering them out of the frame entirely. William Walcutt and his fellow working artists are likely not as familiar to scholars of the early republic as their fine art contemporaries in the Hudson River School or notable historical painters like John Trumbull or Daniel Huntington. Katz, however, makes a strong case that these men (and they were almost entirely men) represent a kind of "norm" in antebellum art, a norm that was increasingly becoming suffused with nativist ideas of "true Americanism" (xiii). Though Walcutt did gain some fame as a sculptor and illustrator in his own time, he and his circle were more aligned [End Page 187] with what today would be described as commercial art. To be clear, A True American is not a strict biography of Walcutt per se, but a larger study of a circle of artists whose sympathies were more aligned to those of their fellow working-class artisans than fine artists supported by elite patrons. Walcutt was born in Ohio, the descendant of frontiersmen and Revolutionary-era veterans. After working in the Midwest alongside his two brothers who were also artists, Walcutt arrived in New York City in 1847, an environment flush with artistic patronage as well as one in flux from both immigration and the disruptions of the market revolution. One of the most notable contributions of A True American is Katz's detailed analysis of the overlapping circles of working artists like Walcutt, fraternal orders, and nativist organizations. While the rise of fraternal organizations as well as the new cultural industries of the early republic have been well documented, Katz's work allows us to re-envision artistic societies like Walcutt's New York Sketch Club as fraternal organizations rather than just as gatherings of creatives. In doing so, the first two chapters of A True American help expand notions of who counts as a working-class artisan—beyond the usual shoemakers and tailors displaced by industrialization, one must include artists themselves. Not only did this circle of artists often contribute illustrations to nativist publications like America's Own and paint banners for Odd Fellows' lodges, they also provided mutual aid and shared a sense of their own artistic "brotherhood" standing against both capitalist and foreign tyranny. This was particularly acute for American-born artists like Walcutt who believed that American art should be native-grown and commissions reserved for native-born Americans, rather than more well-known European artists who had trained in academies abroad. Walcutt's circle was opposed to the creation of academies of fine arts within the United States, believing them to be hierarchical and anti...

Colonial Records of the Swedish Churches in Pennsylvania, Volume 7-A and 7-B: The Göransson & Hultgren Years, 1768–1776 ed. by Kenneth S. Peterson

Reviewed by: Colonial Records of the Swedish Churches in Pennsylvania, Volume 7-A and 7-B: The Göransson & Hultgren Years, 1768–1776 ed. by Kenneth S. Peterson Jonathan M. Wilson Colonial Records of the Swedish Churches in Pennsylvania, Volume 7-A and 7-B: The Göransson & HultgrenYears, 1768–1776. Edited by Kenneth S. Peterson et al. Philadelphia: Swedish Colonial Society, 2021. 778 pp. Volume 7-A and 7-B complete the documentary history of the colonial-era Swedish Lutheran churches in the Delaware Valley. These parishes had been under the patronage of the Swedish crown since 1646, and continued in that dependence until after the American Revolution. Almost as remarkable is the story of this publishing effort, the vision of Peter Stebbins Craig. A rapid succession of volumes appeared starting in 2006 until Craig's death in 2009. After a hiatus, volume 6-A and 6-B appeared in 2015. The set was completed in 2021. [End Page 101] After volume 5 the material available from 1759 and forward required two sets of double-volumes. At 778 pages Volume 7-A and 7-B, spanning 18 years, is longer than the first three volumes combined which cover 73 years (1646–1719). In spite of Volume 6-A and 6-B, The Wrangel Years (1759–1768), running to 704 pages, more documents from those years surfaced prior to the publication of volume 7-A and 7-B. The opening document of 7-A is a Wrangel letter dated Nov 1766 and the first 44 pages of documents in 7-A overlap with dates of materials in 6-B, in each case with an explanatory footnote about it having been discovered too late to be included in the earlier volume. Indeed, the shadow of Rev. Dr. Charles Wrangel haunts volume 7-A long into the tenure of his successor, Anders Göransson. Wrangel, the Dean of the Swedish pulpits spoken of so highly by his contemporary, the immigrant German Lutheran H. M. Mühlenberg, cuts a much more problematic figure among the Swedes. Wrangel did not want to be recalled to Sweden and he tried to exploit the Atlantic Ocean's communication lag to rally a following for keeping him in America. His replacement, Anders Göransson (sometimes anglicized to "Andrew Georgeson") was received in America with a combination of warmth and hostility among Wrangel's adherents. Wrangel, still in the parsonage that was to have been Göransson's, allowed the new pastor to board with him, but kept him close and controlled his contacts with others, including other Swedish pastors. When Göransson suffered bouts of depression and paranoia, Wrangel had him imprisoned in a mental hospital for a brief period, where at times he was kept in a straitjacket. One of the Swedish pastors, John Wicksell, intervened and moved Göransson to his own home, where he quickly recovered his physical and mental powers. Wrangel, finally, could not postpone his recall; yet, once in Sweden, he continued to cast aspersions on Göransson's fitness for ministry. This narrative is shared mostly by Göransson and invites further analysis. Volume 7 continues its pagination from 7-A into 7-B, so that 7-B begins on page 372. The parish lists of baptisms, weddings, and funerals are published entirely in 7-B, as are the indices for the whole volume. In 7-A, the minutes of parish vestry and joint-vestry [End Page 102] meetings, the records of the ministerial annual meetings, journal and diary entries, and much correspondence, are arranged chronologically where possible: journal entries are interspersed with meeting minutes and dated correspondence, with some undated materials situated according to the judgment of the editors. Göransson wrote copious epistles but did not keep a journal. A journal of pastoral acts and visits was kept by John Wicksell, Göransson's associate and advocate, providing insights into the particular needs of communicants in Wicksell's circuit of Raccoon Kill and Pennsneck. After his recall, Wicksell, from Sweden, stayed in epistolary contact with his colleagues in the Delaware Valley. Matthias Hultgren, Göransson's successor, also kept a diary with entries starting in 1779. Those interested in...

Ethnic German Migration Since 1989 - Results and Perspectives/ Aussiedler Seit 1989 - Bilanz Und Perspektiven

Among all European countries, Germany absorbs by far the largest number of immigrants. But to date, the German government has yet to adopt a system that will effectively control the influx of foreigners. The immigration of Ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, which is due to historical events and therefore constitutionally guaranteed, is a special case. It is marked by selection criteria (language tests), de facto quotas, and mobility restrictions. Although the immigration of foreigners and Ethnic Germans produces overall positive effects, the recent trend has been more problematic, especially as the economic situation in Germany deteriorated. Ethnic Germans are basically facing the same difficulties with social and economic integration as foreigners. A majority of young Ethnic Germans have no cultural or language ties to Germany. Insufficient language skills and the lack of adequate education and training often limit their labor market prospects to simple tasks and physical labor. Over the last few years, unemployment among Ethnic Germans in the workforce has increased. This study concludes that Germany needs a well-directed immigration policy in order to make the immigration process transparent and predictable. This would also lead to a better acceptance of foreigners and Ethnic Germans in society. A German immigration law could be based on the existing structures that apply to the influx of Ethnic Germans.

The Boundaries of Ethnicity: German Immigration and the Language of Belonging in Ontario by Benjamin Bryce

The Boundaries of Ethnicity: German Immigration and the Language of Belonging in Ontario by Benjamin Bryce

This Is the Plate: Utah Food Traditions

This Is the Plate: Utah Food Traditions

Being World Power and Economic Utility: The Economic History of Germany’s African Colonies

As a late colonial power, Germany was seeking to conquer territories in Africa and Oceania in the last third of the 19th century. The two major purposes for founding colonies were 1) to reduce the immigration of Germans to America; and 2) to represent the young German nation state as a mature power, which can compete with the United Kingdom (called simply England in the historical sources) and with the despised Western neighbour France. The most important lobby and pressure group of German colonial aims was the German Colonial Society (Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft), a group of widely respected intellectuals, influential businessmen and politicians. After the accession on the throne of Emperor Wilhelm II, the colonial lobby became more influential, and the process of colonial expansion was accelerated. Nevertheless, there was an Achilles’ heel in this policy: gaining territories did not seem to be profitable in the short term. Thus, theorists and propagandists of colonization, such as Paul Rohrbach, published papers about possible measures that could have made the colonies financially fruitful territories. This thought remained vivid in the National Socialist era as well: Germany’s right to have colonies was explained on the base of the need for raw materials and the overpopulation of the German fatherland. This study has been written for the purpose to summarize the colonial economic policy of the German Kaiserreich and to briefly explain the economic plans of National Socialist German state regarding Germany’s former colonies in Africa.

Jewish German Immigrant Booksellers in Twentieth-Century Ecuador

When German Jews looked for a country to receive them in the late 1930s Ecuador had its doors open for immigration. This paper traces the story of four German Jewish refugees who landed in Ecuador and established bookstores and libraries in a country that knew little of either. Rescuing their lives from oblivion is a way to highlight their cultural contribution to their host country.

Multi‐ethnic differences in brain and biopsychosocial risk factors for ADRD in UK immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

AbstractBackgroundThe populations of the Middle East and North Africa countries (MENA) are predicted to contribute to the world’s sharpest increases in rates of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) in the coming years (GBD 2022), yet this group is underrepresented in health studies. The UK Biobank provides one of the largest and well‐characterized datasets on aging immigrants in the UK. We compare risk factors for ADRDs between UK immigrants from MENA countries to those of immigrants from other countries.MethodImmigrants from MENA countries (N = 3557), India (N = 2959), Germany (N = 1103), and genetically‐determined British individuals (N = 1929) born outside of the UK in any of the three areas of interest were included in the study. There are multiple definitions of MENA: here, MENA was defined broadly to include the union of all included countries; Figure 1 highlights the distribution in this sample. We focused on variables associated with suboptimal brain aging and ADRD risk: APOE genotypes; education; an algorithmically defined diet quality score (Zhuang, 2021); BMI; incidence of parental death before 65 years; and the Townsend deprivation index (TDI) as a proxy of socioeconomic status (SES). Chi‐squared or Mann‐Whitney tests provided statistics on distribution discrepancies for categorical or continuous data, respectively. We also charted hippocampal volumes with age for the subset of each ethnic group who underwent neuroimaging.ResultFigure 2 highlights group demographics and distributions. Compared to all other groups (Figure 3), MENA groups had higher TDI (lower SES), lowest diet quality, and highest BMIs; these differences remained even in college educated individuals. MENA also reported a greater incidence of maternal deaths before age 65. German immigrants were more highly educated than all other groups. ApoE4 alleles were significantly less prevalent in MENA and Indian countries than groups of European ancestry (Figure 4). Hippocampal volumes, adjusted for intracranial volume, had similar age‐trends across groups.ConclusionMany ADRD risk factors differ substantially across different ethnic groups, even when the proportion with a college education is not different. It is imperative to understand underlying lifestyle and sociological factors associated with immigration, to provide adequate healthcare for all aging individuals.

Working-Class Germans in the Salt City: Syracuse, New York, 1860–1916

Working-Class Germans in the Salt CitySyracuse, New York, 1860–1916 Daniel Koch (bio) The central city of the Empire State was once the home of thousands of Germans, the largest contingent in a multicultural, multilingual urban melting pot. Syracuse was one of the key industrial cities of the United States during the Civil War era and into the twentieth century. Like other American cities, its industrial might was built on immigrant labor, much of which was German. Yet, there has not been a historical study of German Syracuse since the editors of the German-language Syracuse Union newspaper produced a book called Geschichte der Deutschen in Syracuse und Onondaga County (The history of the Germans in Syracuse and Onondaga County) in 1897. Like the tomes of county history produced around the same time, the Geschichte focuses on the great and the good. Its subtitle gives its intention away—Nebst Kurzen Biographien von Beamten and Hervorragenden Buergern (With short biographies of officials and prominent citizens). The book is handsomely illustrated with portraits of eminent German Americans who achieved great success in their careers, and who also gave back to their communities by supporting churches, schools, and charities. These leaders were a source of pride at a time when "great man" status was the aim to which young men were taught to aspire. But the men (and they are all men) whose portraits adorn the Geschichte were exceptions. Most German immigrants worked in industrial jobs, living in what urban accommodation they could afford. They clustered in immigrant neighborhoods with other Germans but also often in mixed communities with other groups of immigrants—Irish, particularly in the early decades, and Italian and Polish in the later part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article seeks to expose a little-studied German community, going beyond the limited great-man focused nineteenth-century sources that exist. Both the Geschichte and Dwight H. Bruce's Memorial History of Syracuse (1891), the two most detailed views of the city in the late nineteenth century, portray a highly positive view of a flourishing German [End Page 361] American community that exemplified civic virtue.1 Historians have maintained that Germans were widely accepted, even celebrated, in American society between the Civil War and the outbreak of World War I.2 The purpose here is not to try to undermine this view; indeed, the records from Syracuse in this period clearly bear it out. Nor is it to write a labor history of Germans in Syracuse. It is rather to bring back to life some of what was left out or swept under the carpet in building this narrative of German success in America. This article seeks to answer why these omissions occurred and argues that it was at least partially related to pervasive racialist discourse in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Furthermore, studying Syracuse's German community enables us to reconstruct the urban geography of a nineteenth-century industrial center and take a new look at a lost German neighborhood in a key American city. Syracuse was a relatively late city to emerge in New York State. The land upon which it is built was part of the Onondaga Reservation, a 64,000-acre tract that was exempt from white settlement by the terms of the 1788 treaty between the State of New York and the Onondaga Nation.3 Syracuse is still known as the salt city due to the briny waters that flow into Onondaga Lake, from which salt can be made using a boiling process. Water from Syracuse's salt springs, an 1834 map boasted, produced nearly seven times as much salt as the same quantity of sea water. "Solar salt" was also produced by allowing the water to evaporate in the sun and raking in the remaining salt. Subsequent exploitative treaties with the state chipped away at the Onondaga Reservation (other Haudenosaunee people in New York experienced the same in the so-called treaty period between the 1790s and 1820s). The land upon which Syracuse was built was transferred first to the state and then sold off to private buyers. Settlers poured in, mainly from New England, in the early decades...

Немцы Калмыкии: вехи истории — вехи судьбы

Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.

Немцы Калмыкии: вехи истории — вехи судьбы

Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.

The Labor use of German Immigrants from the USSR in the Economy of the Third Reich at the Final Stage of World War II

The study aims to reveal the mechanism and features of attracting German immigrants from the USSR to labor service in Nazi Germany at the final stage of World War II. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity and a set of special and general scientific methods. Scientific novelty. Based on the involvement of an extensive array of archival documents, for the first time in historiography, an attempt was made to comprehensively illuminate the problem of using the labor of German immigrants from the USSR in the economy of the Third Reich. Conclusions. German refugees were taken out by the decision of the Nazi authorities in 1943-1944. from the occupied regions of the USSR to the homeland of their ancestors, in the conditions of declared total war, they naturally became part of the Third Reich's labor resources. Most of them were concentrated in the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. At the same time, the bulk immigrants' movement to the territory of Warthegau was caused not by the objective needs of the region for additional labor but by the geopolitical plans of the Nazi leadership. Attempts by some areas of Germany to make up for the acute shortage of human resources in agriculture at the expense of the refugees who arrived were unsuccessful. Their aspirations were shattered by the inert position of Himmler and his inner circle. They did not want to go beyond the concept of using German settlers and the bureaucratic mechanisms associated with it. Only officials who defended the interests of the German military-industrial complex were able to achieve certain concessions. The majority of Soviet Germans in the system of social and labor relations in Nazi Germany were reduced mainly to the level of foreign labor, which is especially clearly evidenced by their relationship with employers and living conditions.