Geopolymer Specimens Research Articles

Reaction kinetics and mechanical properties of a mineral-micropowder/metakaolin-based geopolymer

In this study, metakaolin was partially replaced with mineral micropowder to prepare a mineral-micropowder/metakaolin-based geopolymer was prepared under alkali activation, and the compressive and flexural strengths of various geopolymer specimens were determined. Geopolymer reaction kinetics were examined using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogrov model, and the effects of the mineral-micropowder content on the properties and structure of the metakaolin-based geopolymer were investigated. Results revealed that micropowder addition significantly influenced the mechanical properties, microstructure, and reaction heat of the geopolymer. At a powder content of 30 wt%, the polymer exhibited superior mechanical properties; furthermore, the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimens cured for 28 d were 58.3 MPa and 12.6 MPa, which were 24.1% and 40% higher than those of the control group, respectively. Meanwhile, the geopolymer setting time was significantly reduced because the presence of calcium in mineral micropowder promoted the geopolymerisation reaction. Therefore, the formation of a multi-gel phase considerably enhanced the geopolymer structure.

Effect of mechanical milling of fly ash powder on compressive strength of geopolymer

In this present investigation, the fly ash powder (raw material) was collected from the NTPC, Assam. For particle size reduction, milling operation was carried out on raw fly ash powder by laboratory pot mill. Fly ash (FA) and milled fly ash (MFA) powder were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique as well. Geopolymer specimens were prepared by RFA and MFA powder by mixing with alkaline solution (14 M NaOH solution along with Na2SiO3 solution) followed by artificial curing at 60 °C for 24 h. Compressive test of geopolymer samples were carried out and the fracture surfaces of the tested specimens were characterized by FESEM.

Properties of pumice-fly ash based geopolymer paste

Invention of a new and improved binding material has become an urgent need in order to reduce reliance on Portland cement while minimizing environmental pollution and energy consumption associated with its manufacture. Geopolymer could be a possible alternative in the future. This study investigated some mechanical and durability properties of pumice-fly ash geopolymer paste, including six pumice + fly ash percentages, six alkaline activating solution-to-binder (A/B) ratios, and three curing times in the oven at 60 °C for 2, 4, and 6 days. Several laboratory tests such as consistency, strength tests, and UPV tests were used to investigate the behavior of various geopolymer mixtures. The results confirmed that pumice powder with fly ash can be utilized to create good geopolymeric binders with optimum compressive strengths of 31.02 to 69.90 MPa and optimum flexural strengths of 6.14 to 9.40 MPa. The highest strengths were obtained during the 6-day curing time. The results revealed that the strength of P-FA geopolymer specimens increases by increasing the A/B to a certain value (representing the optimum-active A/B ratio for each type of mixture), the strength decreases more or less than this value. Furthermore, the compressive strength of geopolymer samples with a high content of FA was increased before and after exposure to elevated temperatures.

The Use of Recycled Aggregate Sludge for the Preparation of GGBFS and Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

Aggregate sludge is a waste product produced from crushing, screening, and washing processes at aggregate plants. Because of the large quantity and high treatment cost of this sludge, it cannot be disposed of as landfill, and thus, has caused environmental concern over the years in Taiwan. In this preliminary study, the recycled aggregate sludge was reutilized for construction applications through the geopolymerization process. The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) were selected as alkaline activated materials for the fabrication of sludge geopolymer. Several process parameters that may affect the mechanical and physical properties of geopolymer were investigated. These parameters are sludge/GGBFS/FA ratios, solid/liquid (alkali solution) ratio, the molarity of NaOH, and curing time. According to the test results, the compressive strength of geopolymer specimens (70/30 sludge/GGBFS ratios) made with 4 M and 6 M NaOH can reach 39.17 MPa and 43.6 MPa after 28 days of curing. The specimen made with 60/40 sludge/GGBFS ratios has a strength of 61.3 MPa. After replacing GGBFS with 10% fly ash (70/20/10 sludge/GGBFS/FA), the strength of the specimen can also reach 43 MPa. According to the test results obtained in this study, it was found that the higher the NaOH concentration, the higher the strength of the geopolymer, and the GGBFS also can contribute more to the mechanical properties of geopolymer than fly ash. This preliminary study suggests that it is possible to reutilize aggregate sludge for construction applications and solve its environmental disposal problem.

Effect of curing conditions on freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymer mortars containing various calcium resources

This study focused on the effects of curing conditions (standard and steam curing) on the freeze–thaw resistance of geopolymer mortars containing Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, slag, and Ca(OH)2. Geopolymer mortar specimens were prepared with water-to-Class C fly ash ratios of 0.35 and 0.40, and CaO contents of 45% and 100% with different compositions. The specimens were subjected to freeze–thaw cycles until the mass loss exceeded 5% or the relative dynamic elastic modulus was below 60%. The reaction hydrates and pore structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry and mercury intrusion porosimetry, respectively. In terms of mechanical performance, steam curing condition was better than standard curing condition for the early-age strength of geopolymer mortars. The compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars at 2 d and 28 d was increased 2.2–5.1 times and 0%-40%, respectively, under steam curing condition compared with standard curing condition. The experimental results indicated that Class C fly ash geopolymer mortar (CF35) under steam curing condition and Class F fly ash-slag geopolymer mortar with 100% CaO content (SF35C100) under standard curing condition exhibited remarkable freeze–thaw resistance with a freeze–thaw resistance grade of F300 at the lowest. Moreover, the water-to-ash ratio was critical for the freeze–thaw resistance under both standard and steam-curing conditions. The mass loss of specimens with water-to-ash ratios of 0.35 and 0.40 under standard curing condition were 4.67% and 8.79%, respectively, at 25 freeze–thaw cycles, whereas that of specimens with water-to-ash of 0.35 under steam curing condition was 3.03% at 300 freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, the freeze–thaw resistance of geopolymer specimens with different compositions had a direct relationship with the microstructure of the geopolymer mortars. Furthermore, the experimental results verified that a higher compressive strength did not necessarily indicate a better freeze–thaw resistance.

Fracture properties of the gold mine tailings-based geopolymer under mode I loading condition through semi-circular bend tests with digital image correlation

Sustainably reusing mine tailings and reducing the economic costs of storing them is an ongoing concern in the geomechanics field. This paper discusses the process of utilizing MTs in the manufacture of geopolymer through alkaline activation. Since geopolymer is subjected to various external and internal loading conditions that could result in failures and fractures, understanding the fracture behaviors of MTs-based geopolymer is critically important for its use and application. The fracture behaviors of geopolymer remain largely unexplored. The study presented in this paper addressed this knowledge gap by evaluating the mode I fracture tests that are commonly used in the rock mechanics field for adoption to test geopolymer by using three-point bending instrument and considering various influential parameters, such as notch depths. The geopolymer specimens in this study were cast into cylindrical molds by mixing different mine tailings with a 10 M NaOH solution at a water/tailings ratio of 22% and then cured with a slightly elevated temperature of 72 ± 2℃, for seven days. Thereafter, the cylindrical specimens were cut into semi-circular specimens and a series of semi-circular bending tests were performed. The mode I fracture toughness, KIC, of the geopolymer were estimated and the sensitivity of the notch depth was evaluated based on linear elastic fracture mechanics for the specimens with current sizes. Also, the strain behaviors of the semi-circular specimens were investigated through digital image correlation mapping. The mode I fracture behaviors were studied and the force-displacement behaviors of the semi-circular bending specimens with regard to the notch depths were compared and interpreted. Further, the strain properties of the semi-circular bending specimen were evaluated with respect to different load levels and the fracture process zone and crack tip opening displacement of the geopolymer then were measured by digital image correlation analyses.

Solving the perpetual problem of imperative use heat curing for fly ash geopolymer cement by using sugar beet waste

This study aims to solve the perpetual problem of imperative use heat curing for fly ash (FA) geopolymer cement to obtain reasonable strength, especially at the early ages by using calcinated carbonation lime residue (CCR). The carbonation lime residue is a waste resulting from the sugar beet industry. For this purpose, FA was partially replaced with CCR at ratios fluctuated from 2.5% to 10%, by weight, with a step of 2.5%. FA geopolymer specimens with/without CCR were cured at room temperature. To investigate the effect of CCR on FA geopolymer cement, classical tests of flowability, setting time, compressive strength at various ages, water absorption and total porosity were explored. The results were analyzed by using advanced devices. The results showed that CCR is similar to CaO. The inclusion of CCR decreased setting time, flowability, water absorption and total porosity, whilst the compressive strength, especially at an early age, was enhanced. The optimum ratio of CCR was 7.5%, which provided the highest strength, lowest water absorption, lowest total porosity and acceptable setting time. Including a suitable ratio of CCR can accelerate the polymerization, form C-S-H gel, fill the pores and produce denser microstructure. The inclusion of 10% CCR showed too short setting time which did not provide enough time for handling, casting, compacting and finishing.

Thermally Treated Waste Silt as Filler in Geopolymer Cement.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including silt, a by-product of limestone aggregate production, as a filler in geopolymer cement. Two separate phases were planned: The first phase aimed to determine the optimum calcination conditions of the waste silt obtained from Società Azionaria Prodotti Asfaltico Bituminosi Affini (S.A.P.A.B.A. s.r.l.). A Design of Experiment (DOE) was produced, and raw silt was calcined accordingly. Geopolymer cement mixtures were made with sodium or potassium alkali solutions and were tested for compressive strength and leaching. Higher calcination temperatures showed better compressive strength, regardless of liquid type. By considering the compressive strength, leaching, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the optimum calcination temperature and time was selected as 750 °C for 2 h. The second phase focused on determining the optimum amount of silt (%) that could be used in a geopolymer cement mixture. The results suggested that the addition of about 55% of silt (total solid weight) as filler can improve the compressive strength of geopolymers made with Na or K liquid activators. Based on the leaching test, the cumulative concentrations of the released trace elements from the geopolymer specimens into the leachant were lower than the thresholds for European standards.

Evaluation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash based geopolymer for stabilised recycled concrete aggregate as road material

This research investigates the possibility of using municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) geopolymer to stabilise the strength of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in pavement applications. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and scanning electron microscope were studied in this research. The maximum dry unit weight of RCA-MSWI FA geopolymer specimens increased as MSWI FA replacement increased due to the filler effect of MSWI FA. For MSWI FA higher than 20, the maximum dry unit weight of samples decreased with MSWI FA replacement due to the lower specific gravity of MSWI FA. The optimum ingredient of RCA-MSWI FA geopolymer specimens is at optimum liquid content (OLC), RCA/MSWI FA of 90/100, and all sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ratios which meet the 7-day UCS requirement of pavement base material for the low-volume road. There is one ingredient for the high-volume road: OLC, RCA/MSWI FA of 90/100, and Na2SiO3/NaOH of 60/40.

Corrosion assessment of ferrocement element with nanogeopolymer for marine application

AbstractCorrosion is the major reason which limits the practical application of ferrocement structures in the marine environment. To protect the thin and strong wire mesh reinforcement, preventive methods are required to be employed. One of such methods implemented in this paper is novel application of geopolymer mortar on the surface of the wire mesh. The microstructural pores present in the highly durable fly ash based geopolymer mortar are further enhanced by using nanomodified fly ash particles to achieve the impermeable surfaces. Effect of alkaline solution concentration on the chloride ion penetration and corrosion has been investigated by using the different concentration of sodium hydroxide solution from 8 to 14 M. From the results, it is noted that for the geopolymer specimens, the chloride ions penetration values of 542.70 Coulombs is observed at 28 days which comes under the category of very low as per ASTM C1202‐10. The chloride ion penetration observed in geopolymer specimen is 17% lesser than ferrocement panel with conventional cement mortar. The time taken for cracking is delayed in the case of ferrocement panel with geopolymer mortar of 10 M concentrated sodium hydroxide solution by thrice the times of specimen with conventional cement mortar. This indicates that the incorporation of nanogeopolymer in ferrocement element not only increased the strength but also its serviceability against cracking and corrosion resulted in the extensive application of ferrocement construction in marine environment.

Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer: Green Material in Carbon-Constrained Society

Climate change is recognized as a global problem and even the industrial and construction sectors are trying to reduce the green-house gas emissions, especially on CO2 emissions. In Vietnam, the coal-fired thermal power plants are discharging millions of tons of CO2 and coal ash annually. This coal ash is comprised of about 80% of fly ash and the rest is bottom ash. This study would like to introduce one of the potential solutions in a carbon-constrained society that would not only manage the fly ash but also utilized this as raw material for green materials through geopolymerization. The geopolymer-based material has lower energy consumption, minimal CO2 emissions and lower production cost as it valorizes industrial waste. The fly ash containing high alumino-silicate resources from a coal-fired power plant in Vietnam was mixed with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions to obtain the geopolymeric pastes. The pastes were molded in 10x10x20cm molds and then cured at room temperature for 28 days. The 28-day geopolymer specimens were carried out to test for engineering properties such as compressive strength (MPa), volumetric weight (kg/m3), and water absorption (kg/m3). The microstructure analysis was also conducted for this eco-friendly materials using X ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Differential Thermal Analysis - Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA).

PLAIN AND PVA FIBRE-REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER COMPACT TENSION SPECIMEN CRITICAL AREA SURFACE COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT

For more than 40 years, low calcium alkali-activated cement composite, or in other words, geopolymer, has been around. In recent years there has been increased interest in this material and its properties. It is mainly due to the claim that geopolymer is the cement of the future. This claim is based on environmental factors. For instance, the CO2 emissions for geopolymer binder can be up to 6 less than for Portland cement binder. Most of the researches regarding geopolymer composite properties examine only mechanical and long-term properties in compression. There has been a lack of long-term tests in tension due to difficulties in performing them. As the tensile stresses are an essential part of structure assessment, it is necessary to evaluate new material properties as thoroughly as possible. Due to the nature of geopolymer specimen hardening (polymerisation), there is a difference in modulus of elasticity development and shrinkage caused by binding that could have factors that regular Portland cement specimens do not.This article aims to evaluate the surface composition of plain and 1% PVA reinforced geopolymer compact tension specimens that have been subjected to creep and shrinkage tests. Specimen cross-section images were acquired using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using the quantitative image analysis method, amounts of cross-section composition elements are determined. Furthermore, the amount of cracks is determined and compared between plain and PVA fiber-reinforced specimens.It has been determined that even though 1% of PVA fibre-reinforced specimens have lower tensile strength, their creep and shrinkage strains are lower, and the number of microcracks at the notch base of the specimen. Still, it has to be acknowledged that the amount of air voids in all analysed specimens is relatively high.

Multifunctional behavior of CNT- and CB-based composite beams

The investigation was performed on the self-sensing behavior of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams produced at ambient curing. Prior to investigation, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB) were used in small-scale geopolymer specimens at different ratios and the electrical properties of the composites were tailored in the favor of self-sensing functionality. After characterization of mechanical and electrical properties, 150 × 150 × 750 mm3 (width × height × length) self-sensing reinforced geopolymer beams were produced with a span/effective depth ratio of 2.0. An experimental procedure was designed to obtain a mixed failure mode of shear and flexural. Engineering properties of large-scale beams were evaluated in terms of flexural strength, deflection capacities, initial stiffness and ductility ratios with the proposed design. Simultaneously, self-sensing assessments were performed continuously by the evaluation of relative factor in electrical resistivity of geopolymer beams at different loading levels. Microstructural and experimental results revealed that CNT-based beams significantly enhanced the load-carrying capacity and ductility that provided a high amount of energy dissipation capacity compared to CB-based beams. CNT-based beams exhibited 107.7%, 188.9%, 217% and 51% higher relative factor in electrical resistivity compared to CB-based beams at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of total applied load, respectively. Results indicate that applied load was continuously sensed by all geopolymer beams although CNT-based beams were more responsive to change of strain compared to CB-based beams at earlier stages of loading.

Effect of synthesis parameters on the development of unconfined compressive strength of recycled waste concrete powder-based geopolymers

The main object of this study is to investigate the geopolymerization potential of recycled waste concrete powder (RWCP) as well as the effects of synthesis parameters, including the molarity of NaOH solution, the mass ratio of water glass to NaOH solution (WG/NH), the mass ratio of liquid alkali activator to solid powder (L/S), and the curing conditions (curing temperature, curing time and curing method), on the development of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of recycled waste concrete powder-based geopolymers. The recycled waste concrete powder (RWCP) (size < 0.075 mm) was utilized as source material, and water glass and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as alkaline activators to synthesize geopolymer specimens. The dissolution of alumino-silicate from the RWCP under different concentrations of alkaline solutions was studied. The UCS of the resulting geopolymers synthesized under different conditions was tested. Further, the microstructure and mineral composition of the final products were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) technology. The results indicate that the dissolution of Si4+ and Al3+ in raw materials (RWCP) was highly affected by the alkali content and dissolution time. Increasing the alkali content, water glass content and L/S ratio was all conducive to enhancing the UCS of geopolymers. The optimum NaOH concentration corresponpded to 14 mol/L, WG/NH ratio of 1.5 and L/S mass ratio of 0.4. A maximum 7-day UCS of 14.32 MPa was achieved by wet curing at 70 ℃ for 24 hours. Microscopic analysis showed that the final products were mainly composed of amorphous hydrated calcium silicate and hydrated sodium aluminosilicate gels. However, due to the low activity and high calcium content of RWCP, most of crystalline phases and some unreacted substances still existed in the end products as inactive fillers, resulting in a relatively low UCS of the synthesized geopolymers. Baded on the research, it can be concluded that RWCP can be recycled as the precursor to synthesize geopolymer binder.

Nanomechanical characterization of ambient-cured fly ash geopolymers containing nanosilica

The elastic modulus, hardness, and volume fractions of different phases of ambient-cured fly ash (FA) geopolymers were determined using the nanoindentation method. A low-calcium FA was blended with either 15% GGBFS or 10% OPC to accelerate curing and the effect of 2% nanosilica (NS) was studied. It was found that the inclusion of NS increased the volume of reaction product from 70% to 79% and reduced the porous phase from 13% to 7% in the FA only geopolymer. Similar changes were also found in the OPC or GGBFS blended geopolymer specimens. The reduction of the porous phase correlated well with the porosity determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry tests. Thus, the improvement in the properties of ambient-cured geopolymers by the inclusion of NS was established using the nanoindentation characterization.

Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Materials

In this present investigation, geopolymer specimens were prepared by fly ash powder and various concentrations of NaOH solution maintained at 10 molar (M), 12 molar (M) and 14 molar (M) along with Na2SiO3 solution followed by artificial curing at 60 °C up to 50 h. Na2SiO3 solution-to-NaOH solution ratio and liquid-to-solid mass ratio are maintained at 1 and 0.3, respectively. The test results indicated that the compressive strength of geopolymer samples was increased with the increase in NaOH concentration from 10 M to 14 M, with the addition of Na2SiO3 solution to NaOH solution and with curing time as well. The maximum compressive strength value of 32 and 73 MPa was achieved for the geopolymer sample, namely FAG14NH and FAG14NHNS. The geopolymerization behavior and geopolymer specimen were explained by means of various techniques such as ICC, FESEM, HRTEM, XRD and FTIR. Further hardness and thermal behavior of geopolymer specimens were also studied in this investigation.

Durability and service life analysis of metakaolin-based geopolymer concretes with respect to chloride penetration using chloride migration test and corrosion potential

Alternative cements with less environmental impact have attracted attention, especially because of the reduced emission of CO2 in their production. Among these binders, geopolymers are obtained from the alkaline activation of materials rich in silica and alumina. They can be derived from industrial byproducts or residues and thus have a reduced environmental impact. However, studies addressing the durability of such binders are recent and often lack consensus in the literature, leading to a gap in the assessment of the service life and the potential for substitution of Portland cement. In this study, geopolymer concrete was produced and compared to Portland cement concrete using the metrics of strength class and water/solids ratio. The geopolymer specimens were tested for porosity, density, sorptivity, pore size distribution, and compressive strength. To verify their durability, chloride migration tests and corrosion potential analyses were conducted. The results indicated that the geopolymers have a similar or superior durability compared to Portland cement concrete.

Synthesis and Characterization of Fly Ash and GBFS Based Geopolymer Material

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of fly ash and GBFS based material using geopolymer technology. Geopolymer is a class of inorganic polymer that can be formed by the reaction between an aluminosilicate source material and an alkaline solution. The geopolymer materials are synthesized, where the GBFS are added with fly ash in some specific ratios such as 100:0, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 0:100, respectively. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solutions are used as alkaline solutions. NaOH concentration was kept at 14 molars, and the ratio of liquid to solid is kept at 0.3. The specimens are cured at 60 oC for 24 hours. The hardened geopolymer specimens were tested by a digital compression testing machine and characterized by the FESEM technique. The hybrid C-N-A-S-H gel is the main reaction product for the fly ash and GBFS based geopolymer specimen, which plays an important role in compressive strength development.

Strength and fire resistance characteristics of geopolymers synthesized from volcanic ash, red clay and waste pen shells

This study utilized volcanic ash and red clay, as well as calcined waste pen shell (Baluko) in the production of geopolymer-based materials. The geopolymers were formed by activating the mixture of these raw materials (as the alumina-silica rich materials) with activating solution of 12M NaOH/Na2SiO3 (w/w: 2.5:1). Two sample types, a cube type and a slab type, were used in the study in order to conform to test standards for compressive strength and fire resistance test. The cube type molds were for the compressive strength tests while the slab type was used for the fire resistance tests. Material testing such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical characteristics of both the raw materials and the geopolymer specimens. The mixture containing 45% volcanic ash- 45% red clay-10% calcined waste pen shell powder (by weight) was observed to have the highest compressive strength out of all the samples tested. The fire resistance of the geopolymers formed from a ternary mixture of 16% volcanic ash-66.67% red clay- 16% calcined waste pen shell powder (by weight) was also observed to be comparable to that of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Furthermore, the FTIR results of both raw materials and geopolymer showed evidence that geopolymerization occurred in the samples, indicating that the selected precursors are viable for use in the formation of geopolymers.

Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Geopolymer-Based Carbon Textile/Basalt Fiber Hybrid Composite.

This paper presents an experimental research on the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite thin-plates of the short basalt fibers (CBFs)/carbon textile-reinforced geomortar. The effect of fiber contents and lengths of CBFs on the flexural behavior of carbon textile-reinforced geopolymer specimens (TRGs) was investigated by the four-point flexural strength and Charpy impact test. The experimental results of hybrid TRGs, on the one hand, were compared with reference TRGs, without CBF addition; on the other hand, they were compared with the results of our previous publication. According to the mixing manner applied, fresh geomortar indicated a marked reduction in workability, increasing the CBF loading. Furthermore, using CBFs with lengths of 12 mm and 24 mm makes it easy to form the fiber clusters in geomortar during mixing. According to all the CBF loadings used, it was found that TRGs showed a significant improvement in both static and dynamic flexural strength. However, the failure mode of these TRGs is similar to that of the reference TRGs, described by the process of fiber debonding or simultaneously fiber debonding and collapse. In comparison with our prior work results, neither the CBF dose levels nor the fiber lengths used in this work have yielded a positive effect on the failure manner of TRGs. According to the results of the Charpy impact test, this reveals that the anchoring capacity of textile layers in geomortar plays an important role in specimens’ strength.