German Cockroach Control Research Articles

Olfactory Learning Supports an Adaptive Sugar-Aversion Gustatory Phenotype in the German Cockroach.

Simple SummaryToxic baits that contain an insecticide and phagosimulatory sugars, including glucose, are most effective in German cockroach control. However, cockroaches have evolved behavioral resistance, where they perceive glucose as a deterrent and avoid eating the bait (glucose-aversion, GA), resulting in failure to control infestations. We hypothesized that the GA phenotype may be extended by associative learning of specific odors with glucose. We demonstrated that GA cockroaches associated attractive food odors, such as vanilla and chocolate, with glucose (deterrent) and learned to avoid these odors. In contrast, wild type (WT) cockroaches that associated these odors with glucose (phagostimulant) increased their preference for the odors. The aversive and appetitive memories were retained for at least three days. Generally, when toxic baits are deployed, GA cockroaches are first attracted to the bait, and they repeatedly experience its aversive taste as they reject eating the deterrent bait. The recurring non-rewarding foraging experience may contribute to the formation of an aversive olfactory memory. Even if the baits are later reformulated without aversive tastants, GA cockroaches may avoid the new bait because they associate it with aversive olfactory stimuli. Our findings will guide the rational development of baits that consider the olfactory learning abilities of cockroaches.An association of food sources with odors prominently guides foraging behavior in animals. To understand the interaction of olfactory memory and food preferences, we used glucose-averse (GA) German cockroaches. Multiple populations of cockroaches evolved a gustatory polymorphism where glucose is perceived as a deterrent and enables GA cockroaches to avoid eating glucose-containing toxic baits. Comparative behavioral analysis using an operant conditioning paradigm revealed that learning and memory guide foraging decisions. Cockroaches learned to associate specific food odors with fructose (phagostimulant, reward) within only a 1 h conditioning session, and with caffeine (deterrent, punishment) after only three 1 h conditioning sessions. Glucose acted as reward in wild type (WT) cockroaches, but GA cockroaches learned to avoid an innately attractive odor that was associated with glucose. Olfactory memory was retained for at least 3 days after three 1 h conditioning sessions. Our results reveal that specific tastants can serve as potent reward or punishment in olfactory associative learning, which reinforces gustatory food preferences. Olfactory learning, therefore, reinforces behavioral resistance of GA cockroaches to sugar-containing toxic baits. Cockroaches may also generalize their olfactory learning to baits that contain the same or similar attractive odors even if they do not contain glucose.

Quantifying the Efficacy of an Assessment-Based Pest Management (APM) Program for German Cockroach (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) Control in Low-Income Public Housing Units.

Over the last several decades, low-income public housing facilities have been known to be infested with particularly large German cockroach populations. These populations persist even though the housing pest control contracts often require, and pay for, IPM practices to be used in their facilities. When Virginia Tech researchers began reviewing public housing contracts in Virginia and North Carolina, it was easy to see why these 'IPM programs' were not successful. Many of these 'low-bidder' contracts do not allow the technician enough time in each apartment to assess the size of the pest population. In addition, these pest management contracts did not require German cockroach population monitoring, even though all IPM programs are based on assessments of the pest population. There was a clear need for an effective, easy to apply cockroach management program in U.S. public housing authorities. This study determined the long-term efficacy of an Assessment-based Pest Management (APM) program for German cockroach control in U.S. public housing facilities. Specifically, we evaluated an APM program where the residents were not asked to clean or prepare for treatment, and where overnight cockroach trap counts were used to determine the volume of gel bait that would be applied. The APM baiting program was conducted for 15 mo in three housing authorities. In all three housing authorities, cockroach populations in test units were typically reduced by >90%. German cockroach infestations were even eliminated from 49 of the 65 (75%) test units during this study.

Implementation of an Indoxacarb Susceptibility Monitoring Program Using Field-Collected German Cockroach Isolates From the United States

Indoxacarb, a sodium channel-blocking insecticide, has been in widespread use for German cockroach control in the United States since 2006. A two-tiered indoxacarb susceptibility monitoring strategy was previously developed as a first step toward determining indoxacarb susceptibility levels in German cockroach field populations. This strategy entails: (tier 1) testing field-collected populations in vial bioassays at two diagnostic concentrations; and (tier 2) testing populations at three diagnostic doses in oral (feeding) bioassays with treated bait matrix. In the current study the two-tiered technique was implemented to evaluate field (n = 14) and susceptible laboratory (n = 2) strains collected from 13 different U.S. locations. Our hypothesis was that at least some of the field-collected populations would display significant survivorship in both bioassays relative to susceptible laboratory populations. In agreement with this hypothesis, significantly reduced susceptibility was detected in 13 and 7 field strains with vial and feeding bioassays, respectively. In general, the lower number of strains displaying reduced susceptibility in feeding bioassays (seven strains) supports previous findings that indoxacarb is more toxic via ingestion. Although these findings suggest a reduced risk for resistance selection via feeding on indoxacarb-containing baits, they also suggest a need for proactive resistance management with respect to both spray and bait products.

Mechanisms Underlying Fipronil Resistance in a Multiresistant Field Strain of the German Cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae)

German cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) have significant impacts on human health, most notably they are implicated as causes of childhood asthma. Gel bait formulations of fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, have been in use for German cockroach control in the United States since 1998. Previously, dieldrin resistant German cockroach strains were shown to have 7- to 17-fold cross-resistance to fipronil. More recently, a field-collected strain (GNV-R) displayed approximately 36-fold resistance to topically applied fipronil at the LD50 level, which is the highest level of fipronil resistance reported to date in the German cockroach. The aim of the current research was to identify mechanism(s) responsible for high-level fipronil resistance in the GNV-R strain. Synergist bioassays conducted using topical and injection application methods implicated cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification in resistance. Electrophysiological recordings using the suction-electrode technique revealed the nervous system of the GNV-R strain is insensitive to fipronil. In agreement with electrophysiology results, the alanine to serine (A302S) mutation encoded by the gamma-amino butyric acid-gated chloride channel subunit gene resistance to dieldrin, which confers limited cross-resistance to fipronil, was detected in 95% of GNV-R strain individuals. Logistic regression analysis showed that A302S mutation frequency correlates with neurological insensitivity as shown by electrophysiology data. Overall, results of synergism bioassays, electrophysiological recordings, and A302S mutation frequency measurements suggest that fipronil resistance in the GNV-R strain is caused by the combined effects of enhanced metabolism by cytochrome P450s and target-site insensitivity caused by the A302S-encoding mutation in the resistance to dieldrin gene.

Repellency and Perception of Moving Air by the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

A modified Ebeling choice box was designed to evaluate the repellency of Moving ambient air to German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), determine how German Cockroach detect moving air, and evaluate the potential of moving air to change the distribution pattern of German cockroach populations. The modified choice box tested the repellency of moving air relative to light. All stages (adult male, adult gravid and nongravid female, and small/medium and large nymphs) were significantly repelled by air velocities ≥2.0 m/s, and percentage of repellency increased linearly with air velocity between 0.75 and 4.0 m/s. German cockroaches detect moving air with their antennae using mechanoreceptors. Application of moving air in simulated kitchen cabinets changed significantly the distribution pattern of mixed-stage groups of German cockroaches. Moving air, at relatively low velocities, could be a useful as a noninsecticidal tactic in integrated pest management system for German cockroach control.

Insecticide Efficacy in German Cockroach Control, 1992

Abstract Abamectin was applied into or near cracks and crevices with a Whitmire flowable dust applicator. Other forumulations were applied from self-pressurized, aerosol-type containers as pin-stream sprays into cracks and crevices. Single-family dwellings, located in Edgecombe or Lenoir counties, NC, served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. Insecticide reapplications were made in kitchens where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize movement of German cockroaches into treated areas. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens, were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of each kitchen floor and wall space varied the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.1 to 6.2 g and from 0.0 to 1.7 g for the reapplications, respectively. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because partical cockroach control usually resulted from the initial applications.

Synergism of chlorpyrifos against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.

Of fifteen compounds tested as synergists for chlorpyrifos against susceptible and resistant strains of Blattella germanica, the German cockroach, eleven were active against the resistant strain but only seven were synergistic against the susceptible strain. Overall, the most effective synergist was S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) followed by phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphonate (PSCP) and two substituted N,N-dimethylcarbamates: SK-102 and SK-37. The most effective synergist for overcoming chlorpyrifos resistance was SK-37 which reduced the resistance ratio by 3.2-fold. Four other synergists which reduced chlorpyrifos resistance, in order of their effectiveness, were: SK-102 > PSCP > DEF > tridiphane. The potential usefulness of these synergists for German cockroach control is discussed.

Pyrethroid Resistance and Synergism in a Field Strain of the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blaitellidae)

A field-collected strain of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), was highly resistant to 10 pyrethroid insecticides (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, esfenvalerate, fluvalinate, permethrin, resmethrin, sumithrin, tralomethrin) based on topical applications and comparison with a known susceptible strain. Resistance ratios ranged from 29 to 337. In general, pyrethroid compounds with an alpha-cyano functional group were more toxic than those lacking this moiety, but resistance ratios were similar for both classes of compound. The metabolic inhibitors DEF and PBO were tested for synergism in conjunction with cypermethrin (alpha-cyano) and permethrin (non alpha-cyano). Application of synergists resulted in partial elimination of resistance, suggesting that the basis of resistance involves enhanced metabolism as well as target site insensitivity. These results suggest that pyrethroid insecticides may have a very short functional life in German cockroach control unless they are used judiciously.

Laboratory Residual Studies for German Cockroach Control, 1990

Abstract The residual activity of two concentrations, 0.25% and 0.50%, of Dursban LO and the experimental compound XRM-5184 were tested on three surfaces, masonite, painted plywood and stainless steel for efficacy in controlling German cockroaches. The test surfaces were 16 inches2 marked into quadrants 8 inches2 so that each of the four exposures could be done on a previously unused surface. The 1/4 inch plywood was painted with 2 coats of white, flat latex paint and allowed to dry 32 d prior to treatment. The Vi inch masonite surfaces were unpainted and the 1/8 inch stainless steel surfaces were unpainted but washed, thoroughly rinsed, and dried prior to treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Thus 4 panels of each surface material were sprayed with each insecticide at each rate and a control set was sprayed with water. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 treatments, 2 insecticides at 2 rates, on 3 types of surfaces with each surface replicated 4 times for each treatment. Residual activity of these treatments was determined by exposing cockroaches at 24 h, 7, and 14 DAT. The insecticide application system was a modified B&G sprayer, model 104-S, equipped with a teejet fan nozzle #800067 attached to a mobile nozzle stand. The nozzle stand was attached to a motorized track, powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor, that moved the nozzle stand at a rate of 2.5 ft/s. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches over the target surfaces. The compressed air source was set at 20 psi to deliver a finished spray concentration of 2.2 oz/100 ft2 as the nozzle moved over the 4 target panels. The sprayer design, speed of delivery and application rate were set to simulate field application rates. Treated surfaces were allowed to air dry for 24 h before cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces. Cockroaches were confined to the treated surfaces in cages made from white PVC couplers that were 6.5 inches in diameter × 8 inches tall. A petroleum jelly-mineral oil mixture was applied to the inside wall 0.5 inches from the exposure surface to keep the cockroaches on treated surfaces. The top of the cages were covered with a nylon mesh fabric to prevent any escapes of cockroaches that crossed the sticky barrier. Ten adult male and/or nongravid female German cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces and the control surface. Cockroaches were exposed to each surface for 24 h during which mortality counts were made at 4, 8 and 24 h. After the 24 h count, the treated surfaces were removed. The cages were inverted and the cockroaches were knocked down to the nylon mesh top of the cages. The cages were left standing with the nylon screen in contact with untreated surfaces and the open end of the cages was covered with clear saran wrap to prevent escapes. A final mortality count was made 24 h later which was 48 h after the initial exposure. Cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces following the same procedure at 7 and 14 DAT.

Laboratory and Field Performance of Consumer Bait Products for German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) Control

Bait formulations containing boric acid, chlorpyrifos, or hydramethylnon were evaluated in field and laboratory experiments against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In continuous exposure tests, chlorpyrifos formulations produced 100% mortality in less than 24 h, boric acid formulations had LT50's of approximately 5.5 d, and hydramethylnon had an LT50 of 0.86 d. LT50's estimated in Ebeling choice boxes were 1.6 to 10.8 times greater than those from continuous exposure tests for chlorpyrifos formulations and 2.5 times greater for the hydramethylnon formulation. The same LT50's were produced by choice box and continuous exposure tests for boric acid formulations. Relative repellency, measured as the mean percentage of live cockroaches in the light side of the choice box, was greatest for chlorpyrifos formulations, followed by boric acid formulations, then hydramethylnon. A performance index (PI) that combined choice box repellency and mortality data indicated that hydramethylnon (Combat) had the greatest potential for field effectiveness. Only hydramethylnon significantly reduced German cockroach populations in the field. Apartments treated with the IT WORKS formulation of boric acid bait had significantly greater cockroach trap catches. The PI is an accurate predictor of the field performance of toxic baits for German cockroach control.

Field Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos, Tralomethrin, Cypermethrin and Xrd-473 Against German Cockroach Pop-Ulations, 1987

Abstract A field study was conducted to evaluate chlorpyrifos (Dursban M) and tralomefhrin alone, and combined with XRD-473 (an experimental insect growth regulator), and cypermethrin (Demon W) alone for German cockroach control. The study site consisted or 30 apartments (each treatment replicated 10 x) in Omaha, NE which were similar in construction and size. Initially, cockroach population estimates were made by placing sticky traps (Mr. Sticky®) in each structure under the kitchen sink, adjacent to the stove or refrigerator, behind the toilet in each bathroom, and near the waterheater. Traps were left in the units for 1 night, collected and the cockroaches counted to determine mean number of cockroaches/trap/night (precount). Residences were then treated with a water emulsion spray of Dursban M, tralomethrin, Dursban plus XRD-473, tralomethrin plus XRD-473, or with Demon. The treatments were applied with a standard 1 gal B&G® hand sprayer fitted with a multee-jet® nozzle set on coarse fan spray. The insecticides were applied in a continuous band along baseboards, around the doorways, windows and all entrances, beneath the sink, stove and refrigerator, in and on all shelves and cabinets, and around plumbing and other utility installations. Cockroaches were trapped, using the same procedures as described above, at monthly intervals through 6 mo. Trap counts following applications (postcount) were converted to percentage reduction of cockroach populations for each house, based on precounts using the following formula; Percentage reduction = [(precount ° postcount) / precount] × 100. Because the percentage reduction data were not normally distributed, the data were transformed to ranks, within times, and analyzed using ANOVA procedures.

Evaluation of Residual Spray Formulations for German Cockroach Control, 1988

Abstract Field tests were conducted to compare the efficacy of residual sprays for German cockroach control. The Opelika Housing Authority, Opelika, Ala. was the test site. The study was initiated during 14 Jun and ended 28 Sep. Approximately 1 liter of finished spray was applied to all accessible harborage areas using the broad fan setting of a 3.8 liter compressed-air sprayer equipped with Multee-Jet nozzles. Each treatment was replicated in 8 to 10 apartments. Cockroach populations were estimated by sticky trap counts. Two sticky traps (Mr. Sticky) were placed in the kitchen of each apartment before treatment and at various intervals after treatment. One trap was placed in the cabinet under the sink and the other beside or behind the stove or refrigerator. The traps were left in place for 1 wk. Insecticide efficacy was determined at each trapping interval by analyzing the log10 reduction ratio of the weekly from pretreatment counts.

Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control, 1986 and 1987

Abstract Laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative efficacy and residual life against the German cockroach for the organophosphates azamethiophos (50% wettable powder), TD2222 (24.4% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), Dursban ME (11.7% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), and Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos). Test sprays of various concentrations were applied to 1-sq-ft (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging. Residual agings evaluated varied from 3 to 12 mo for any one of the test insecticides. At the appropriate aging period, test insects were confined (continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm-diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. Three or 4 exposure times were evaluated at each aging period for any insecticide. Initial exposure times ranged from 10 s to 5 h, but as the spray deposits aged these exposure times were increased to as long as 24 h for some treatments. The particular range of exposure times evaluated was selected to deliniate the critical periods necessary to produce acceptable mortalities. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated panel and placed in unteated holding jars, with food and water provided, for 48 h. Mortality counts were recorded at the end of the exposure time and at 24 and 48 h after the start of the exposure; the final mortality 48 h after the exposure is reported here. Six replicates were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches—5 adult males and 5 adult nongravid females.

Efficacy of Orthene and Super Hydro-Sol for German Cockroach Control, 1987

Abstract Comparative laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of Orthene PCO Formula II (96% acephate) and Orthene PCO Formula II plus Super Hydro- Sol (Grillocin®, an odor neutralizer) against the German cockroach. Identical Orthene solutions were prepared at 1% AI; to one of these the deoderant Super Hydro-Sol was added at the rate of 1.5 oz/gal. Spray dilutions were applied to 1-sq-ft (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging. Residual agings evaluated were 1, 14, 30, and 60 days. At the appropriate aging period, test insects were confined (continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm-diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. Exposure times evaluated were 30 min and 1, 2, and 4 h. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated panel and placed in untreated holding jars, with food and water provided, for 48 h. Morbidity counts were recorded at the end of the exposure period and at 24 and 48 h after the start of the exposure; the final morbidity 48 h after the exposure is reported here. Six replicates were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches—5 adult males and 5 adult nongravid females.

Self-Pressurized, Encapsulated Sprays for German Cockroach Control in Single-Family Dwellings, 1985

Abstract Field evaluations were made in single-family dwellings infested with at least 25 visible German cockroaches/kitchen to compare the efficacy of 6 self-pressurized, encapsulated insecticide formulations against a standard nonencapsulated chlorpyrifos spray. Visually-sighted German cockroaches were counted, with flashlight illumination where necessary, in each kitchen prior to insecticide application. Items in cabinets were removed during the counting procedure to provide clear access for insecticide application. Preapplication counts were performed from August through November 1985, followed immediately by treatment, with additional inspections, and retreatments where living cockroaches were sighted, at specified intervals. All sprays were injected into cracks and crevices with a plastic application tube in keeping with label instructions. Six single-family dwellings (replicates) were treated/formulation, except for 1 formulation, where 12 single-family dwellings were used. The 12 dwellings were treated with 1 formulation to allow comparisons of mortality following an initial application only versus an initial application plus reapplications at specified intervals when living cockroaches were observed. The amount of insecticide applied/kitchen was determined by weight. Other rooms were treated with the same formulation, but the number of cockroaches was not counted and the quantity of spray applied was not measured. Floor and wall surfaces of the kitchen were combined for the kitchen area (m2). Analyses were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre-versus postcounts for each house) using a general linear models procedure and the Goodnight [1982] Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test for variables.

Cypermethrin Sprays for German Cockroach Control in Single-Family Dwellings, 1986

Abstract Field evaluations were conducted in single-family dwellings infested with at least 25 visible German cockroaches per kitchen to compare the efficacies of 2 concentrations of cypermethrin against a standard, chlorpyrifos. Visually-sighted German cockroaches were tallied, with flashlight illumination where necessary, in each kitchen prior to insecticide application. Items in cabinets were removed during the tally procedure to facilitate counting and to provide clear access for insecticide application. Counts were performed during Apr followed immediately by treatment with additional inspections and retreatments where living cockroaches were sighted at specified intervals. Cypermethrin (Demon) and chlorpyrifos (Dursban) sprays were applied according to label directions with a 3.8 liter, compressed air sprayer equipped with a “Multeejet™” nozzle using 1.4 kg/cm2 air pressure and pin stream spray pattern. Five replicates (single-family dwellings) were used per treatment. Other rooms were treated, but the number of cockroaches and quantity of spray applied were not recorded. Floor and wall surfaces of the kitchen were combined for the kitchen area (m2). Analyses were calculated on percentage reduction for each house using a general linear models procedure and the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test for variables.

Laboratory Evaluation of Two Insect Growth Regulators as Baits for German Cockroach Control, 1984

Abstract Ciba Geigy 112913 and CME 13406 were applied to Purina Dog Chow in an acetone solution at dosage rates of 0.5% and 1.0%. Two hundred grams of dog food to be used throughout the test was placed in the IGR-acetone solution until complete saturation had occurred. The dog food absorbed 39 ml of solution. The treated dog food was placed in open sunlight for 2 h, until dry. Tests were not initiated until 4 h after the dog food had been treated. CME 13406 was unsoluable in acetone. When added to acetone, a suspension was formed. This mixture was thoroughly mixed when added to the dog food. Two checks were used in the test. One consisted of treating dog food with acetone alone and the other was left untreated.

Choice Testing of Insecticide Sprays and Baits for German Cockroach Control, 1981

Abstract RU-25474 synthetic pyrethroid and Dursban 4EC were tested for toxicity and repellency on painted and unpainted wood in choice box tests. The test box was similar to that described by Ebeling et al. (pp 157-190 in The Cockroach, Vol. II. 1967, P. B. Cornwell, Ed., Associated Business Programs, LTD, London, 557 pp.) but without side ventilation holes. Three ml of RU-25474 (0.01%), Dursban 4EC (0.5%), or control was spread evenly on the bottom surface in the dark side of choice boxes and allowed to air dry (1-3 h). Tests were initiated by placing 20 adults of mixed sex in the light side. CC-8158 (5% acephate) and Rotac (5% chlorpyriphos) were tested in choice feeding experiments to determine ingestion of baits and relative toxicity to cockroaches. Ten adult cockroaches were placed in each of 4 ice cream cups with an excess of either Rotac or CC-8158 and ground dogfood in separate watch glasses. Appropriate controls were included in each experiment. Knockdown (KD) was determined at selected intervals and data are presented as LT50 and LT90.

German Cockroach Control, 1984

Abstract This laboratory test evaluated 2 chemicals on 2 different surfaces using a modified B&G sprayer, model 104-5 mounted on a motorized track powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor. A spraying system multi-teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to a nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle (24 inches above the panels) delivered 6.2 oz. of finished spray per minute at 10 psi at an application speed of 1.25 ft per second. Vinyl asbestos tile and enamel-painted plywood panels, 6 inches x 6 inches x 0.75 inches were sprayed on 1 side using the motorized spray unit. After spraying, the treated panels were allowed to dry for 24 h. Cockroach containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using containers (4.75 inches in diameter) with the bottoms cut out. To prevent the cockroach from climbing up the sides, the inside of the container was coated with bentonite clay. Nylon fabric was fastened over the top of the containers to prevent escape. Ten adult German cockroaches from a normal laboratory strain were placed on each panel. Control was determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Cockroach mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure to the panels. Each treatment was replicated 3 times.

Ready-To-Use Sprays for German Cockroach Control, 1982

Abstract Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of four aerosol formulations compared to a standard material currently in use for cockroach control. Tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. Treatments with Raid Ant and Roach Killer (0.70% Baygon, 0.20% DDVP), Bolt Residual for Crawling Insects (0.25% Dursban, 0.08% pyrethrins, 0.4% PBO), 0.30% Neopynamin + 0.50% Dursban (TET.3), 0.15% Neopynamin + 0.25% Dursban (TET.15), and Dursban 4E - 0.25% + Vaponite - 0.25% (D/V) were applied to apartments in random order. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockroach populations over time.