Georeferenced Maps Research Articles

Cost-effective Framework for Rapid Underwater Mapping with Digital Camera and Color Correction Method

Geo-referenced mapping in an aquatic environment is challenging because it is hard to measure the location of objects and images underwater. In this paper, we propose the method and share the results: cost-effective framework to generate 2D and 3D underwater maps with digital imagery and a Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm. The proposed method consists of data acquisition, image processing, and color correction. 292 and 437 images were acquired from each study site located in Spring Lake in San Marcos, Texas, U.S.A. Agisoft Photoscan Pro software was used to generate 3D point cloud data and orthomosaic images after feature matching and image alignment from geo-tagged imagery. The mosaic images with high resolution (< 0.2 cm per pixel) were generated with 2D underwater images. After color correction, the red reduction effect was recovered, and the bluer color was removed. The 3D underwater map was generated directly from 3D dense point clouds including geo-coordinates and RGB color information. As a result, the Very High Resolution (VHR) 2D and 3D maps were generated and the topographic surface of underwater structures was obtained in great detail. Although the RMSE were about 1 m, the proposed method provided more detailed surface of underwater features.

Managing Filling Stations Spatial Database Using an Innovative GIS Tool – Case Study Afipko City in Nigeria

With the Nigeria economy and her citizens over reliance on crude oil and its refined products, the use of petrol, diesel and kerosene in fuelling of generators and automobiles or for domestic cooking becomes very essential. Hence, constant visit to filling stations is necessary at one time or the other. This has in turn enthused the siting of so many filling stations and one is forced to wonder if they all complied with the standards required for their establishment. The question of where to buy fuel and which filling station is sited short of the regulatory standards can be appropriately answered using Geographic Information System (GIS). This study focuses on analysing the location of filling stations within Afikpo, in Ebonyi State Nigeria against the laws/regulations guiding their establishment. The coordinates of the filling stations were acquired with a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and plotted on a georeferenced map in ArcMap environment of ArcGIS 10.2 software. All the analyses were performed in the ArcMap environment using spatial analyst, spatial statistics and proximity tools available in the software. The findings revealed that the filling stations are spatially distributed in a dispersed pattern. The results of the analysis reveals that 44.4% of the filling stations did not meet the criteria of 15 meters minimum distance from the pump to the edge of the road. 22.2% of the filling stations were sited too close (lesser than 100 meters) to a health care centre. 66.7 % % did not meet the criteria of 400 meter minimum distance to other stations when located on the same road side (with no road separation). This database created on filling stations provides a platform to help policy makers (regulatory agencies) in planning, management and effective monitoring/supervision. It is there recommended that the regulatory bodies should be proactive in the discharge of their duties.

True power consumption labeling and mapping of the health system of the Castilla y León region in Spain by clustering techniques

The latest revisions in April 2018 of the 2010/31/UE and 2012/27/UE Directives on Energy Efficiency and Energy Savings respectively, point out the need of the development of smart energy indexes for buildings with the aim to (i) supervise the energy consumption on the building sector -that currently represents up to one third of the total final energy consumption- and (ii) lead the appropriate actions to transform the current buildings stock to nearly Zero Energy Buildings and Positive Energy Buildings. From public managed buildings, the Health System is the first energy consumer with great difference with other government administration sectors, such as Education or General Administration. Moreover, the energy bill has great impact on the sustainability of the public health care system. However, very few real data were available to characterize the energy demand on public buildings, which are usually the most intensive energy consumers, and efficiency indexes were usually obtained from simulation results. Nevertheless, thanks to the deployment of Smart Metering systems in the last years, it is possible to access to the true energy demand profiles of hundreds of these buildings.In this paper, with three years historical monthly electrical energy consumption data from the health system of the region of Castilla y León in Spain -including hospitals, outpatient facilities, clinics and other medical institutions- and the application of data mining techniques, an end-use electrical energy analysis was conducted to cluster the building housing according to the energy consumption into several energy use intensity clusters and, then, an average value and a Reference Building Energy Index for each cluster is proposed. Thus, a true energy labeling of these buildings based on their distance to the Reference Building Energy Index is done and presented in georeferenced maps.

GIS Analyses and Maps Creation of a Naturalistic Area: The Carengione Oasis

This paper describes the experience carried out with the aim to provide a technical and geo-referenced contribution to a project, submitted to the Common of Peschiera Borromeo in the Province of Milan in Lombardy. The promoter is a group of local associations; the aim is the valorisation and fruition of a green area, named Carengione Oasis. At first a GIS pre-analysis of the area has been performed to achieve a thorough knowledge of the area object of study. Then, a handheld GSP navigator has been employed to collect the data to be processed in a GIS software. This device choice has pros (a fast and very easy survey has been carried out) and cons (the acquired data have a precision of 3 to 5 meters). These data have been processed with the aid of the GIS software ArcMap release 10.4.1 by Esri. Also some free aerial images have been employed to edit features inaccessible on site. The achieved results are some thematic, metric and georeferenced maps and also a 3D virtual tour for a realistic visit of this area. They fulfil the project requirements. Anyway, due to their low precision, they have not been uploaded to enrich the official Lombardy cartography (DBTR); for this reason, part of them has been donated to the free data interchange OpenStreetMap. This work could be considered as a first step for future more precise surveys which would allow adding the acquired results to the DBTR; it has also been planned to create a story map describing the experience illustrated in this paper.

Status of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genepool Collected from Western Ghats Region of India: Gap Analysis and Diversity Distribution Mapping using GIS Tools

This paper analyses the genetic resources of cultivated and wild rice in Western Ghats region (WGR) spread in six states of the country. Landraces and wild relatives of rice (Oryza sativa L.) always form a priority germplasm for exploration, collections, conservation, evaluation and utilization. Western Ghats region is one of the 35 biodiversity hot-spots of the world and harbour large diversity of rice under its varied climatic and edaphic conditions. So far, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi has collected 2, 758 accessions of cultivated and 49 of wild rice germplasm from 42 districts of WGR of India. Germplasm collecting sites linked with geo-coordinates forms geo-referenced map which showed that Kerala had significant representation (2, 036 accessions), followed by Karnataka (203), Maharashtra (201), Tamil Nadu (153), Gujarat (116) and Goa (49). Highest numbers of landraces were collected from Kerala (386), followed by Tamil Nadu (92), Karnataka (88), Gujarat (56), Goa (30) and Maharashtra (26). GIS-based grid map shows that highest numbers of landraces were collected from north and central regions of Kerala, validated by the highest Shannon-Weaver diversity index (2.1–2.8). Diverse agro-ecosystems as well as selection by farmers for various uses and traits, coupled with extensive exploration efforts might have lead to the assemblage of such landraces collection from Kerala. Collected wild rice germplasm consists six taxa -Oryza meyeriana var. granulata (11), O. nivara (4), O. officinalis (4), O. rufipogon (10), O. sativa f. spontanea (19) and O. officinalis subsp. malampuzhaensis (1). Literature analysis revealed that, out of 678 rice landraces of this region, 43 have been identified/used in crop improvement as source of important traits viz. early and late maturity, aroma, high iron content, medicinal value, drought/cold/salt tolerance, resistance to brown plant hopper, etc. This analysis identified gaps and priority areas for future explorations.

A transdisciplinary framework for predictive disease ecology based on cross-scale interactions: Insights from long-term data

A transdisciplinary framework for predictive disease ecology based on cross-scale interactions: Insights from long-term data

Irrigation Potential Assessment on Shaya River Sub-Basin in Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

The primary objective of this study was to assess the land resources potential of the Shaya River sub-basin in the Bale Zone of Oromia for irrigation and providing a geo-referenced map of these resources. Watershed delineation, identification of irrigable land, and estimation of surface runoff and irrigation water requirements were the steps followed. Irrigation suitability factors such as slope, texture, depth, drainage characteristics, land use/cover and distance to water source were taken in to account to identify irrigation suitability. The suitability analysis of the parameters indicates that 66.38% slope, 98.20% soil, 92.93% land use/cover of the study areas classified as potentially suitable for irrigation development in the study area. By weighing analysis of all parameters 22.05% of the study area was found to be highly suitable, 25.27% moderately suitable and 16.20% marginally suitable whereas about 33.57% restricted for irrigation developments. By comparing the required water and available monthly flow of the river, the river has the capacity for the application of the command area.

The study of urban climate and traffic: Considerations from the Araraquara case, SP

The article discusses the interface between the influence of the urban climate and the traffic accident, there are as reference the results of the research carried out for the Araraquara case, SP, Brazil. Initially presented a brief analysis of urban mobility, geoprocessing (GIS) and the climatic importance in relation to urban sustainability. The article analyzes the urban climate of Araraquara, especially with regard to solar radiation on city streets and green areas. It was based on the premise that there is a correlation between the urban microclimates and the variables related to the traffic accident. Thus, a georeferenced mapping of the urban geometry was carried out by associating the climatic variables such as solar radiation, temperature and humidity of the air, to three parameters related to the traffic accident were chosen from the a) traffic accident with victim, b) without victim and c) motorcycle. At the end, the article proposes how the results found can reduce traffic accident and contribute to urban planning

De la comunicación virtual a la interacción presencial en la ciudad. La persistente relevancia del espacio geográfico para las relaciones sociales

El artículo expone la metodología y resultados de un análisis de casos tipo en geografía de redes personales que examina el incrustamiento espacial y relacional de las interacciones sociales mediante el análisis de las dimensiones de las distancias interpersonales y las configuraciones de las redes sociales en el espacio urbano, en diferentes momentos del tiempo y lugares de interacción. Desde la teoría y método del Análisis de Redes Sociales se describen las redes de una muestra de informantes tipo (N=6) conformadas por contactos personales (n=87) de los informantes que habitan en la misma ciudad y con quienes mantienen contacto regular a través de Whatsapp. Las redes en los espacios de habitación, trabajo o estudio y esparcimiento se presentan en sociogramas sobre mapas georreferenciados, calculando diversos índices de geo-dispersión y sus correlaciones tanto con los atributos de los actores individuales como con los principales indicadores de composición y estructura reticulares. Los resultados apoyan los argumentos en favor del fuerte carácter local de las interacciones sociales, incluso de aquellas tecnológica y virtualmente mediadas, como las dadas a través de WhatsApp.

Dispersion, colonization and phenotypic structure of prehistoric human populations of the Andes of North-Western Argentina.

In this article we study the phenotypic structure, biological relationships and evolutionary factors that acted on the biological diversity observed in the prehistoric groups that inhabited Northwest Argentina (NWA). The collections used belong to different subareas and periods of the development of this region. In this study 15 metric traits of the skull were used. To achieve the proposed objective, models derived from population genetics, multivariate statistical analysis, geo-referenced map and phenotypic correlation between geographical and biological distances were applied. The total genetic divergence (FST) is 16% and within subregions it varies between 2% and 10%. The correlation (r) between geographic and phenotypic distances among all samples in NWA is 0.3 and within subregions it varies between -0.16 (Quebrada de Humahuaca) and 0.7 (Puna de Jujuy). The analysis of georeferenced data indicates two phenotypic gradients in NWA. The results show a varied evolutionary scenario, characterized by an important population structure produced by a set of evolutionary factors (genetic isolation, non-random mating, effective size and different rates of genetic interaction between subpopulations).

Automated evaluation of agricultural damage using UAV survey

Abstract In the last decade, the rate of the industrial usage of fixed-wing and blended wing aircraft has increased. A 1–2-km2 area can be surveyed by such a drone within 30 to 60 minutes, without any special infrastructure, and this can be repeated at any time. This provides an opportunity to conduct automatized surveys and time series data testing, which can be used as a basis to decide specific processes. The state and the development of the plants can be monitored as well as the spread of pests and the efficiency of the procedures that protect against them. During the surveys, thousands of images are taken of the area, which can be converted to a georeferenced large-sized map within 20 to 40 hours, including post-production and a resolution varying from 0.01 to 0.1 cm/pixel. The paper provides a solution to the industrial post-production of these high-quantity data, in which a deep learning-based automated process using Matlab is presented, including a comparison of the results to the GIS data.

Analysis of hunting statistics collection frameworks for wild boar across Europe and proposals for improving the harmonisation of data collection

Heterogeneities in the wild boar data collection frameworks across Europe were analysed using questionnaires to explore comparability of hunting data in the short term and propose a common framework for future collection. Fifty-seven respondents representing 32 countries covering more than 95% of European territory participated to the questionnaire. The most frequently recorded information in the official statistics included the quantity of animals shot per hunting ground and season (24 countries) and the size of the hunting (management) ground (21 countries). Georeferenced maps for the hunting grounds were collected (total or partial) for 20 countries. The least frequently recorded information was at the level of hunting events. We conclude that (i) sources of hunting statistics providing quantitative information on wild boar (and by extension, for other big game species) are lacking or are not harmonised across Europe, as well as incomplete, dispersed and difficult to compare; (ii) a feasible effort is needed to achieve harmonisation of data in a short time for the most basic statistics at the hunting ground level, and (iii) the coordination of the collection of hunting statistics must be achieved first at national and then at European level. The following is recommended: (i) countries should collect data at hunting ground level; (ii) efforts should be focused on data-poor countries (e.g. Eastern Europe), and (iii) the data should be collected at the finest spatial and temporal resolution, i.e. at hunting event level. ENETWILD proposes the development of a robust and well-informed data collection model as the basis for a common data collection framework. The present report identified some countries where, though the potential to share good quality data is present, the data collection promoted by ENETWILD has not succeeded so far (i. e. Eastern Europe). This highlights the need of further strategies to be developed so to encourage and support these countries to share hunting data.

Cumulative deformation and original geometry of the Bushveld Complex

A structural review and re-interpretation of the Bushveld Complex, based on 254 georeferenced maps from research, technical reports and geophysical surveys, suggests that its current geometry differs markedly from its original geometry. Broadly N–S flattening, left-lateral transpressional shearing along an interconnected fault network, steepening of cumulate layering and 10 km of uplift, to the north of the northern margin of the complex's main chamber, were accompanied by an eastward-verging escape structure (Burgersfort Bulge) and syn-cooling gap areas on its Western Limb. Southward-verging deformation was transmitted from the Villa Nora Fragment, via thrusting in the Rooiberg area, generating 50–70 km of southward displacement, uplift and erosional loss of the Northern Limb's western portion. A string of anomalous occurrences of Bushveld Complex units and dense areas outlined by unconstrained gravity isoshells suggest a further 170 km southward displacement through the center of the main chamber. The Southern Limb underwent predominantly right-lateral, ductile offset from the Western Limb along the Crocodile River and Rustenburg Faults, expressed by an in-line series of NNW-trending magnetic highs to the south of their mapped terminations. Left-lateral shearing and progressive splaying of a NNE-trending dyke swarm, to the west of an inflection point, provides strain markers for this offset and 35° anticlockwise rotation of the Burgersfort Bulge and central parts of the main chamber. Although recent work suggests that the complex cooled within 1 Myr, late-intrusion/syn-cooling, SSE-wards movement of its deeper, ductile, central parts, within at least 5–10 Myr after its initial intrusion, the Transvaalide Fold-and Thrust event and the expulsion of fluids to form the high-Ti igneous suite (HITIS) and related bodies, appear to have closely post-dated the complex's intrusion. Removal of the effects of cumulative strain produces a more equant complex, shortly after its intrusion, occupying an orthogonal network of normal faults and perpendicular, strike-slip, transverse faults.

Roads and farming: the effect of infrastructure improvement on agricultural intensification in South-Western Kenya

ABSTRACTCombining new longitudinal and geo-referenced road map data with household panel survey data targeting rural smallholder farmers in South-Western Kenya, we implement a fixed effect (FE) estimation with other controls to assess the causal impact of the change in road access from 2004 to 2012 on the change in farming practices such as hybrid seed adoption, fertiliser intensification, high value crops adoption and market participation for milk and cereals. We construct effective time distance indicators which measures the shortest driving time to the nearest market and nearest large town. We find evidence of diversification into high value crops farming, fertiliser intensification and milk market participation in areas experiencing improved roads. It suggests that the recent road infrastructure investment in South-Western Kenya foster agricultural productivity and market participation by rural smallholder farmers. Also, it implies that the investment has the pro-poor effect since the road improvement occurred in more remote areas.

Relocation of River Storage From Global Hydrological Models to Georeferenced River Channels for Improved Load‐Induced Surface Displacements

AbstractVariations in terrestrial surface water storage cause elastic crustal displacements of several millimeters in the vertical direction on daily to seasonal time scales. Locally, strong signals with exceptionally high amplitudes can be observed along the major river channels. As the horizontal resolution of global hydrological models is typically limited to 0.5° × 0.5°, the generalized model drainage network leads to simulated river mass distributions that are not necessarily collocated with the real courses of the rivers. Moreover, the spreading of locally concentrated surface water on the coarse model grids leads to substantially underestimated amplitudes of simulated hydrologically induced surface displacements. We therefore develop a relocation procedure to improve such hydrological loading estimates, especially at locations near the river banks. We separate the water masses stored in the modeled river network from the total water storage and relocate them on a georeferenced river map with higher resolution. Applying the relocated river masses, simulated hydrological loading amplitudes increase by 0.2–5 mm for the vertical load‐induced surface displacement along the major rivers, at the Amazon even up to additional 15 mm. The amplitudes for the horizontal load‐induced surface displacements are slightly increased, up to maximum 3 mm. Besides changes in the distance to the mass loads, the horizontal displacement fields is also heavily affected by significant changes in the directions to the relocated river mass load. The comparison of modeled hydrologically induced surface displacement time series with Global Positioning System observations shows a significantly improved fit for stations in close proximity to larger rivers when applying the relocation procedure.

Bibliometric assessment of the global scientific production on Sindbis virus: Implications for Surveillance of Emerging Arboviruses in Latin Americas

Background: Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arbovirus (genus Alphavirus) widely distributed in Africa, Asia-Pacific and Europe, causing infections by 6 genotypes. As other emerging zoonotic arbovirus (such as Usutu, Kyasanur, Orthobunyavirus), its potential arrival to Latin America is of concern. Although all of this, there is no bibliometric studies assessing advances in its research. Methods & Materials: Bibliometric studies at 7 databases: Web of Sciences (WoS)®, Scopus®, GoPubMED, SciELO, Google Scholar, LILACS and ScienceDirect®, assessing the global scientific production on SINV, measuring the number of article per countries, productive institutions, number of original articles, published historically and during the last 5 years (2012-2016), productive authors, citations and H index, among other indicators. Results: Those most productive countries in WoS (N = 771): USA (337[43.7%]), France (53 [6.9%]) and UK (53 [6.9%]). At Scopus (N = 3486): USA (1751 [50.23%]), Germany (160 [4.59%]) and Japan (150 [4.3%]). At GoPubMed (N = 2898): USA (353 [12.18%]), Japan (38 [1.31%]) and UK (33 [1.13%]); production during 2012-2016 at WoS: 684 articles; at Scopus: 420 articles; GoPubMed: 296 articles. Countries with higher H-index (Scopus): USA (112, 68,419 citations), France (42, 4,313 citations), Germany (41, 5,075 citations), Japan (37, 5,512 citations), UK (34, 3,629 citations). Most productive cities on the topic: New York, USA (31 articles), Helsinki, Finland (18) and Beijing, China (17). A georeferenced map of scientific production on PubMed was developed. Conclusion: As in other bibliometric studies, scientific production by USA and their groups is predominant. In areas such as Latin America, investigation on SINV should began, particularly related to preparedness, medical education, epidemiology and transmission. At the same time, is necessary to increase its global research and initiate also this in Latin America, a suitable region where other recent arboviruses have emerged, such as was the case of chikungunya and Zika. For these arboviruses, bibliometric assessment helped to WHO to identify needs for research on these emerging infectious diseases.

Geo-sampling in developing nations

ABSTRACTRTI International created a geospatial grid-based sampling methodology that: achieved a probability-based household sample and unbiased estimates; was comparable across countries; used simple frame data available from the in-country census; and was efficient with minimal training to local field staff. The methodology used 1 km2 LandScan world population data, which was further subdivided to smaller grid cells ranging from 50 to 150 m2. To guide fieldwork, georeferenced maps were generated and viewed without an Internet connection using a third-party app and the tablet’s internal global positioning systems receiver. The field staff’s location was displayed in real time as a blue dot enabling field staff to determine household inclusivity. This methodology was successfully implemented for household surveys Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The design is transferable, adaptable, scalable, and can be used anywhere in the world.

Aquifer structure identification through geostatistical integration of geological parameters: case of the Triassic sandstone aquifer system (SE Tunisia)

This paper presents an integrated modeling approach for constructing a geometric model of an Early to Middle Triassic sandstone aquifer system, commonly referred to as the Sahel El Ababsa aquifer, in southeastern Tunisia. The approach combines thorough interpretations derived from geological data along with various geostatistical methods to create accurate representations of the faulted bounding surfaces. The resulting architectural model was used to define the main aquifer system compartments and explain the nature of the hydraulic relations and communications within and beyond the aquifer system. A database was constructed based on multiple and various data sources, including water boreholes, exploration-petroleum wells, and seismic sections. These features were georeferenced and linked to the database used to build a stratigraphic framework of the area. The geological correlations based on wells information allowed a valuable observation on the structural trends and fault network as well as the lateral facies variation of the aquifer system. The derived interpreted faults were displayed on a georeferenced map which was later converted into a vertex database needed for the next modeling steps. A proper architectural modeling approach of the Early to Middle Triassic sandstone aquifer system was then performed using geostatistical methods that provide a variety of calculation techniques to model the reservoir bounding surfaces, through kriging methods including ordinary kriging and kriging with inequalities. The latter method was used to deal with the lack of data as it can retrieve information from the end of the boreholes that do not reach the surface to be calculated and integrate them in the modeling procedures. This enabled us to build the first architectural model with an accurate description of the bounding surfaces of the Early to Middle Triassic rocks. In fact, although it has been the center of geological and hydrogeological studies, the Upper Permian surface has not previously been the focus of an integrated geomodeling study. The generated models were analyzed, verified through kriging variance maps, then compared with the outcomes of the geological study. The results depict a new structural scheme of the Sahel El Ababsa area and provide an in-depth characterization of the complex compartmentalization affecting the aquifer system that allowed the definition and grouping of the hydrostratigraphic units. Therefore, this work is the first attempt through which an integrated architectural modeling approach is used to characterize and identify the Sahel El Ababsa aquifer system.

Development of the first georeferenced map of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. in Mexico from 1970 to date and prediction of its spatial distribution.

The tick genus Ripicephalus (Boophilus), particularly R. microplus, is one of the most important ectoparasites that affects livestock health and considered an epidemiological risk because it causes significant economic losses due, mainly, to restrictions in the export of infested animals to several countries. Its spatial distribution has been tied to environmental factors, mainly warm temperatures and high relative humidity. In this work, we integrated a dataset consisting of 5843 records of Rhipicephalus spp., in Mexico covering close to 50 years to know which environmental variables mostly influence this ticks' distribution. Occurrences were georeferenced using the software DIVA-GIS and the potential current distribution was modelled using the maximum entropy method (Maxent). The algorithm generated a map of high predictive capability (Area under the curve = 0.942), providing the various contribution and permutation importance of the tested variables. Precipitation seasonality, particularly in March, and isothermality were found to be the most significant climate variables in determining the probability of spatial distribution of Rhipicephalus spp. in Mexico (15.7%, 36.0% and 11.1%, respectively). Our findings demonstrate that Rhipicephalus has colonized Mexico widely, including areas characterized by different types of climate. We conclude that the Maxent distribution model using Rhipicephalus records and a set of environmental variables can predict the extent of the tick range in this country, information that should support the development of integrated control strategies.

DINÂMICA DE USO DA TERRA, NO SETOR AGROPECUÁRIO, EM PARAGOMINAS – PA

RESUMO: Conhecer o uso da terra apresenta-se como passo essencial para planejamento estratégico do setor agropecuário. Dessa forma, este estudo avaliou a dinâmica de uso da terra, do setor agropecuário, no município de Paragominas – PA, no período de 2008 a 2014, por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento e do modelo shift-share. As fontes da base de dados adquiridos foram do Projeto TerraClass, DNIT e IBGE, obtidos em seus endereços eletrônicos de forma gratuita, os quais foram utilizados na elaboração de mapas georreferenciados. As classes de usos da terra analisadas foram agricultura anual, pasto sujo, pasto limpo, desflorestamento e reflorestamento nos anos de 2008 e 2014. Os dados em hectares provenientes das cinco classes de uso da terra também foram analisados pelo modelo shift-share através do efeito área decomposto nos efeitos escala e substituição. Os resultados revelaram que uso da terra em Paragominas apresentou expansão para as atividades pasto limpo e agricultura anual no período de estudo resultando em valores positivos do efeito escala. As atividades pasto sujo e desflorestamento revelaram uma diminuição de área utilizada o que resultou em valores negativos do efeito substituição. A classe que apresentou maiores valores em hectares utilizados e de efeito substituição foi o pasto limpo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Amazônia, Geoprocessamento, Modelo Shift-Share.