Historians differ over how closely Germany, Italy and Japan worked together during the Second World War. One indicator is the degree of intelligence co-operation concerning the Indian Ocean, where submarines from the three powers hunted Allied shipping. Significant archival sources for intelligence activities in Portuguese East Africa or Mozambique are available for Britain, America, Italy, and Germany. The Axis Consuls in Mozambique reported extensively on Allied convoys and their intelligence was passed to Japan, which especially valued the work of the Italian Consul Umberto Campini. In 1942 the British Secret Intelligence Service sent out Malcolm Muggeridge to counteract Campini and with the help of an MI5 agent he soon arranged for a Greek seaman working for Italy to be shanghaied.At the end of 1942 Britain complained to Portugal that Campini was directly responsible for the loss of British shipping. But when Portugual asked a British officer to investigate the submarine threat he concluded that the sinkings off Mozambique were not due to enemy agents in the country. Nevertheless, in May 1943 Muggeridge organised the violent kidnapping of Campini's spy-master, Alfredo Manna. After the fall of Mussolini in July Campini refused to desert his German friends. Loyalties developed between intelligence operatives of different nationalities working together on both sides of the conflict. But the material collected by Campini and the German Consul Werz did little to help Axis and Japanese submarines, and strategic co-operation in the Indian Ocean theatre was prevented by Hitler's ideological fixation with Russia.