German Contribution Research Articles

Criminology in Germany

The problem of crime can be studied from various points of view. The sociologist, the psychologist, the juristeach looks at crime from a different angle and is concerned with an aspect of crime that is determined by the interest predominating in his field of study. This should be borne in mind in a discussion of German contributions to the field of criminology. Here, too, we find that the problems considered vary with the branches of science from which the writers approach the study of crime. In Germany, this has led to an even greater diversity of criminological investigations than in this country. This is the case because in Germany contributions to criminology are not co-ordinated in any single department of higher learning; whereas, in the United States it is sociology which functions as a clearing house for all varieties of criminological research. In Germany, criminology is not considered a subdivision of sociology, nor is it an autonomous science in its own right; rather, it is a loose nexus among contributions coming from a variety of sources. Corresponding to the particular points of view employed in these contributions, one can distinguish between the legalistic, anthropological, psychological, sociological and biological approaches to the field of criminology. I.

Short Reviews

IN this German handbook of geological terms the definitions, descriptions and explanations are given briefly and in simple language. Where it has seemed desirable, illustrations are provided, and certain terms, such as erzlagerstätten, faltungsphase, formationskunde, orogenese, schichtung, are amplified by means of schemes of classification. In German -speaking countries, the book will be a useful guide to the “hard words and forbidding technicalities” of a subject which is much more attractive than its German nomenclature. In English-speaking countries, students of geology, geography and related subjects will find the book invaluable, whether they are learning to read scientific German or, at a higher level of ambition, attempting to cope with the growing flood of German contributions to geological literature. Clear explanations will here be found of many words for which hitherto they may have searched in vain.

Cultural Age-Groups in German Thought

… das Geheimnis der Kontemporaneität, welches Geheimnis mich zu beschäftigen nie aufhört, sowohl im Leben als in der Arbeit; denn es ist eigentlich der Schlüssel zum geistigen Dasein, sofern es zugleich menschliches Dasein ist.—Hofmannsthal.Since positivism, with its cut-and-dry concepts of schools and influences has more and more lost its hold on literary criticism, a wide search for new methodological principles has become a distinctive feature of German endeavors. Their name is legion, their enumeration not pertinent. Suffice it to recall Nadler's regional theory, which, when used with discretion, appears as one of the most fruitful contributions. If Nadler bases his groupings on affinities of space, the Generationsprinzip or Altersgruppenprinzip proceeds similarly in terms of time. It has of late claimed increasing attention in Germany, but only very recently begun to attract interest in this country. On the following pages I shall attempt to discuss critically the more important German contributions to this methodological problem.

Sedimentation

BULLETIN 98 of the National Research Council of America (1935, pp. 246) embodies the report of the Committee on Sedimentation for 1932-34, and indicates the immense activity of investigators in this subject as well as of the members responsible for the report. The latter includes about a thousand references to current literature and in itself represents a commendable example of bibliographic and abstracting work. The topics discussed include European studies and varved sediments (Antevs); German contributions (Becker); studies at Stanford University (Blackwelder); glacial sediments (Leighton and Townley); British researches (Milner); mineralogy of sediments (Pettijohn); hydrologic and hydro-graphic investigations (Piper); chemical aspects (Steiger); recent sediments and petroleum source-beds (Trask); miscellaneous types (Twenhofel); marine bottom deposits (Vaughan); oxidation-reduction conditions in the Gulf of Catalina (ZoBell); and terminology of coarse sediments (Wentworth, with notes by Boswell). The last of these is a contribution of very general interest. The Sub-committee on Nomenclature and Classification of Sediments is studying the terminology of eleven groups, and in his introduction to the present report, Trowbridge holds out the prospect that following up the two reports already issued on volcanic and coarse sediments, others may be expected at the rate of two or more per year. The Committee is to be congratulated on the thoroughness of its work. It is obvious that without such a review geologists could not possibly keep in touch with the widely varied results of current progress in a branch of their science which is fundamental to its main object and to many of its applications.

Professor Wright on the Theory of Dominance

Previous articleNext article No AccessShorter Articles and DiscussionProfessor Wright on the Theory of DominanceR. A. FisherR. A. Fisher Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 68, Number 717Jul. - Aug., 1934 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/280555 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sahotra Sarkar Haldane’s The causes of evolution and the Modern Synthesis in evolutionary biology, Journal of Genetics 96, no.55 (Nov 2017): 753–763.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-017-0840-5Sahotra Sarkar HALDANE AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, (Jan 2007): 49–86.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451543-8/50005-8Homayoun C. Bagheri Unresolved boundaries of evolutionary theory and the question of how inheritance systems evolve: 75 years of debate on the evolution of dominance, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B, no.44 (Jul 2006): 329–359.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21069Homayoun C Bagheri, Günter P Wagner Evolution of Dominance in Metabolic Pathways, Genetics 168, no.33 (Nov 2004): 1713–1735.https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.028696Raphael Falk The Rise and Fall of Dominance, Biology & Philosophy 16, no.33 (Jun 2001): 285–323.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010611605295Stig W Omholt, Erik Plahte, Leiv Øyehaug, Kefang Xiang Gene Regulatory Networks Generating the Phenomena of Additivity, Dominance and Epistasis, Genetics 155, no.22 (Jun 2000): 969–980.https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.969Wolf-Ernst Reif, Thomas Junker, Uwe Hoßfeld The synthetic theory of evolution: general problems and the German contribution to the synthesis, Theory in Biosciences 119, no.11 (Mar 2000): 41–91.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-000-0004-6 Sarah P. Otto and Denis Bourguet Balanced Polymorphisms and the Evolution of Dominance. S. P. Otto and D. Bourguet, The American Naturalist 153, no.66 (Jul 2015): 561–574.https://doi.org/10.1086/303204Vidyanand Nanjundiah Why are most mutations recessive?, Journal of Genetics 72, no.2-32-3 (Dec 1993): 85–97.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02927924William B. Provine The R. A. Fisher—Sewall Wright Controversy, (Jan 1992): 201–229.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2856-8_8John M. Emlen Heterosis and outbreeding depression: a multi-locus model and an application to salmon production, Fisheries Research 12, no.33 (Nov 1991): 187–212.https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-WGünter P. Wagner, Reinhard Bürger On the evolution of dominance modifiers II: a non-equilibrium approach to the evolution of genetic systems, Journal of Theoretical Biology 113, no.33 (Apr 1985): 475–500.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80034-5A. W. Day, J. E. Cummins Evidence for a new kind of regulatory gene controlling expression of genes for morphogenesis during the cell cycle in Ustilago violacea, Genetical Research 25, no.33 (Apr 2009): 253–266.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300015688J. A. Sved, O. Mayo The Evolution of Dominance, (Jan 1970): 289–316.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46244-3_9Thomas G. Gregg LATENT NEOMORPHS AND THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE, Evolution 21, no.44 (May 2017): 850–852.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1967.tb03439.xR. A. FISHER, S. B. HOLT THE EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF DOMINANCE IN DANFORTH'S SHORT-TAILED MUTANT MICE, Annals of Eugenics 12, no.11 (Aug 2012): 102–120.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1943.tb02313.xJ. B. S. Haldane The theory of the evolution of dominance, Journal of Genetics 37, no.22 (Feb 1939): 365–374.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982734 Sewall Wright Professor Fisher on the Theory of Dominance, The American Naturalist 68, no.719719 (Oct 2015): 562–565.https://doi.org/10.1086/280574

Ergebnisse der Enzymforschung

THIS is a series of short chapters, each written by an active worker in the particular section, dealing with selected subjects in the larger field of enzyme chemistry, a subject which is once again very much to the fore. A previous and similar volume has already been noticed in these columns. The British contributors are Moelwyn-Hughes on the kinetics of enzyme reaction, Keilin on cytochrome, and Horning on mitochondria. From the United States, Northrop and Kunitz write on crystalline trypsin and Hand on peroxidase and the iron-porphyrin catalysts. Myrbäch of Stockholm discusses co-zymase, Lundsgaard of Copenhagen deals with glycolysis, and there are several German contributors, so that the volume, like the science, is essentially international. The German contributions comprise cryolysis by Nord, esterases by Rona, emulsin by Helferich, invertase by Weidenhagen, and several others.

CARCINOMA OF THE MALE BREAST

HISTORICAL Ambrose Pare (Paris, 1510-1590), Thomas Bartholinus (Copenhagen, 1616-1680) and Ledran (Paris, about 1778) are said to have written of carcinoma of the male breast, but it has not been possible to consult these articles. About 1820, articles on the subject began to appear in medical journals, especially in the Lancet . Liston (Lancet, 1838), one of the notable earlier reporters, while operating on a man said: Those who witnessed the operation observed that I was at no pains to preserve integument. A somewhat naive remark which I think might well receive more consideration today. From 1820 to the present day, articles have frequently appeared, especially in the French, English and American journals. German contributions have, singularly, been infrequent. Horteloup 1 collected seventy references to diseases of the breast of all kinds in man. Velpeau 2 mentions, without going into detail, ten cases of carcinoma in men in about 2,000 cases

A German Contribution to Education for Vocation and Citizenship

When Professor Hanus some three years ago called attention to the Fortbildungsschulen of Munich, he rendered an important service to American education. The great interest shown in the School Review article and the wide circulation of reprints and frequent calls for addresses on the subject all showed how great are our needs in this direction. The more recent report of the Industrial Commission of the state of Massachusetts and the movement toward the more definite placing of responsibility for industrial education throughout the country give promise that, in time, we shall deal more adequately with tl-is problem. There is no lack of emphasis upon training for leadership, and many of our social ills find their alleged justification, in the end, in the recognized necessity for the results of leisure, margin, and surplus in the years of growth of those who have superior ability. There is much less said about the function of training, initiative, and reduction of waste and fatigue in the lives of others than leaders. However, as the principle of co-operation, to some extent, replaces that of exploitation, the fact becomes more evident that, in industry and politics alike, the degree of advancement possible on the part of leaders has no more important factor than the extent to which the other members of that social group are able to understand and forward the nic vement.

The New Testament Apocrypha with Special Reference to Recent German Contributions: II

Previous articleNext article FreeThe New Testament Apocrypha with Special Reference to Recent German Contributions: IIWilliam Muss-ArnoltWilliam Muss-Arnolt Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 28, Number 2Aug., 1906 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/473790 Views: 40 Journal History This article was published in The Biblical World (1893-1920), which is continued by The American Journal of Theology (1897-1920). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The New Testament Apocrypha with Special Reference to Recent German Contributions: I

Almost simultaneously with the appearance of Volume II of Hennecke's edition of the German translation of the New Testament Apocrypha, an important contribution toward the critical study of the apocryphal correspondence of the CorinthiarIs and Paul the apostle, by Professor Adolf Harnack, was printed in the Proceedings of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, January 5, I905, pp. I-35. This correspondence was considered by many Christian writers of the early church as the principal part of the Acts of Paul. For a long time it was believed to be genuine in the Syriac and the Armenian churches, and even by some Latin theologians. Professor Harnack sets out (I) to restore approximately the original Greek text of this correspondence, and (2) to show the correctness of the testimony of the Coptic translator that it formed an integral part of the early Acts of Paul. The correspondence is preserved in five manuscripts, containing translations into Armenian, Latin, and Coptic of the lost Greek original. The Old Armenian translation was made during the first half of the fifth century. The Syriac text of Ephraem is preserved only in an Armenian rendering of his commentary on this apocryphal correspondence which in his canon is placed between II Corinthians and Galatians. In the two Latin manuscripts the correspondence is found in the one case after the Epistle to the Hebrews considered Pauline and preceding the pseudo-Pauline Epistle to the Laodiceans; in the other manuscript it is placed at the very end of the biblical books following the catholic epistles. These latter are preceded, in turn, by the epistles of Paul and the Apocalypse. The Coptic text is from a papyrus of the sixth century, but the first translation into Coptic from the Greek is probably much

RELATION OF THE ALLOXURIC BODIES TO GOUT OR A URIC ACID DIATHESIS.

In the German contributions on the studies of metabolism in various diseases which have appeared since 1895, one meets very frequently with the terms alloxurkorper or alloxuric bodies, and alloxurbasen or alloxuric bases. Especially is this the case in the study of the metabolism of gout. A brief explanation of the circumstances leading to the adoption of these terms may be of interest. In 1869 Miescher isolated a phosphorus-containing substance from the nuclei of pus cells to which Hoppe-Seyler gave the name nuclein. Previous to this date, xanthin and hypoxanthin had been known to chemists, but it was not until some time later that Kossel demonstrated that yeast nuclein could be made to yield phosphoric acid, hypoxanthin and an albuminous body, by the action of boiling water. Since then, hypoxanthin has been definitely proven to be derived from the nuclein of animal cells as well. In addition to hypoxanthin, four

The Progress of the Loan Collection

VARIOUS are the trains of thought suggested by a visit to those galleries in which the science of the past and the present is being represented by so goodly an array of its working implements. If one has been at all in sympathy with the movement which is now so near its goal (and who that has in the least appreciated the progress and benefits of science can be out of sympathy with it ?), it will, first of all, be truly gratifying to him to observe on every hand such manifest tokens of hearty co-operation in the movement. Even those who are engaged in marshalling the various treasures of the departments which have been entrusted to their charge seem to be animated with an unusual zeal (a zeal promising the best results), and, at first sight even, it is evident that the various museums and private collections in this country and on the Continent have been ransacked for some of their choicest contents to be sent to these South Kensington galleries, aiding the completion of an ideal which is true in its comprehensiveness. The nations of the Continent who were appealed to for their support of the scheme, have shown, many of them, by an activity which is beyond all praise, how warmly the proposal has been entertained. This is especially true of Germany. The Berlin Committee appointed a short time ago, and including some of the foremost names in science, while it gained also the useful accession of Imperial influence, promptly made application (the time was short) to the various Universities and Polytechnic Schools throughout the country, and they were met as promptly; so that soon quite a network of subordinate committees came into being, all working harmoniously towards the common end. The German contributions form a very considerable proportion of the whole; and they, in common with contributions from the Continent generally, are indeed surprising in their extent, if we consider the shortness of time allowed and the unique character of the exhibition. Both Germans and French have been doing all that they can up to the latest moment, and this has somewhat retarded the arrangements. The Russian contributions have not yet been received. The collection of instruments from Italy is, in many respects, of a peculiarly interesting character.