Geothermal Research Articles

Self-superheated combined flash binary geothermal cycle using transcritical-CO2 power cycle with LNG heat sink as the secondary cycle

Combined flash binary geothermal cycle (CFBGC) is an efficient geothermal energy conversion technology. Natural gas (NG) is a preferred fuel in the current energy scenario. LNG gasification is a needed step for delivering NG among the end users. In the present study, a self-superheated single-flash geothermal steam cycle, a transcritical CO2 power cycle and an LNG gasification unit are integrated into a CFBGC. This study shows that the LNG gasification rate and power output can be increased simultaneously by increasing the steam turbine inlet pressure. At a higher steam turbine inlet pressure, desirable steam quality (i.e., 0.9) at the steam turbine exit is maintained by implementing self superheating of the steam. It is observed that 15°C DSH of steam enables the CFBGC to operate at a steam turbine inlet pressure that substantially enhances the output power without a noticeable increase in levelized electricity cost (LEC). The CFBGC operating at this condition yields 9.97% higher power output compared to that of the CFBGC operating at steam turbine inlet pressure requiring no DSH of steam. As a geothermal-based power plant emits very low CO2, the proposed energy system may emerge as a future sustainable energy option.

Discovery and genesis of high-temperature geothermal energy adjacent to the South Tibetan Detachment System, central Himalaya

Discovery and genesis of high-temperature geothermal energy adjacent to the South Tibetan Detachment System, central Himalaya

Comparative analysis on the radiative time-dependent water/kerosene-based Cu nanofluid through squeezing Riga plates with heat dissipation: Spectral quasilinearization technique

The time-dependent thermal management along with convective flows are vital in various heat transfer applications in engineering systems such as in automotive cooling systems, and industrial heat exchangers. Because of enhanced thermal conductivity, nanofluids are widely considered for advanced cooling systems such as electronics, aerospace, geothermal energy extraction, etc. The current analysis presents comparative results of the radiative, time-dependent flow of water/kerosene-based Copper nanofluids between squeezing Riga plates focusing on heat dissipation. Both the plates are embedded within a porous matrix and the influence of non-uniform heat source/sink and thermal convective boundary conditions is examined. Riga plates, generally utilized for their ability to generate electromagnetic fields provide greater control over the fluid flow. The problem designed with the inclusion of aforesaid factors is transformed into a non-dimensional form for the utilization of appropriate similarity functions. Further, the impacts of several effective terms on the flow profiles are presented followed by the numerical solution of the profile obtained using the spectral quasilinearization method. Moreover, some of the outstanding findings are; an increase in the fluid velocity is marked for the separation of the plates but the rate of enhancement in the case of kerosene is more pronounced than that of water. Further, irrespective to the type of fluids, the heat transfer rate enhances for the increasing heat fluid which provides the variation of thermal radiation.

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY: GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR WATER SUPPLY COMPANIES

Water supply enterprises significantly impact local communities by providing essential services. These companies face high electricity costs for water extraction, purification, and transportation, affecting efficiency and reliability. Therefore, implementing innovative technologies to enhance sustainability in the water supply sector is crucial. This article explores the opportunities and strategies for renewable energy transition at water supply companies. Using investment, sensitivity, and strategic analyses, as well as a case study approach, the research examines technologies, conceptual frameworks, mechanisms, and approaches to integrate green power into water supply operations, addressing high energy costs and promoting sustainability. The article identifies solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy technologies as the most prominent renewable power solutions for water supply enterprises. The developed conceptual framework for implementing these technologies includes needs assessment and goal setting; resource assessment and technology selection; system design and integration; financing and investment; regulatory compliance and permitting; stakeholder engagement and capacity building; and monitoring, evaluation, and continuous improvement. The mechanisms and approaches to integrate green energy solutions within the developed framework can involve on-site renewable energy generation, power purchase agreements, energy storage and microgrid systems, energy efficiency and demand management, and collaborative and community-based models. As a case study, the article examines a 120-kW solar power plant project for a water supply enterprise, demonstrating profitability with a net present value of 60,370 USD and an internal rate of return exceeding 21%. The project's payback period is estimated at 8.38 years, acceptable within industry standards. Sensitivity analysis indicates the project's financial resilience. Increasing electricity prices will boost profitability, justifying the solar power plant investment amid inflation and economic instability. Additionally, the project ensures reliable water transport and environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions through solar energy use. Thus, transitioning to renewable energy at water supply enterprises is feasible and essential for long-term sustainability, transforming operations to be more resilient, efficient, and environmentally friendly.

Research Progress on CO2 as Geothermal Working Fluid: A Review

With the continuous increase in global greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly severe. In this context, geothermal energy has gained significant attention due to its numerous advantages. Alongside advancements in CO2 geological sequestration technology, the use of CO2 as a working fluid in geothermal systems has emerged as a key research focus. Compared to traditional water-based working fluids, CO2 possesses lower viscosity and higher thermal expansivity, enhancing its mobility in geothermal reservoirs and enabling more efficient heat transfer. Using CO2 as a working fluid not only improves geothermal energy extraction efficiency but also facilitates the long-term sequestration of CO2 within reservoirs. This paper reviews recent research progress on the use of CO2 as a working fluid in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), with a focus on its potential advantages in improving heat exchange efficiency and power generation capacity. Additionally, the study evaluates the mineralization and sequestration effects of CO2 in reservoirs, as well as its impact on reservoir properties. Finally, the paper discusses the technological developments and economic analyses of integrating CO2 as a working fluid with other technologies. By systematically reviewing the research on CO2 in EGS, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the future development of geothermal energy using CO2 as a working fluid.

Study on optimization of thermal injection parameters in fractured reservoirs of HDR

ABSTRACT To improve the heat recovery of hot dry rock (HDR) and realize the efficient and sustainable development of geothermal energy, it is necessary to analyse the factors affecting the heat recovery performance of HDR fractured reservoir. In this paper, a numerical model of heat recovery in fractured reservoirs with HDR is established. The effects of injection parameters on the heat recovery performance of the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) are compared and analysed by means of the average temperature, heat extraction rate, production temperature and heat recovery power of matrix rocks at different locations. The influence degree of injection flow rate and injection temperature on production temperature was analysed by grey correlation analysis method. The results showed that reducing the injection temperature is beneficial to fully extract the heat energy in the rock mass. The injection flow rate is positively correlated with the heat extraction rate and negatively correlated with the extraction temperature. In this simulation scheme, the optimal results are as follows: injection temperature is 298.15K, injection flow is 12 kg/s, and the influence of injection flow on production temperature is greater than that of injection temperature. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of geothermal energy in HDR and provides a reference for the design of engineering operation parameters.

A New Algorithm Model Based on Extended Kalman Filter for Predicting Inter-Well Connectivity

Given that more and more oil reservoirs are reaching the high water cut stage during water flooding, the construction of an advanced algorithmic model for identifying inter-well connectivity is crucial to improve oil recovery and extend the oilfield service life cycle. This study proposes a state variable-based dynamic capacitance (SV-DC) model that integrates artificial intelligence techniques with dynamic data and geological features to more accurately identify inter-well connectivity and its evolution. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed on single-well pairs and multi-well groups regarding the permeability amplitude, the width of the high permeable channel, change, and lasting period of injection pressure. In addition, the production performance of multi-well groups, especially the development of ineffective circulation channels and their effects on reservoir development, are studied in-depth. The results show that higher permeability, wider permeable channels, and longer injection pressure maintenance can significantly enhance inter-well connectivity coefficients and reduce time-lag coefficients. Inter-well connectivity in multi-well systems is significantly affected by well-group configuration and inter-well interference effects. Based on the simulation results, the evaluation index of ineffective circulation channels is proposed and applied to dozens of well groups. These identified ineffective circulation channel changing patterns provide an important basis for optimizing oil fields’ injection and production strategies through data-driven insights and contribute to improving oil recovery. The integration of artificial intelligence enhances the ability to analyze complex datasets, allowing for more precise adjustments in field operations. This paper’s research ideas and findings can be confidently extended to other engineering scenarios, such as geothermal development and carbon dioxide storage, where AI-based models can further refine and optimize resource management and operational strategies.

Investigation of Scaling and Materials’ Performance in Simulated Geothermal Brine

Geothermal energy generation faces challenges in efficiency, partly due to restrictions on reinjection temperatures caused by scaling issues. Therefore, developing strategies to prevent scaling is critical. This study aims to simulate the scaling tendencies and corrosion effects of geothermal fluids on various construction materials used in scaling reactor/retention tank systems. A range of materials, including carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, two proprietary two-part epoxy coatings, and thermally sprayed aluminium (TSA), were tested in a simulated geothermal brine. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory vessel designed to replicate the wall shear stress conditions expected in a scaling reactor. The tests revealed varying scaling tendencies among the materials, with minimal corrosion observed. The dominant scale formed was calcium carbonate, consistent with geochemical modelling. The findings suggest that despite the high operating temperatures, the risk of corrosion remains low due to the brine’s low chloride content, while the wettability of materials after immersion may serve as a useful indicator for selecting those that promote scaling.

Analysis of New Energy Generation Technology Based on the "Dual Carbon" Goal

With the increasingly severe global climate change issues, achieving the "dual carbon" goal has become a common pursuit for China and the world. The development of new energy power generation technology is of great significance for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing energy structure. This article first outlines the background and significance of the "dual carbon" goal, and analyzes its driving effect on new energy power generation technology. Subsequently, this paper discusses in detail several mainstream new energy power generation technologies, including wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, and geothermal energy, and systematically analyzes their development status and challenges. In the part of technological innovation, this paper focuses on the application and innovation trend of smart grid technology, energy storage technology and power electronics technology in the field of new energy power generation. In addition, this paper also evaluates the economy of new energy power generation technology, including cost-benefit analysis and the impact of policy environment. Finally, this paper summarizes the research results and puts forward the direction and suggestions for future research.

Laboratory-Scale Implementation of Standardized Reconstituted Geothermal Water for Electrochemical Investigations of Carbon Steel Corrosion

Currently, the demand for heat production by geothermal energy is increasingly strong amid the controversy surrounding non-renewable forms of energy. In France, the Dogger aquifer in the Paris Basin (DAPB) produces saline geothermal waters (GWs) that are hot (70–85 °C), anaerobic, and slightly acidic (pH 6.1–6.4), and are characterized mainly by the presence of Cl−, SO42−, CO2/HCO3−, and H2S/HS. These GWs are corrosive, while the well casings used are carbon steel. GWs have been continuously treated since the 1990s by corrosion inhibitors at the bottom of production wells to reduce water–steel interactions and scaling issues. Electrochemical experiments to optimize inhibitors were carried out on site, protected from the ambient atmosphere, with actual geothermal water, using water tapping at the wellhead. Currently, carbon steel corrosion/scaling, corrosion inhibition phenomenology, and kinetics evaluation remain important challenges. These issues are, of course, linked to the durability of installations. The novelty of our work consists of our validation of a modus operandi that properly reproduces, at the laboratory scale, operating conditions similar to those encountered on the types of geothermal installations. Particular attention was paid to characterizing waters and gases from 13 production wellheads that were modelled with PhreeqC® Version 3 hydrogeochemical software and the Thermoddem thermodynamic database for implementing standardized reconstituted geothermal water (SRGW), a well-balanced water representative of the major elements and dissolved gases of actual DAPB geothermal waters. The developed electrochemical setup enabled us to analyze corrosion mechanisms such as those observed on site and to investigate corrosion inhibition using petrosourced and biosourced inhibitors. The modus operandi constitutes a reference for further investigations, at the laboratory scale, of corrosion inhibition. These investigations may include screening and optimizing the formulas of petrosourced and biosourced inhibitors for use in DAPB waters.

Heat energy utilization of a double-flash geothermal source efficiently for heating/electricity supply through particle swarm optimization method

The principal aim of this article is to optimize the thermal and electrical efficiency of a geothermal combined heat and power system through metaheuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The objective of this research is to conduct a thorough analysis of the incorporation of metaheuristic PSO technique, with a specific emphasis on the potential advantages and obstacles associated with the utilization of metaheuristic approaches in improving the effectiveness of geothermal energy systems. The utilization of a double-flash geothermal system in conjunction with a transcritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle is utilized for the co-generation of electricity and thermal energy. The research utilized a PSO method to enhance power generation, heating capacity, and overall system efficiency. The PSO algorithm was employed to determine the optimum operational parameters for a pressure level of 820 kPa and a pressure ratio of 1.59, leading to the maximization of power output to 2591.4 kW The PSO algorithm effectively identified the optimal operational parameters as a pressure of 820 kPa and a pressure ratio of 1.59, resulting in the achievement of a peak power output of 2591.4 kW. The methodology has determined that a pressure of 916.4 kPa and a pressure ratio of 1.5 represent the optimal parameters for achieving a maximum heating capacity of 12329.1 kW.

Heat transfer of mid-deep ground source heat pump for crude oil gathering and transportation

Wax precipitation in crude oil gathering and transportation (COG&T) causes substantial decrease in oil flowability and thus blockages of pipelines, presenting high safety risks and dramatic economic loss. Conventional oil/gas blending and low-temperature transport are inefficient and energy-intensive. Geothermal energy released from abandoned oil wells may be used as renewable heat source, but remains unexplored. This study focused on feasibility of utilizing geothermal energy from abandoned oil wells by mid-deep ground source heat pump (MD-GSHP), so as to alleviate wax precipitation for short-distance COG&T. Numerical models of ground heat exchanger (GHE) were established by using finite difference method (FDM) based on validation of engineered examples. The results demonstrated that, to enhance geothermal extraction, it was essential to increase fluid flow rate, lower inlet temperature, use materials with high thermal resistance, and optimize the pipe dimensions. Additionally, the impacts of operational parameters of GHE and COG&T subsystems on MD-GSHP system performances were also analyzed. Increasing inlet temperature by 8 °C resulted in 39.5 % reduction in system load and 89.4 % increase in coefficient of performance (COP). This study provides a proof-in-concept demonstration for extracting geothermal energy from abandoned wells by MD-GSHP to mitigate wax precipitation in COG&T project.

Study on the heat transfer performance of coaxial casing heat exchanger for medium and deep geothermal energy in cold regions

To accurately assess the heat transfer performance of a medium-depth coaxial casing heat exchanger, this study introduced the concepts of the annual stabilized mining stage and the effective thermal influence distance for each layer of non-homogeneous thermal storage. The study area was stratified into six layers based on the geothermal temperature gradient fitting results. The findings revealed that the maximum injected circulating fluid temperature for the mid-depth coaxial casing geothermal system was 37 °C, with a maximum mass flow rate of 16.67 kg/s. When the injected circulating fluid temperature increased from 2 °C to 25 °C, the duration of the annual stabilized exploitation stage extended from 23 to 26 years. Similarly, increasing the injected circulating fluid mass flow rate from 2.78 kg/s to 16.67 kg/s prolonged the maintenance period in the annual stable mining stage from 22 to 28 years. The study further indicated that the effective thermal influence distance for each layer of thermal storage was significantly impacted by varying injection circulating fluid temperatures. These results offered theoretical insights into the heat transfer performance of medium-depth coaxial casing geothermal systems under both short- and long-term operational conditions.

Twisted tapes in solar chimney-earth air heat exchangers for equipment downsizing and passive cooling

Harnessing solar and geothermal energy in hot and arid climates is an effective strategy to reduce building energy consumption. This research investigates integrating Twisted Tapes (TT) into Earth Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) pipes within a Solar Chimney (SC)-EAHE system, aiming to reduce EAHE pipe length while meeting ventilation requirements and decreasing cooling demand. Two key innovations are introduced: first, this study pioneers the integration of TT into a SC-EAHE system; second, it comprehensively explores TT geometry optimization, analyzing the effects of width ratio and rotation rate across 77 configurations. Numerical simulations are conducted in ANSYS Fluent using the k-ε RNG turbulence model to investigate thermal performance and airflow characteristics. Findings reveal that TT integration results in a 153 % increase in Nusselt number. Additionally, it is shown that a 1 m SC diameter achieves ventilation of 4.8 Air Changes per Hour (ACH) using TT with a width ratio and rotation rate of 0.5, while reducing EAHE pipe length by 2.6 %. Increasing the SC diameter to 1.25 m, with a TT width ratio of 0.6 and rotation rate of 1.25, leads to a 13 % (35 m) reduction in EAHE pipe length while meeting a minimum outlet temperature of 290.15 K and ACH requirements. However, the benefit diminishes beyond a 1.25 m SC diameter. This study contributes to understanding of integrating TT into SC-EAHE systems, addressing the critical need for sustainable energy solutions and offering a novel and energy-efficient approach for passive cooling in extreme climates.

Geoenergy in the Styrian Basin

The Styrian Basin (SB) is the westernmost basin within the Pannonian Basin Complex and is located in SE Austria, where the crustal thickness decreases from more than 40 km to less than 30 km. It can be divided into the West and East Styrian Basin. The pre-Neogene basement includes Penninic and crystalline rocks overlain by Paleozoic rocks. The age of the basin fill ranges from the early to late Miocene. Despite a long hydrocarbon exploration history, only a single sub-economic gas field has been discovered. The lack of commercial deposits is probably due to limited source-rock quality and an unfavourable heat-flow history. In contrast, a significant number of geothermal wells with a cumulative length of >54 km have been drilled in the East SB. The main geothermal reservoirs are fractured Paleozoic carbonates and Miocene (Badenian) sandstones. Geothermal gradients in the SB are typically above 4°C/100 m. The hottest geothermal well (Frutura GT1) produces water with a temperature of 125°C (bottom hole temperature 138°C) from a depth of ∼3.3 km. Utilization of geothermal energy in the SB includes balneology, district and greenhouse heating, production of medical salt, CO 2 and electricity.

The Influence Of Procurement Digital Capabilities, Collaborative Supply Chain Management And Operational Capabilities On Sustainable Business Performance Mediated By Competitive Advantage In Geothermal Energy Company Partners

This study aims to analyze the effect of Procurement Digitalization Capability, Collaborative Supply Chain Management, Operational Capability through Competitive Advantage on Sustainable Business Performance at Geothermal Energy Company Partners. The method used in this research is quantitative method, where this research uses surveys and questionnaires distributed to vendors or partners of the Geothermal Energy Company as the object of research. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling with the acquisition of 115 respondents. This study uses data testing methods using validity and reliability tests on each variable studied. While the data analysis method used in this research is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with AMOS software. The results showed that the direct relationship between the Procurement Digitalization Capability variable had a positive effect on Competitive Advantage. Collaborative Supply Chain Management variables have no positive effect on Competitive Advantage. While Operational Capability has a positive effect on Competitive Advantage and finally Competitive Advantage has a significant positive effect on Sustainable Business Performance. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended for further research to be able to develop research in different industries and with a broader scope.

Analysis of Entropy Optimization in MHD Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluids with Chemical Reaction and Thermal Energies

Investigation of nanofluid flows under various conditions is becoming fascinating research due to its numerous applications in many science and engineering fields such as solar energy, geothermal energy, water purification, glass blowing, enhanced oil recovery, petroleum production and food processing. For the present requirements in thermal energy applications, this mathematical model is considered to explore the diffusion and heat source effects on the flow of conductive Casson and Maxwell nanofluids in a porous medium on an elongating sheet with a chemical reaction. Further, the effects of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation are also examined. Moreover, the entropy generation is analyzed since this approach is employed in solar energy exchangers. The governing equations and the corresponding boundary conditions are constructed. This system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is changed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of a suitable transformation and then solved numerically by the bvp5c MATLAB package. The influences of the physical parameters on the flow phenomena are discussed and presented through figures and tables. This analysis explains that the Casson fluid flow has a higher velocity field than the Maxwell fluid flow. The Nusselt number becomes higher as the Dufour numbers increase. It has also been noticed that increasing the Brinkmann number improves the entropy and, an increase in radiation enriches the temperature profile. The concentration of the fluid is decreased for the increasing values of the higher-order chemical reaction parameter. Furthermore, comparisons of the current results were conducted for limiting examples of the problem and found to be in good agreement with existing results in the literature.

Density of pure and mixed NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solutions at 293 K to 353 K and 0.1 MPa: an integrated comparison of analytical and numerical data

This study reports on newly acquired density data of synthetically prepared pure and mixed NaCl and CaCl2 aqueous solutions that span a wide range of geothermally encountered concentrations and mixing ratios. The analytical data are provided for the temperature range of 293–353 K at ambient pressure. For the reproduction of that data, PHREESCALE was used. The predictive potential of this numerical tool regarding the density of geothermal fluids of known composition was the major target herein. As a result, the measured data are in good agreement with previous analytical studies found in the literature. Possible sources of errors are discussed in this paper. Density data of the mixed solutions at temperatures other than ambient are unique and close existing data gaps. The numerical model reproduces the newly measured and already existing density data within an error band of approximately 1%. For further use in geothermal applications, this can be considered an excellent agreement. Moreover, the model yields a direct calculation of density without the need to establish complex empirical equations of state and mixing rules. Finally, sensitivity calculations performed with a thermal–hydraulic (TH) numerical reservoir model demonstrate the required accuracy of fluid density for reliably predicting the long-term performance of deep geothermal energy systems. In terms of the productivity index and the timing of thermal breakthrough it shows that the present analytical and numerical uncertainty in density is small enough to reliably state both reservoir parameters.

Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Renewable Energy Using Machine Learning Models

Renewable energy sources, such as solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal energy, have emerged as key alternatives to fossil fuels in combating climate change and addressing energy security concerns in the USA and ad worldwide. Strategic use of this renewable resource is important not only for carbon emission reduction and improvement of environmental sustainability but also for maintaining future energy supplies. At the same time, such transition raises thorough assessments of environmental and socio-economic impacts. Machine learning (ML) models offer a powerful tool for predicting and analyzing such impacts, allowing for more efficient decision-making and long-term planning. These models are supposed to analyze patterns in energy production, land use, and emissions to make a more dynamic and predictive understanding of how renewable energy adoption influences CO2 levels. The principal aim of this research project was to develop and curate machine learning algorithms for predicting CO2 emissions based on renewable energy data, using the knowledge to better understand how solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy systems affect environmental outcomes. The predictive models developed in this research would serve as useful tools for the policymakers and major stakeholders in decision-making on investments in energy infrastructure and characterization of regulatory frameworks. These datasets for this research project were retrieved from several prominent institutions, including governmental agencies, international organizations such as the International Energy Agency-IEA and the World Bank, satellite data repositories, and USA environmental monitoring agencies. For this research project, 3 machine learning algorithms in the experiment were used, namely Logistic Regression, XG-Boost, and Random Forest. Amongst these three, the linear regression model gave the best performance, as it had the least MSE; indicating that its predictive capability was impressive. The comparative analysis of renewable energy projects in Germany, China, and California underlines that effective policy-making plays a very decisive role in the transition toward sustainable energy.

Experimental and numerical research on the thermal performance of a vertical earth-to-air heat exchanger system

The Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) system is an efficient and clean geothermal application technology that can be used for pre-cooling in summer and heating in winter. This paper proposes a novel Vertical Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (VEAHE) system that uses baffles to divide the vertical duct into two ventilation tunnels with a hollow area at the bottom for air circulation. This system occupies a small land area and has a relatively high geothermal energy utilization efficiency. This study evaluates the thermal performance of the system through experimental tests under various operating conditions. Additionally, a numerical model of the system was established to explore the influence of baffles length, thickness, and duct depth on its thermal performance. The experimental results show that the 2.5-meter deep VEAHE system achieves an average air pre-cooling temperature reduction of 5.42 °C, with a maximum temperature reduction of up to 7.58 °C. Below the 1.2-meter mark of the system, the cooling capacity of the descending pipe is 1.52 times that of the ascending pipe. The simulation showed a Maximum Absolute Relative Error (MARE) of 3.15 % compared to the experimental results. As the length and thickness of the baffles, duct length, and soil thermal conductivity increase, the average outlet air temperature gradually decreases, while the system's heat exchange capacity significantly improves, in contrast to the duct diameter. Among the influencing factors, the duct length has the greatest impact on the system. Under the recommended configuration, the system's maximum pre-cooling potential is 915.90 W, with the outlet air temperature ranging from 12.05 °C to 14.79 °C.