Geopolymer Slurry Research Articles

Influence of aggregate reinforcement treatment on the performance of geopolymer recycled aggregate permeable concrete: From experimental studies to PFC 3D simulations

In this paper, industrial solid wastes such as fly ash and slag powder were used as the main components to prepare geopolymer cementitious materials. The geopolymer recycled aggregate permeable concrete (GRAPC) was prepared by reinforcing the recycled coarse aggregate with the geopolymer slurry. The mechanical properties and water permeability of GRAPC were investigated by slump test, compressive strength test, water permeability test and effective void ratio test. The effects of aggregate reinforcement treatment on slurry migration and pore structure changes were investigated by building a 3D virtual model of the fresh-mixed GRAPC mix using discrete element PFC3D. It was found that with the increase of the target void ratio, the aggregate reinforcement treatment increased the compressive strength of GRAPC by 5.6 %, 5.8 %, 11.7 %, and 23.2 %, respectively, compared with the control group. Aggregate reinforcement treatment increased the permeability coefficient of GRAPC by 15 %, 6.8 %, 6.5 %, and 5.7 %, respectively, compared with the control group. The geopolymer slurry reinforced treatment aggregate can effectively enhance the mechanical strength of GRAPC and improve its permeability coefficient and effective void ratio. At 0–0.4 s vibration loading, the slurry in the aggregate reinforced group was more likely to migrate downward. At 0.4–0.8 s vibration loading, the slurry floating range inside the aggregate reinforced group was smaller and the slurry migration was more uniform. Under the action of vibration, the uniformity of the slurry and the uniformity of the pore structure inside the aggregate reinforcement group were greater than that of the control group. The geopolymer slurry reinforcement treatment enhanced the permeability coefficient and effective void ratio of GRAPC by affecting the pore structure distribution.

Fast-Curing Geopolymer Foams with an Enhanced Pore Homogeneity Derived by Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Surfactant

The properties of porous and lightweight ceramic foam that can be cured at room temperature using metakaolin-based geopolymers were studied. A geopolymer slurry was prepared using metakaolin and a potassium-based alkaline medium at room temperature, and the obtained viscous paste was expanded via gaseous methods, by means of the decomposition of peroxide at room temperature. Therefore, geopolymer (GP) foam developed in this study through multivariate geopolymer, foaming agents, and surfactants can be cured at room temperature (within 5 days) without a separate heat treatment process. The homogeneous micropores were obtained through the stabilization of the interface between geopolymer slurry and oxygen gas bubbles generated through the base-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The porosity was confirmed to be 29% and 54% before and after using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The compressive strengths and densities were 1.57 MPa and 0.75 g/cm3 for GP foam without SDS, and 3.63 MPa and 0.48 g/cm3 for GP foam with SDS. Through the mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis, the pores were further refined from 100 µm to 30 µm when SDS was used, and at the same time, the variation of pore size was minimized, so that a relatively uniform pore size was maintained. In addition, the thermal conductivity is 0.0803 W/m·K and the pore size is 33.2 μm, which is smaller in pore diameter than the geopolymer containing only hydrogen peroxide. As a result, although the hydrogen peroxide alone sample has excellent thermal conductivity, the use of a surfactant is recommended for fine micropore size control. While reducing the non-uniform distribution of pores and the size of micropores generated through the direct foaming method as an inorganic binder, the possibility of an insulation finish was also confirmed by reducing the weight.

Short communication on ‘Incorporating radionuclide Sr into geopolymer-zeolite A composites: Geopolymerisation characteristics’

The retardation effect of radionuclide Sr on geopolymerisation was investigated by designing four comparable experimental groups (M1/M2, M3/M4). A spot of Sr2+ in the geopolymer slurry extended the setting time but only had a limited negative effect on geopolymerisation (M1). When excessive Sr2+ was introduced into the slurry, carbonisation occurred, resulting in the failure of geopolymerisation (M3). Zeolite A in M1 effectively restricted the movement of Sr2+ and fundamentally relieved the negative retardation effect on geopolymerisation, which proved the remarkable advantage of geopolymer-zeolite A composites for immobilising radioactive waste.

Comparative study of Pb2+, Ni2+, and methylene blue adsorption on spherical waste solid-based geopolymer adsorbents enhanced with carbon nanotubes

• Carbon nanotube/geopolymer spheres were obtained by spheroidization. • Pore structure and phase evolution of the spheres were affected by carbon nanotubes. • Adsorption performance was enhanced by carbon nanotubes. Spherical porous carbon nanotube-reinforced geopolymer (CNTs/GP) adsorbents were spheroidized in polyethylene glycol 400 solvent by combing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a fly ash and slag-based geopolymer slurry. The effects of CNTs on the phase evolution and pore structure of the CNTs/GP spheres and their adsorption behavior for methylene blue (MB) and heavy metals (Pb 2+ and Ni 2+ ) were evaluated. The CNTs/GP spheres had a perfect spherical shape and mesoporous structure. The spheres were composed of an amorphous phase and had a high BET surface area of 73.06 m 2 /g with 3 wt% CNTs. The addition of CNTs into the spheres enhanced the removal efficiency for the pollutants (Pb 2+ , Ni 2+ and MB). The calculated q m of the sphere with 3 wt% CNTs was 25.549 mg/g for MB, 52.743 mg/g for Pb 2+ ; and 8.915 mg/g for Ni 2+ . The adsorption data of the spheres were well obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model, suggesting that multiple mechanisms such as physisorption, chemisorption and ion exchange were involved. The CNTs/GP spheres also presented good cyclic regeneration properties; hence, they can be applied as potential adsorbents for the treatment of hazardous wastewater.

Preparation of TiO2 photocatalyst microspheres by geopolymer technology for the degradation of tetracycline

In this paper, TiO2-based geopolymer microspheres (TiO2@GMs) were prepared by dispersion-suspension-solidification technique using water glass activated metakaolin-based geopolymer slurry as a binder. The effects of different factors on the sphericity and particle size of TiO2@GMs were investigated, and the order of importance was found to be TiO2 dosage > water volume > water glass modulus > rotation speed. Secondly, in the Fenton system under UV light irradiation, TiO2@GMs exhibited excellent performance in the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). At a TC concentration of 20 mg/L, liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.3 g/L, H2O2 (30 wt%) of 10 mM, and pH = 4.47, 98.6% TC was degraded by TiO2@GMs within 30 min TiO2@GMs can be easily separated from the reaction product and showed excellent recycling performance, with a degradation efficiency of 90.6% after five success reuses. Finally, a plausible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of TiO2@GMs for TC was discussed. This newly designed TiO2@GMs composite can be deemed as an alternative material for the degradation of TC and other similar antibiotic on large scale.

Geopolymer-hydrotalcite hybrid beads by ionotropic gelation

Geopolymer beads are already known as alternative, cost-effective, environmentally friendly adsorbents for cationic species in wastewater treatment. To broaden the spectrum of applications it is necessary to functionalize the geopolymer matrix with fillers and create composites.In this study, being hydrotalcite an anionic exchanger, highly reproducible geopolymer-hydrotalcite hybrid beads were synthesised. Starting from a metakaolin-based geopolymer slurry added with a sodium alginate solution and hydrotalcite powder as filler, millimetre-sized beads were shaped by ionotropic gelation using injection-solidification in CaCl2 solution. In order to vary the porosity and related properties of the beads, two consolidation methods were adopted: a conventional consolidation in a heater set at 60 °C and a freeze-drying process. Beads differed in terms of dimension and morphology with an open porosity ranging from 50 to 70% and specific surface area from 12 to 23 m2 g−1. Mechanical resistance, following ISO 18591, was about 6 MPa making the beads easy to handle and resistant in the recovery, separation and filtration operations of aqueous systems.

Preparation and fireproofing performance of the wollastonite-metakaolin-based geopolymer foams

This paper aims to investigate the physical properties and fire resistance of wollastonite-metakaolin-based geopolymer foams (WMGFs). Both compressive and flexure strengths of WMGFs are significantly improved since wollastonite fibers possess inherent stiffness and provide effective crack control. Meanwhile, wollastonite addition promotes viscosity of geopolymer slurry to some extent and then determines pores formation in foaming process, which is also crucial for mechanical strength development. The thermal conductivity of the specimens rises triflingly with elevated wollastonite addition corresponding to slightly decrease in porosity. Owing to the steady skeleton structure of WMGFs, the highest reverse-side temperature of sliced blocks is merely 202.7 °C after exposed to fire for 3 h, showing that the reduction in thermal conductivity has no negative impact on fire resistance of specimens. Physicochemical stability of wollastonite under high temperature and alkaline environment is confirmed to be vital for sustaining integrated porous skeleton structure of geopolymer foams. Therefore, geopolymer foams reinforced by wollastonite possess extraordinary mechanical strength and fire resistance, revealing strong possibility for fire protection.

Effects of pre-setting chemical exchanges on geopolymers cast in saline waters

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effects of pre-setting chemical exchanges on the mechanical and chemical properties of geopolymers cast and cured in saline solutions of 0, 15, and 35 ppt in concentration to mimic saline underground and underwater environments, using a mixture of Class C fly ash and metakaolin at a mass ratio of 1:1 as the raw material. While the Si/Al molar ratio of the studied geopolymer was fixed at 2.00, the Na/Al ratio varied from 0.67, 0.80, 0.84, to 1.00. Upon completion of 28-day curing, the mechanical properties, mineralogy, microstructure, and chemical compositions of the geopolymers were characterized by unconfined compression, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence, respectively, while changes in the pH and salinity of the curing solutions were also measured. Results show that the effect of casting and curing in saline solutions on mechanical properties depends upon both the solution’s salinity and geopolymer’s Na/Al ratio: while the strength of geopolymers with a Na/Al ratio of 0.67 and 0.80 increases with the salinity, the counterparts with a Na/Al ratio of 0.84 and 1.00 exhibit the opposite. The underlying mechanisms are actually the pre-setting chemical exchanges between the under-curing geopolymer slurry and curing water, which are retarded and mitigated by the setting and hardening of the geopolymer slurry. The new results uncover that there exists a critical Na/Al ratio for the highest mechanical strength of geopolymers cast in saline waters, and excessive Na+ cations diffused into the geopolymer slurry may be detrimental to the strength development.

Rheology effect and enhanced thermal conductivity of diamond/metakaolin geopolymer fabricated by direct ink writing

Purpose Traditional simulation research of geological and similar engineering models, such as landslides or other natural disaster scenarios, usually focuses on the change of stress and the state of the model before and after destruction. However, the transition of the inner change is usually invisible. To optimize and make models more intelligent, this paper aims to propose a perceptible design to detect the internal temperature change transformed by other energy versions like stress or torsion. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, micron diamond particles were embedded in 3D printed geopolymers as a potential thermal sensor material to detect the inner heat change. The authors use synthetic micron diamond powder to reinforced the anti-corrosion properties and thermal conductivity of geopolymer and apply this novel geopolymer slurry in the direct ink writing (DIW) technique. Findings As a result, the addition of micron diamond powder can greatly influence the rheology of geopolymer slurry and make the geopolymer slurry extrudable and suitable for DIW by reducing the slope of the viscosity of this inorganic colloid. The heat transfer coefficient of the micron diamond (15 Wt.%)/geopolymer was 50% higher than the pure geopolymer, which could be detected by the infrared thermal imager. Besides, the addition of diamond particles also increased the porous rates of geopolymer. Originality/value In conclusion, DIW slurry deposition of micron diamond-embedded geopolymer (MDG) composites could be used to manufacture the multi-functional geological model for thermal imaging and defect detection, which need the characteristic of lightweight, isolation, heat transfer and wave absorption.

Role of surfactants on the synthesis of impure kaolin-based alkali-activated, low-temperature porous ceramics

Porous ceramics were generated by direct foaming the alkali-activated unprocessed kaolin (impure kaolin, iK) with the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcining at a low temperature of 400 ​°C. Hydrogen peroxide, a blowing agent, decomposes producing oxygen gas bubbles forming the porous structure in the fresh alkali-activated iK paste. In the present study, three different molarity of alkali activator (5, 10, or 15 ​M NaOH) were employed. The dosage of blowing agent (H2O2) was varied between 0 and 2% with a constant dosage of 0.5% (wt. of binder) of surfactant. The gas bubbles in fresh-state geopolymer slurry are unstable with a tendency to coalesce. In such cases, surfactants are introduced to improve the stability of the gas-liquid interface. Two different surfactants: non-ionic and cationic ones were used to study the properties of alkali-activated porous material. Fresh properties such as viscosity, yield stress, foaming rate, and fresh density were compared between reference iK samples without surfactants and those with surfactants. The mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated (AA) low-temperature porous iK ceramics were determined after calcination. Pore structures were characterized with electron microscope to understand the interaction of different parameters during fresh/hardened state and their relevance with the changes in the mechanical properties. Surfactants, irrespective of the type, highly influenced the fresh properties of the AA-iK samples, which in turn reflected on the compressive strength of the porous ceramics.

Effect of synthetic fibers on the properties of geopolymers based on non-heat treated phosphate mine tailing

In this paper, the use of synthetic fibers as reinforcement of geopolymer matrix produced from phosphate mine tailings was investigated. Non-heat-treated phosphate sludge (PS) was mixed with metakaolin (MK) in a ratio of 50% by weight, then blended with the alkaline activator to produce the geopolymer slurry; after that, the fibers (polypropylene (PPF) and glass fibers (GF)) was added in quantities of 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 1.5%. The effect of the incorporated amount and fiber type on the geopolymer matrix in terms of fresh and handed state properties, such as workability, microstructure, morphology, flexural properties, and bulk density on the geopolymer composite was studied. The results indicate that the geopolymer composites’ flexural strength increases with increasing the amount of the fibers, it was also found that the inclusion of a maximum amount of 1% of polypropylene and glass fibers increased the flexural strength of the geopolymer composite by 278% and 26%, respectively. Besides, the addition of PPF leads to a highly ductile composite and provides a better fracture mode compared to GF. While, the partially and/or unreacted PS particles prevent the geopolymer composite from the considerable decrease of apparent density (slight loss of 5%), resulting from a reinforcing role as well. Microstructural analysis of the geopolymer composite shows a compact microstructure and an acceptable interfacial bond of the fibers with the geopolymeric binder. The current research findings indicate that PS-based geopolymers can reach high ductility with the appropriate reinforcement material. volume.

Synthesis of high-porosity hybrid geopolymer/alginate adsorbent for effective removal of methylene blue and optimization of parameters using RSM

In this work, high-porosity geopolymer/sodium alginate (GSA) adsorbent was successfully prepared by entrapping fly ash-based geopolymer into sodium alginate (SA) using a simple method. The geopolymer slurry was firstly prepared which involved the utilization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkaline activator followed by the addition of SA and albumen into the slurry. Natural albumen was used as the foaming agent. The effect of mass ratio of geopolymer to SA, albumen content (wt%), NaOH concentration and curing temperature (°C) on the removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated using one factor at time (OFAT) method and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), which achieved by 30 run of experiments using central composite design (CCD). A quadratic model was employed to correlate all the independent variables for maximizing the MB removal through the analysis of variances (ANOVA). The model suggested that the optimum condition for the preparation of GSA adsorbent for the efficient MB removal of 84.94% was achieved with mass ratio of geopolymer to SA was 1:0.13, albumen content of 25 wt%, NaOH concentration of 7 M and curing temperature of 60 °C. The albumen content was the most effective factor in the preparation of GSA adsorbent that increased the MB removal, followed by the curing temperature and mass ratio of geopolymer to SA.

Rheokinetics and fluidity modification of alkali activated ultrafine metakaolin based geopolymers

The rheokinetics of geopolymer slurry and its fluidity modification methods, as well as modification mechanism were investigated by performing viscosity time dependence experiments and a cement comparative experiment. The results show that the viscosity curve of geopolymer slurry fits well with power law equations. The viscosity time dependence can be employed to characterize the geopolymerization process, and to describe the variations of fluidity with time. K+ activated geopolymer has lower initial viscosity and better fluidity retention than Na+ does. Among superplasticizers, naphthalene-based superplasticizer performs best, but superplasticizers simultaneously promote the deformation of viscosity. Viscosity curve of cement changed unevenly.

Influences of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO in phase transformation of sintered kaolin-ground granulated blast furnace slag geopolymer

Kaolin has an excellent structure formed via a wide range of firing temperature. The correlation between the mineralogy and reactivity of individual elements is extremely complex in a sintered geopolymer material. The main objective of this work is to elucidate the influence of the chemical composition of the raw materials used post-sintering on the kaolin-ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) geopolymer. The samples were cured at room temperature for 5 days before being sintered. The ratio of solid-to-liquid were 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1. The addition of the GGBS to the kaolin geopolymer slurry did not only hasten the hardening process during geopolymerization, the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO in GGBS had accelerated the formation of nepheline, gehlenite, akermanite, and albite phase after sintering based on the result from x-ray diffraction and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy On top of the phase transformation, a high ratio of solid-to-liquid (SL 2) had improved the pore distribution from irregular size to well defined formation and increased the densification of the sintered materials. Elemental distribution from micro-XRF investigation prove the high concentration of Ca in localized area and uniformly distribution of Si aligned with the phase of akermanite in SL 2. The main chemical composition of kaolin and GGBS which are SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and MgO had contributed in phase transformation of sintered kaolin-GGBS geopolymer.

Microstructure and Pb2+ Adsorption Properties of Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash based Geopolymers

In this study, a blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA) based adsorbent geopolymer to be used for removing Pb2+ from aqueous solutions were synthesized using the hydrothermal method at 60 °C for 24 h, and then cured at 25 °C for another six days. The alkali activator applied in this work was a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions at a mass ratio of 2. The geopolymer slurry was adjusted to a Si/Al molar ratio of 3. A BFS-based geopolymer (GS) having a specific area of 23.56 m2/g and pore size and volume of 7.8 nm and 73 cm3/kg, respectively, surpassed the raw material surface by approximately 13-fold. An FA-based geopolymer (GA) having a specific area of 35.97 m2/g and a size and porous volume of 9 nm and 124 nm, respectively, surpassed the raw material surface by approximately 23-fold. In addition, GS and GA showed a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 241.30 and 286.96 Meq/100 g, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) determined sample crystallinity and it was proven by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing that both geopolymers were constituted of unreacted particles surrounded by amorphous and semi-amorphous products. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a band that was assigned to the asymmetric stretching vibration of Si-O-M (M = Na+ and/or Ca2+) non-bridging oxygen type was observed, which suggested that Na and Ca could serve as exchangeable ions in the ionic exchange process. Adsorption test data indicated that good adsorption was obtained when a neutral pH was used at room temperature, and the adsorption isotherm showed that GA had more adsorption sites than GS, which meant greater maximum adsorption capacity.

Characteristics of underwater cast and cured geopolymers

Underwater cast and cured geopolymers with Si/Al ratios of 1.78 and 2.00, synthesized from Class C fly ash and metakaolin, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and unconfined compression, to understand the interactions between the geopolymer slurry and curing saline solutions and pertinent effects on its strength development. Slurries of geopolymers and Class G oil well cement were cast into porous molds that were immediately submerged into 0, 15, and 35 ppt saline solutions for 28 days curing, during which the pH of curing solutions was monitored. While the oil well cement exhibits a decreased compressive strength in high-salinity solutions, the strength of the two geopolymers increases with the curing solution's salinity. The underlying mechanisms are the chemical exchanges between the curing solution and geopolymer slurry, particularly the leaching or ingress of alkali ions (e.g., Na+, OH−) via diffusion, which depends upon the curing solution's salinity.

Fabrication of Ceramic Moulds Using Recycled Shell Powder and Sand with Geopolymer Technology in Investment Casting

Lost-wax casting, also called precision casting, is the process of casting a duplicate metal sculpture cast an original sculpture. The ceramic shell mould used in lost-wax casting usually consists of several layers formed with fine zircon and granular mullite particles using silica gel as a binder. However, it is a complicated and time-consuming process. Large amounts of waste moulds that need to be disposed and recycled become an environmental concern. In this study, waste shell sand from the recycled mould and calcium carbonate/metakaolin were used as raw materials to prepare geopolymer slurry and coating. The influence of mixing ratio and the SiO2/K2O modulus of the alkali solution on the setting time and green/fired strength were evaluated. Ceramic shells with one to four layers of geopolymer slurry and waste sand sprinkling were fabricated and tested for their permeability and green/fired strength. It was found that geopolymer shells had higher green/fired strength and better permeability than the original zircon/mullite shell. For foundry practice, metal casts were fabricated using recycled ceramic shell moulds with one to four layers of geopolymer coating. All cast results have their dimensions all within tolerance limitation and up to 13 h can be saved for the preparation of shell moulds.

Ice-templated geopolymer beads for dye removal

Geopolymer beads, conceived as alternative low cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment, were shaped by a dripping technique in liquid nitrogen, through an ice-templating process. PEG600 was added as a binder to ease the process, standardizing the beads dimension. The beads were investigated in terms of morphology, microstructure and mechanical strength, following compressive tests by ISO 18591. Functional tests, to verify the adsorption capacity, were conducted using methylene blue (MB) with different concentrations and for different contact time. The removal efficiency was mainly related to the morphology and porosity of the beads, which in turn was directly related to the water content added to the geopolymer slurry. In general, all beads reached an average removal efficiency of 98% after 24 h. However, the best performing beads were able to uptake MB very quickly, attaining a removal efficiency of 76% after only 30 min.

Preparation of geopolymer-based porous filter using the quartz sand compact method

With the increasing of high temperature oil wells and steam ones, the traditional sands control filter cannot be used in those wells. Therefore, based on the conditions, using particle compact method, round quartz sands with a certain particle size and an inorganic polymer (geopolymer) material with good heat resistance is selected to prepare a heat-resistant filter with suitable pore diameter. By adjusting the contents of water-glass, water, sand and thickening agent of the geopolymer-based sand control filters, open space structure is built by low-cost geopolymer slurry and sand. When the size of quartz sand is mainly of 450–600 µm, and the volume ratio of quartz sand to slurry is 4.3:1, the compressive strength and permeability of this sand control filter reach 10.33 MPa and 18 D, respectively. Thermal gravimetry and calcination experiments show heat-resistance up to 736 °C. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the sand particles are wrapped by the geopolymer slurry and that pore sizes of 170–210 µm are present between the particles. Mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement finds the pore size distribution to be close to 150–280 µm. Measurement of sand retaining precision indicates that the filter can intercept particles larger than 45 µm and allow clay particles to pass through. Deformation measurements confirm no significant deformation occurred for up to 210 days and durability of the filter. In measurement of chemical resistance, the compressive strength decreases in the acid solution, and no significant changes in the compressive strength are observed in air, water, diesel oil and salt solutions. Therefore, compared to the approach of improving the heat-resistance of a resin sand control filter, the use of the geopolymer-based sand control filter should be a better choice in many cases due to its heat resistance, ease of preparation and minor deformation.

Fabrication of interconnected macroporosity in geopolymers via inverse suspension polymerization

AbstractA new approach to fabricate geopolymer monoliths with interconnected macroporosity and a permeable structure is presented. This was achieved using an unconventional route of inverse suspension polymerization in which the aqueous geopolymer slurry consisting of potassium hydroxide, fumed silica, and natural metakaolin was dispersed in a continuous phase of soybean oil. The geopolymer monolith was synthesized by taking advantage of the so‐called “sticky period” that occurs during inverse suspension polymerization. During this period, individual droplets can coalesce but cannot re‐divide because of the partially polymerized matrix. We deliberately brought the partially polymerized geopolymer particles in proximity during the sticky period to fuse the particles. Hence this method, termed as “sticky period particle fusion,” helped to form a monolithic structure with inter‐particle spacing as macropores which resulted in high permeability. The sticky period was observed to depend on synthesis conditions such as stirring speed, temperature, and viscosity of continuous phase which in turn helped to tune the surface and pore properties of geopolymer monoliths. The BET surface area up to 67 m2/g and total pore volumes of 0.4 cm3/g from pycnometry were obtained.