German Colonial Research Articles

German colonialism and privatization of African natural resources

Resumo: Nos finais do século 19, as colônias alemãs na África entraram em competição ecológica com as comunidades locais, o que promoveu não apenas mudanças na economia tradicional de várias regiões, mas também impactos ambientais. A privatização dos recursos naturais foi responsável por mudanças antrópicas na África sob o domínio colonial alemão, que contribuíram para a redução da biodiversidade em áreas de plantation ou de pecuária extensiva. Epidemias, “pragas” e invasão biológica de espécies exóticas foram outros problemas ecológicos que serão discutidos neste artigo a partir da abordagem da história ambiental sobre a colonização alemã na África.

From the 12 Principal Appointed German Colonial Perpetrators of the First Holocaust in Namibia (PAGCPFHN) through the 18 British Settlers South African Racist Minority Agents (BSSARMA) to the 7 United Nations Appointed Commissioners Related to the Namibian Question (UNACRNQ) and Independence at the Down of the Cold War 1883-1990

This paper covers a period of 107 years (1883-1990) dealing with the identification of 37 diplomatic agents in South West Africa there after Namibia with 12 Germans from 1883 to 1915, 18 British South African racist administrators from 1915 to 1990 and intervention with 7 United Nations Commissioners 1966-1988. The country became one of the most interested historical Sub-Saharan African country throughout the history of European colonization of Africa and an African country obtaining the League of Nations Mandate over another African country but dragging her feet for 75 years to grant independence spanning from 1915 to 1990. It also brings out the strategies used by the U.N to halt all the colonial racist apartheid system and hegemony of the minority regime of South Africa and coincidentally making the end of such inhuman torturing activities with power handed over to black majority in 1990 coupled with the reunification of the former colonial master Germany as important signals marking the end of the Cold War. In the teaching of histories related to the challenges Africa, Germans, British, America, Soviet Union and World Affairs in general, attention have to be focus on connectivity of related events of the 20th Century concerning the Namibia Question whose colonial problems were very much considerable by the international community for the liberation of the last African colonial territory subdue by the so-called British White Settlers of the Apartheid System in the Republic of South Africa. In fact, the scrutiny of specialized sources, documentaries and websites related information permitted us to adopt a historical approach with three clear illustrative tables identifying the main actors in their different portfolios who were involved in the colonial brutalities from the Germans and British White African Settlers on one hand and attempted solutions put forth by the United Nations to handle the Question of Namibia as one of the last African country to be liberated

Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920

Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920

Decolonizing German and European History at the Museum by Katrin Sieg

Reviewed by: Decolonizing German and European History at the Museum by Katrin Sieg Sol Izquierdo de la Viña Decolonizing German and European History at the Museum. By Katrin Sieg. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2021. Pp. 326 + 16 illustrations. Cloth $80. Paper $34.95. ISBN 9780472075102. Given the museum's historical alliance with the European colonial project, it has long been the target of anti-racist and decolonial interventions. Following major efforts by activists, curatorial proposals have emerged to challenge museums so as to bring the crimes of colonialism into public debate and urge for reparations. In Decolonizing German and European History at the Museum, Katrin Sieg examines the process in which museums review the colonial past, confront its continuities and work towards healing. The book meticulously surveys the crucial decolonial work initiated by activists, academics, and artists, which has prompted the actions of bigger institutions. By developing a wide theoretical apparatus and analyzing decisive exhibitions, it sheds light on a process still in progress. Approaching the issue from a background in theater studies, Sieg presents the museum as a stage on which to choreograph revisited narratives of European history. By including in its parcours the visitors' bodies, its rooms facilitate the performative experience of mourning and encourage a utopian anti-imperial future. Her position is nevertheless shrewd regarding the troubles and complex steps involved in decolonizing museums. She recognizes the burdens facing historic museums given their role as instruments of imperial powers that scientifically justified and publicly presented racism, and she acknowledges Europe's difficulties in detaching itself from this "colonial gaze." Therefore, besides the need to scrutinize this institution and its forms of representation, she argues that a decolonization process requires deep institutional and structural transformations. The book begins with an introductory chapter that presents a historical overview as well as vertebral concepts for decolonial theories. Sieg deepens the "labor of mourning", as formulated by Paul Gilroy, arguing that it is needed to overcome colonial melancholia as well as retraumatization, and thus essential to healing colonial wounds. Through a survey of key post/decolonial literature, her study offers an indispensable conceptual framework to comprehend the complex and urgent challenges of decolonization. Moreover, the first portion of the book maps out different critical interventions that ignited the flame of decolonization, thus situating the origins of this process in social movements. Chapter two focuses on ethnology museums that have avoided confronting their colonial legacy, instead reframing themselves as world museums with suspect claims to multiculturalism. One paradigmatic example is the controversial case of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin that exercised a "rebranding of the imperial past as cosmopolitan heritage" (49). Several activist platforms came together and positioned themselves against the expensive architectural project, vehemently [End Page 609] calling for the restitution of human remains and cultural assets guarded in Berlin's ethnological collections. The activists' actions around the Humboldt Forum have been essential to bringing this debate into the public sphere and putting pressure on German institutions. In the same way, the project "Colonialism in a Box" (2011), documented in chapter 3, recounts an intervention at the German History Museum in Berlin. Sieg observes the museum's linear triumphalist narrative, which due to its "colonial aphasia" is unthinkingly aligned with colonial violence. On the contrary, the project "Colonialism in a Box" challenged the narrative by looking at instances of asymmetrical relations with the colonized territories and offering "contrapuntal readings" (Edward Said) of objects in the permanent exhibition. Thus, by documenting pioneering efforts of grassroots activism, often overlooked in academic publications, Sieg's first three chapters elucidate the reasons and goals of the decolonial agenda. As a response to "Colonialism in a Box," the German History Museum developed the exhibition project German Colonialism: Fragments of its Past and Present (2016–2017), which is thoroughly analyzed in the book's central part (chapters 4–6). This section examines singular curatorial strategies and articulates a critical assessment of decolonial practices in museology. Sieg praises the exhibition's focus on Afro-German stories throughout colonial and postcolonial history, its inclusion of the perspectives of Black curators, and avoidance of violent and racist images that perpetuate the dehumanizing colonial gaze. As she states...

African Voices in German Colonial Sources

African Voices in German Colonial Sources

Black Elegy on Stage: Mourning Ancestors in Olumide Popoola's Also by Mail (2013) and Jackie Sibblies Drury's We Are Proud to Present (2014)

The stage has become a site of mourning within Black diasporic theater. Olumide Popoola's Also by Mail (2013) and Jackie Sibblies Drury's We Are Proud to Present (2014) are two plays that stage mourning to remember ancestors who have transitioned. Popoola's play centers on one family and a father who has passed away, while Drury's play focuses on the collective genocide of the Herero in the German colony Southwest Africa. Popoola and Drury use theater to grieve and imagine alternatives and liberation. For Popoola, liberation materializes from ancestral spirits and citation practices. Drury's liberation emerges from questioning archival sources and methods. Through mourning, the playwrights imagine alternatives and undo harm. These deaths are a tragedy but the plays are not tragic. Through the lens of Black elegy, the plays offer radical remembering; they offer alternatives to traditional narratives and radical openness toward celebration of Black life.

Skilled labour in colonial economies. Recruitment, education and employment in construction companies in German colonial West Africa, c. 1902–1912

ABSTRACT The article offers new insights into the business-historical perspective of German colonial railway construction in West Africa. Two archival case studies of German colonial railroad construction in Cameroon and Togo reveal the relationship and character of training and work in specific colonial contexts at the turn of the century. The case studies demonstrate that skills on construction sites went beyond mere questions of unskilled manual work or education. This article argues that, from a business-historical perspective, not only was the general (mass) availability of unskilled labour power crucial to infrastructural projects in the former German colonies, but also that was a substantial element of skill involved, ranging from literacy to the (technical) pre- and initial training of workers and craftsmen. Moreover, firms struggled to retain (semi-)skilled workers on construction sites for longer periods.

Transforming Closed Silos into Shared Resources: Opening up data on historical collection agents affiliated with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin

Many natural science collections (NSCs) and museums keep information about collectors and other collection agents affiliated with their specimens and respective institution in internal catalogues, databases or wikis. Despite the fact that people data are crucial for linking collection objects, expeditions, publications, archival material, correspondence, etc. (Page 2016, Groom et al. 2020), such data are often only available internally, with limited or no access for external users. In the past, collectors have often been active in multiple fields, gathering e.g., zoological and botanical as well as ethnological or anthropological objects. This transdisciplinary collecting practice, in addition to the tradition of exchanging duplicates between institutions, results in a large overlap of people affiliated with different collections. Opening up available data will improve data quality in collection databases, support the disambiguation of collection agents (Dillen et al. 2021) and allow cross-disciplinary reuse of the data. Within a pilot study conducted at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN), the information kept in an internal “MfN collector wiki” is made available via Wikidata. Wikidata is a free and open knowledge base that is collaborative and multilingual, and can be edited by anyone in the world. Wikidata stores structured data that are both human and machine readable, and it serves as a hub/broker for other identifiers (Vrandečić and Krötzsch 2014). An innovative open participatory approach is taken using edit-a-thons, involving MfN staff (collection manager, scientific heads of collections, scientists, etc.) to add and update information ‘passively’ available within the institution, and the wider public, e.g., citizen scientists and other interested parties. MfN staff (collection manager, scientific heads of collections, scientists, etc.) to add and update information ‘passively’ available within the institution, and the wider public, e.g., citizen scientists and other interested parties. Wikidata items are newly created or updated and enriched with additional information, also linking to collections, archives, and libraries. In this talk we will present the method and preliminary results of our study. One focus will be ‘hidden champions’ such as women scientists and local collectors, to make their contribution to global natural heritage visible. Another focus will be on collections from the era of European colonial expansion until the beginning of the 20th century, especially the former German colony, Cameroon. The number of institutions openly sharing data is increasing. However, following the TDWG 2022 conference motto “Stronger together”, we call for others to join in sharing data using persistent (people) identifiers and standards.

Narodowosocjalistyczny miesięcznik "Kolonistenbriefe" (1941-1944) jako propagandowe narzędzie „Rückgewinnungsaktion” na Zamojszczyźnie

This paper aims to analyze the propaganda mechanisms and strategy of the Kolonistenbriefe monthly with regard to the “Rückgewinnung” action (seeking out descendants of German colonists in the Zamość Region, the Lublin District). The analysis is based on texts published in the journal from April to June 1944. It discusses characteristic lexical phenomenashaping reality in the so-called German colonies with the employment of language. The paper is of an empirical nature and belongs in the domain of press studies.

Navigating Socialist Encounters: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements Between Africa and East Germany During the Cold War ed. by Eric Burton et al.

Reviewed by: Navigating Socialist Encounters: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements Between Africa and East Germany During the Cold War ed. by Eric Burton et al. Anna Horakova Navigating Socialist Encounters: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements Between Africa and East Germany During the Cold War. Edited by Eric Burton, Anne Dietrich, Immanuel R. Harisch, and Marcia C. Schenck. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021. Pp. 399. Cloth $92.99. Open Access. ISBN 978-3-11-062231-7. This edited volume, comprised of fourteen chapters and an introduction, contributes significantly to our understanding of the still understudied links between East Germany and the Global South. Unlike other recently published essay volumes dedicated to the topic of socialist internationalism, including Comrades of Color (ed. by Quinn Slobodian, 2015), the present title focuses exclusively on the relationship between the GDR and Africa (namely Angola, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, and especially Mozambique) in the aftermath of the continent's decolonization. The volume pursues a two-pronged approach. First, it examines how political, social, and cultural entanglements between the GDR and Africa have impacted both (East) German and African histories and institutions, generating multiple institutional, personal, and linguistic networks. Second, it demonstrates that such endeavors were often spearheaded by nonelite actors, including migrant workers, students, educators, or activists. To this end, each author in the volume unearths a treasure trove of sources that draw, among others, on East German and African archives, oral and micro-histories as well as literary and documentary texts and artifacts. In their introduction to the volume, the four editors, Marcia C. Schenck, Immanuel R. Hirsch, Anne Dietrich, and Eric Burton, situate the volume within scholarly efforts to move beyond an understanding of globalization as a Western-led phenomenon, in which neither Africa nor the communist world actively participated until the late 1980s. Accordingly, the present volume charts a forty-year arc, starting with institutions and mobilities that were put in place in the 1950s and 1960s, through the collapse of the Portuguese empire in the 1970s, and ending with labor and training contracts of the 1980s. By privileging ties between Africa and the GDR in particular, the editors complicate homogeneous perspectives on the topic (including the idea that the USSR had total hegemony over the foreign policy of the Eastern Bloc) and [End Page 384] demonstrate instead the diversity of socialisms on both the African continent and Eastern Europe, refracted by political upheavals, economic necessities, or the politics of nonalignment. While the examined networks attest to socialist futures envisioned as alternatives to the neocolonialism many had perceived as inherent to capitalism, the volume, in privileging the GDR, also duly addresses the country's unique position within the Eastern Bloc as a former colonial state, showing how legacies of German colonialism and Nazism permeated many postwar cross-continental encounters. All individual essays are well-written, critically informed, and highly innovative. The first part of the volume, "Shaping Pioneering Institutions," opens with Jörg Depta and Anne-Kristin Hartmetz's analysis of East and West German cultural diplomacy in Nasser's Egypt. Focusing on the GDR's Herder Institute in Cairo, the authors argue that the GDR competed against the FRG's quantitative advantage in teaching German as a foreign language with qualitative developments, resulting in the emergence of Deutsch als Fremdsprache as an academic discipline. Christian Alvarado's chapter reveals how Kenyan students in 1960s GDR and Yugoslavia challenged their dual objectification as commodified workers by Kenyatta's government and, using film, as racialized subjects in Europe. Eric Angermann turns to African trade unionists' ambivalent experiences at the Freie Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund college in Bernau, where their political and antiracist activities were countermanded by paternalistic staff. A fascinating complement to Angermann's piece is J. A. Osei's account of his time at the college, reproduced in full in the volume's second part. Immanuel R. Harisch's annotations deftly explain previous edits to Osei's text when it was first published by the college's bulletin in 1964. The section concludes with Franziska Rantzsch's essay about labor contract negotiations between the GDR and Mozambique after Mozambican independence in 1975. Rantzsch argues that the accords were actively shaped by Mozambican partners and intended to be...

Duplicate networks: the Berlin botanical institutions as a 'clearing house' for colonial plant material, 1891-1920.

For centuries, herbarium specimens were the focus of exchange in global botanical networks. The aim was the 'complete' registration of the flora, for which 'complete' collections in botanical institutions worldwide were considered to be a necessary basis, although this ardently sought-after ideal was never achieved. The study of colonial plants became a special priority of botanical research in the metropolises. With knowledge of the many treasures of the plant world considered the key to securing wealth and power, political and economic interests influenced both the organization and the subject matter of scientific research. After the German Reich began annexing colonies in the 1880s, legal regulations established Berlin's botanical institutions as the research centre on colonial flora. They also became a clearing house for plant material from overseas. Berlin-based curators selected duplicates of herbarium specimens from the German colonies, distributing them to other botanical institutions throughout Germany. More importantly, duplicates became a form of currency in trans-imperial networks, which relied on reciprocity. In exchange for duplicate German colonial herbarium specimens, the Berlin institutions received vast quantities of botanical samples from their British, Dutch, French and American counterparts.

KAFKASLAR’DA ALMAN İZLERİ: AZERBAYCAN ALMANLARI

In the 18th century, Germany also participated in the competition between the European States that started colonization activities and did not want to lag behind other states on the way to complete their union. Germany, which has existed as independent statelets since the 1800s, wanted to have a say in Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus geographies after establishing its union in 1871. Although the immigration policy of the German colonists started to work after this date, it is seen that the colonization activities in the Caucasus geography took place in previous dates and in a different way. The turning point regarding the German migrations to Russia is the Russian Tsarina II. It is in the time of Catherine. Tsarina II, who is of German origin. After Katherina came to the throne of Russia (1762), she wanted settlers from Germany to migrate to Russia. Its purpose is the agricultural development of the Russian lands. II. Upon Katherina’s call, the Germans began to migrate to Russia and the Caucasus. The first German immigration to Azerbaijan took place in 1818. The Germans first established the villages called “Helenendorf” (Göygöl) and “Annenfeld” (Şamkir) in the territory of Azerbaijan. Later on, 6 more villages were established, namely Grünfeld (Vurguna), Traubenfeld (Tovuz), Jelisawetinka (Agstafa), Georgsfeld (Çınarlı), Alexejewka (Gasamba) and Eigenfeld (Irmaşlı). Thus, 8 villages were built in Azerbaijan by the Germans. It is known that the German population living in these villages and also present in Baku contributes to the economy of Azerbaijan and the development of the country in terms of architecture. From the dates they migrated II. Until the World War II, they had no trouble living and reflecting their own culture in Azerbaijan, but at the same time, they managed to convey their experiences with great skill. II. The fact that Germany was at war with Russia during World War II created a trust problem against the German population in Russia and the majority of the German population was immigrated to Siberia and Kazakhstan by Stalin. In this study, the living conditions and livelihoods of the German settlers in Azerbaijan will be mentioned, and their contributions to the region in architecture and other economic fields will be examined. Keywords: Azerbaijan, German Traces in the Caucasus, German colonies, Helenendorf, Annenfeld.

Emotion and Violence in German Colonial Southwest Africa - The Herero Genocide: War, Emotion, and Extreme Violence in Colonial Namibia By Matthias Häussler. Trans. from German by Elizabeth Janik (War and Genocide, Volume 31). New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2021. $179.00, hardcover (ISBN: 9781800730236); $39.95, e-book (ISBN: 9781800730243).

Emotion and Violence in German Colonial Southwest Africa - The Herero Genocide: War, Emotion, and Extreme Violence in Colonial Namibia By Matthias Häussler. Trans. from German by Elizabeth Janik (War and Genocide, Volume 31). New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2021. 39.95, e-book (ISBN: 9781800730243). - Volume 63 Issue 1

Fantastyka polityczna czy konieczność? Portugalska Afryka, Nikaragua, Boliwia i Ekwador w polskich planach kolonialnych

Political Fantasy or Necessity? Polish Colonial Plans in Portuguese Africa, Nicaragua, Bolivia and EcuadorIn interwar Poland some institutions intended to solve part of the country’s economic and ethnic problems by acquiring colonies abroad. Accordingly, the Polish Foreign Ministry as well as special institutions such as the Union of Colonial Pioneers and the Maritime and Colonial League undertook some projects. Poland, a member of the victorious Entente, was supposedly entitled to ca. 10% of the area of the former German colonies (e.g. in Cameroon or Togo), which could be administered independently or as a condominium with one of the colonial powers. These plans were made more specific in the mid-1930s.Argentina and Brazil, as well as Madagascar, were considered to be natural goals of Polish emigration policies. Then Poland became interested in settlements in the colonial dominions of Portugal in Africa, i.e. Angola and Mozambique, and some time later, also in some countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. As for Bolivia, the aim was to send as many Ukrainians as possible to the mountainous area of Todos dos Santos (Province of Cochabamba). Places in the vicinity of the town of Ibera in Ecuador were also considered by the Polish authorities as suitable for settlers, predominantly from Poland’s eastern borderlands. In the region of Encarnacion in Paraguay, a colony called Fram was established in the 1930s. Nicaragua, too, was considered a convenient place for Polish colonisation, following an effort undertaken by the Polish businessman Stanisław Czarnocki, who was a personal acquaintance of the local dictator, the famous Anastasio Somoza senior. According to some unreliable rumours, Dominica was supposedly ready to accept some hundreds of thousands of Polish Jews.All in all, these Polish colonial ambitions were unsuccessful, mainly due to the lack of sufficient Polish state power to make them into reality.

Commentary: Nationalism and Transnationalism in Anthropological Research

Commentary: Nationalism and Transnationalism in Anthropological Research

Sean Andrew Wempe. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations.

S<scp>ean</scp> A<scp>ndrew</scp> W<scp>empe</scp>. <i>Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations</i>.

Soviet Ukrainian Germanistics in Personal Dimension: Memoirs of Professor Yuri Mytsyk about Anatolii Zavialov

The publication presents the memoirs of professor, Father Yuri Mytsyk about Soviet Ukrainian germanist Anatolii Zavialov. Yuri Mytsyk worked with Anatolii Zavialov at the same department from 1974 till 1989, and from 1975 carried out the duties of his deputy.&#x0D; Zavialov’s academic life and his teaching career in 1960s-2000s was connected to Dnipropetrovsk university. At that time Zavialov actively studied the contemporary history of the German Democratic Republic, he was the author of many articles, including texts in prominent scientific journals, tutorials and published two monographs. He was one of the few Soviet germanists, who had business trips not only to the German Democratic Republic, but also behind the “Iron Curtain”. Zavialov also had the experience of teaching in the universities abroad. As the head of the department of world history, Zavialov made efforts to form a research direction in historical German studies at the university. The majority of dissertations, defended under his scientific supervision, were devoted to German history of the XXth century. Some of his graduate students-germanists continued their career at the department, and it became possible to create a strong center of German studies and turn the department of world history into a center of historical germanistics. To provide the opportunities to publish research in German history, in 1973 the scientific edition “The Questions of German History” was founded at the department of world history of Dnipropetrovsk national university, later it received the status of inter-university scientific edition. Articles here were published by historians-germanists from Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic. After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany, the study of the history of the German Democratic Republic went bankrupt and Zavialov turned to the history of German diaspora in Ukraine. He focused on political history of the German colonies at the beginning of the XXth century and the questions of the history of colonization in civilizational dimension. The last years of the historian`s life were over shadowed by a sharp deterioration of health and decline in scientific activity.

Проблемы образования в немецких колониях Азербайджана в 1920–1930-х гг.

The article is devoted to the problems of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the 1920s–30s. Regional and national features of the organization of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan during the period under review are identifies on the basis of analysis of numerous documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the State Historical Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia and the State Archive of Krasnodar Krai, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and on the basis of results of the author’s research into the history of school affairs in the German colonies of Azerbaijan and some other regions of the Caucasus. The author analyzes the causes of these specific features and shows that the German colonies that existed in the territory of Azerbaijan for more than 120 years achieved great success in their socio-economic, socio-political, and cultural life, which was greatly facilitated by skillful organization of national education. The article briefly describes the stages of formation and development of schools in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the period from the early 19th century to the end of the 1930s. The evolution of methods of school work in the colonies is retraced, and it is been established that the German schools in Azerbaijan went a difficult historical path. It is noted that before the 1920, that is, before the establishment of Soviet rule, the problems of German schools were mostly of a material nature. In the 1920s and 1930s these problems were partially solved, and it can be stated that in material terms, the German schools of Azerbaijan reached the highest level in their development during these years. The article notes that the Soviet government financially supported German schools, but in return the colonists’ schools went under the constantly growing ideological control the purpose of which was to turn schools into centers of Bolshevism propaganda. It is established that the main role in the sovietization of German schools was to be played by teachers who were to pursue the policy of the party and the government and fight against the church, the colonist community, and the family, which were bastions of Germanism in the view of party functionaries. Based on the analysis of archival documents, it is shown that at the end of the 1930s, the German schools in Azerbaijan did not comply with the desired level of sovietization. The process of training pro-Soviet teachers from among the Germans was slow, and in 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, it was terminated. The national schools of the German colonies ceased to exist in the territory of Azerbaijan, and the entire German population was deported.

A Review of: „German colonialism in Africa, 1884-1920” by Krisztián Som

This is the third monograph by the author, Krisztián Som, whose research and writing began a quarter of a century ago. He previously published two studies on the history of the police forces of the German colonies.

ВІДОМОСТІ ПРО РЕПРЕСИВНУ ПОЛІТИКУ СРСР ПРОТИ НІМЕЦЬКИХ СЕЛЯН-КОЛОНІСТІВ ПІД ЧАС ГОЛОДОМОРУ 1932-1933 РР. (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ТАЄМНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ ОДПУ ЗА СПІВРОБІТНИКАМИ НІМЕЦЬКИХ КОНСУЛЬСТВ)

The article examines the repressive policy of the USSR in relation to national minorities during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, in particular the testimony about the consequences of collectivization and famine in German colonial villages, which ethnic Germans gave to employees of the German consulate in the USSR. The article analyzes archival materials, namely detailed notes of employees of the ODPU, who were engaged in secret surveillance of representatives of German consulates, as well as their own detailed notes of consulate workers. Considerable attention in the article is devoted to the establishment of the consequences of the policy of collectivization, which in the period of the late 1920s and early 1930s became one of the causes of the Holodomor, in particular, the state of agriculture of the colonist peasants in southern and central Ukraine was established precisely at the beginning of the famine and during its greatest spread. The article attempts to analyze archival sources that serve as documentary evidence of the genocide not only of the Ukrainian people, but also of national minorities living on the territory of the USSR. The article also attempts to determine the actions of the German consulate aimed at saving and easing the lives of ethnic Germans who suffered from collectivization and hunger. In particular, about the efforts of the consulates to organize the departure of colonist peasants to Germany. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time, an attempt was made to summarize the materials of the archives regarding information on the situation of German colonies during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, which are an important source for the general study of the Holodomor as a policy that was directed not only against Ukrainians, but also against national minorities.