Geometric Difference Research Articles

Geometric difference of six-dimensional Riesz almost lacunary rough statistical convergence in probabilistic space of 𝜒𝑓 3

Abstract In this paper we study the concept of generalized geometric difference of six-dimensional rough almost lacunary statistical Cesáro of {\chi^{3}} over probabilistic space P is defined by Musielak–Orlicz function. Since the study of convergence in Probabilistic space P is fundamental to probabilistic functional analysis, we feel that the concept of generalized geometric difference of six-dimensional rough almost lacunary statistical Cesáro of {\chi^{3}} over probabilistic space P defined by Musielak in a probabilistic space P would provide a more general framework for the subject.

A Novel Design of Static Electrostatic Generator for High Voltage Low Power Applications Based on Electric Field Manipulation by Area Geometric Difference

An electrostatic generator is an electromechanical device that produces static charges at high voltage and low current. This technology is mature enough, as it has existed for many centuries. Nevertheless, the working principle of most of the commonly used electrostatic generators is still based on typical mechanical methods, which consequently makes them bulky and limits their controllability on the generated charges, e.g., Van de Graaff generator that uses the friction between two different materials to generate electrostatic charges. In this paper, a novel design of a static electrostatic generator (SEG) is presented based on a completely different idea compared to existing electrostatic generators, which offers several potential benefits. The idea originates from the study of a parallel plates capacitor—for instance, if a voltage is applied to two plates of a capacitor, then according to Gauss’s law, both of the plates must have an equal and opposite charge. Suppose one of the plates has a different geometry, with a shorter length than the other, then the number of the charges on both plates will not be equal. Thus, by manipulating the geometrical area of the device, a different number of charges will be generated on both metal conductors. Therefore, a different number of charges are generated on both conductors; hence, by connecting both conductor plates of the capacitance, excess charges will remain on the device. The proposed idea was assessed with computer simulations using finite element and finite difference methods for a variety of different scenarios to determine the optimal design of the proposed device. The device offers several advantages over traditional electrostatic generators, such as that it can generate either positive or negative charges by merely reversing the polarity of the DC source; additionally, it is very simple, lightweight, and easy to manufacture. In particular, the principal advantage of the proposed device is that it is a static one, and no mechanical movement is required to produce charges. Further, the design is general enough and scalable. The simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed device.

Restoration of Constitutional Alignment in TKA with a Novel Osteotomy Technique.

Many studies have shown that restoration of the preoperative constitutional varus may lead to a normal knee status in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It is also known that coronal femoral lateral bowing contributes to constitutional varus of the femoral shaft, and bilateral femoral lateral bowing (BFLB) can decelerate medial knee osteoarthritis progression. In this sense, the BFLB should be reserved in TKA. To date, no study has yet reported the technique to reserve BFLB in TKA. Our study showed that the proximal and distal femur had no significant geometric difference between patients with varus knees and BFLB (> 5°) and volunteers with healthy knees and straight femoral shaft. So, the virtual center of femoral head fell on the distal femoral mechanical axis (DMA) after accurate correction of the bowing, indicating that the DMA should be the femoral original constitutional mechanical axis (CA). Subsequently, the distal femoral osteotomy was performed perpendicular to DMA in TKA, and the postoperative angle formed by DMA and tibial mechanical axis (TMA) was measured to assess whether CA was restored successfully. In this study, the gap balance was achieved without medial collateral ligaments release, and the patient's CA was successfully restored (range of DMA-TMA angle 178.2°-179.9°). This study provides a novel technique to restore preoperative CA in patients with varus knees and BFLB. It is found that the distal femur should be cut perpendicular to DMA, so the lower limb alignment and soft tissue strains can be restored to the preoperative state, and the knees would be stable and in a natural status after TKA.

Long Intravascular Persistence of 20% Albumin in Postoperative Patients.

Albumin may persist intravascularly for a shorter time in patients after major surgery than in healthy volunteers due to a surgery-induced breakdown (shedding) of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. In this nonrandomized clinical trial, an IV infusion of 3 mL/kg of 20% albumin was given at a constant rate during 30 minutes to 15 patients on the first day after major open abdominal surgery (mean operating time 5.9 h) and to 15 conscious volunteers. Blood samples and urine were collected during 5 h and mass balance calculations used to estimate the half-lives of the administered albumin molecules and the induced plasma volume expansion, based on measurements of hemodilution and the plasma albumin concentration. At the end of the infusions, albumin had diluted the plasma volume by 13.3% ± 4.9% (mean ± SD) in the postoperative patients and by 14.2% ± 4.8% in the volunteers (mean difference -0.9, 95% CI, -4.7 to 2.9; 1-way ANOVA P = .61), which amounted to twice the infused volume. The intravascular half-life of the infused albumin molecules was 9.1 (5.7-11.2) h in the surgical patients and 6.0 (5.1-9.0) h in the volunteers (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .26; geometric mean difference 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8-2.0). The half-life of the plasma volume expansion was 10.3 (5.3-17.6; median and interquartile range) h in the surgical patients and 7.6 (3.5-9.0) h in the volunteers (P = .10; geometric mean difference 1.5, 95% CI, 0.8-2.8). All of these parameters correlated positively with the body mass index (correlation coefficients being 0.42-0.47) while age and sex did not affect the results. Twenty percent albumin caused a long-lasting plasma volume expansion of similar magnitude in postoperative patients and volunteers.

On generalized geometric difference of six dimensional rough ideal convergent of triple sequence defined by Musielak-Orlicz function

On generalized geometric difference of six dimensional rough ideal convergent of triple sequence defined by Musielak-Orlicz function

Design of Soft Origami Mechanisms with Targeted Symmetries

The integration of soft actuating materials within origami-based mechanisms is a novel method to amplify the actuated motion and tune the compliance of systems for low stiffness applications. Origami structures provide natural flexibility given the extreme geometric difference between thickness and length, and the energetically preferred bending deformation mode can naturally be used as a form of actuation. However, origami fold patterns that are designed for specific actuation motions and mechanical loading scenarios are needed to expand the library of fold-based actuation strategies. In this study, a recently developed optimization framework for maximizing the performance of compliant origami mechanisms is utilized to discover optimal actuating fold patterns. Variant patterns are discovered through exploring different symmetries in the input and output conditions of the optimization problem. Patterns designed for twist (rotational symmetry) yield significantly better performance, in terms of both geometric advantage and energy requirements, than patterns exhibiting vertical reflection symmetries. The mechanical energy requirements for each design are analyzed and compared for both the small and large applied displacement regimes. Utilizing the patterns discovered through optimization, the multistability of the actuating arms is demonstrated empirically with a paper prototype, where the stable configurations are accessed through local vertex pop-through instabilities. Lastly, the coupled mechanics of fold networks in these actuators yield useful macroscopic motions and can achieve stable shape change through accessing the local vertex instabilities. This survey of origami mechanisms, energy comparison, and multistability characterization provides a new set of designs for future integration with soft actuating materials.

Effect of A Sun Protection Intervention on the Immune Response to Measles Booster Vaccination in Infants in Rural South Africa

The incidence of many serious childhood infections can be reduced by vaccination. High sun exposure at the time of vaccination has been associated with a reduced antigen-specific immune response. We hypothesized that providing sun protection advice and equipment to mothers of children who were waiting to be vaccinated would result in a more robust immunization response. We conducted a pilot study in 2015/2016 (data analyzed in 2017-2018) among 98 Black African children (~18months of age) receiving the booster measles vaccination at two clinics in South Africa. Clinics were randomized to receive (or not) sun protection advice and equipment. We recorded demographic information on children and mothers and data on the child's usual sun exposure. At approximately 4weeks' postmeasles vaccination, we measured measles immunoglobulin G levels in children. All children with blood results (n=87, 89%) across both groups had antibody titers higher than 200mIUmL-1 which was considered the protective antibody concentration. There was no statistically significant difference in titers between groups: geometric difference in mean titers 1.13mIUmL-1 (95% CI 0.85, 1.51; P=0.39) and 1.38mIUmL-1 (95% CI 0.90, 2.11, P=0.14) for unadjusted and adjusted analyses, respectively. This study demonstrated that a sun protection intervention study could be performed in a developing-world pediatric vaccination setting. Although the sun protection intervention around the time of vaccination was not associated with a higher antibody level, given the potential importance of such an effect, a larger study should be considered.

Tube-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of titanium corrugated tubes used for steam condensers

Usage of enhanced tubes in electric utility steam condensers have many advantages including smaller condenser size, additional electricity generation by lowered condenser back pressure, etc. In the present study, titanium corrugated tubes were tested for application to electric utility steam condensers. The tubes have relatively small corrugation heights and large corrugation pitches. In addition, the lowest helix angle is 18o, which is much lower than those of existing studies. The friction factor increased as corrugation pitch decreased and corrugation height increased. The penalty factor ranged from 1.09 to 1.89. The heat transfer coefficients showed similar trend with that of the friction factor. The enhancement factor ranged from 1.05 to 1.46. Exiting correlations did not adequately predict the present friction factors and heat transfer coefficients. The reason was attributed to the geometric difference of the present corrugated tubes (large p/e and small e/Di). New correlations were developed, which predicted the present data within ±20 %.

Macroscopic out-of-plane auxetic features of a laminated open-cell structure with in-plane negative Poisson’s ratios induced by bridging beam components

This paper presents the out-of-plane mechanism of a laminated open-cell structure that is exerted by a simple control of the geometric configuration. We propose two types of structural units that are assembled with beam and column members in a tetragonal system, and with the geometric difference between them being the presence of a reinforced beam. For the two unit cells, we develop finite element models according to a homogenization method and analyze the macroscopic linear and nonlinear elastic properties. The numerical results show that the cellular structure, which is bridged by additional beams, exhibits strong auxeticity with high negative values of Poisson’s ratio in the lamination direction, while retaining the in-plane negative Poisson’s ratios. We assess the sensitivity of the linear and nonlinear out-of-plane response to changes in the component geometry. Finally, we discuss the large deformation behaviors of the out-of-plane mechanisms to quantify the amounts of three-dimensional rotations of the internal components.

Construction of the Solvability Set in Differential Games with Simple Motion and Nonconvex Terminal Set

We consider planar zero-sum differential games with simple motion, fixed terminal time, and polygonal terminal set. The geometric constraint on the control of each player is a convex polygonal set or a line segment. In the case of a convex terminal set, an explicit formula is known for the solvability set (a level set of the value function, maximal u-stable bridge, viability set). The algorithm corresponding to this formula is based on the set operations of algebraic sum and geometric difference (the Minkowski difference). We propose an algorithm for the exact construction of the solvability set in the case of a nonconvex polygonal terminal set. The algorithm does not involve the additional partition of the time interval and the recovery of intermediate solvability sets at additional instants. A list of half-spaces in the three-dimensional space of time and state coordinates is formed and processed by a finite recursion. The list is based on the polygonal terminal set with the use of normals to the polygonal constraints on the controls of the players.

Partial geometric difference sets and partial geometric difference families

The concept of a partial geometric difference set (or 112-difference set) was introduced by Olmez in 2014. Recently, Nowak, Olmez and Song introduced the notion of a partial geometric difference family, which generalizes both the classical difference family and the partial geometric difference set. It was shown that partial geometric difference sets and partial difference families give rise to partial geometric designs. In this paper, a number of new infinite families of partial geometric difference sets and partial geometric difference families are constructed. From these partial geometric difference sets and difference families, we generate a list of infinite families of partial geometric designs.

Numerical simulation of the effect of cement particle shapes on capillary pore structures in hardened cement pastes

Cement powder shapes have a pivotal role in particle packing and microstructural development, while its effect on capillary pore structure formation in three-dimension has not been fully understood. In this study, the modified CEMHYD3D model building on previous work of irregular-shaped cement particles is firstly used to simulate the evolution of capillary pore structures in cement pastes at various water-to-cement ratios. Pore networks at different curing time and degree of hydration are extracted and visualized. Subsequently, some home-made programs for determining three-dimensional pore structure characteristics including porosity, pore size distribution, pore connectivity and pore tortuosity are carried out on these simulated pore network extractions in hardened cement pastes. The results indicate that shape-induced larger surface area in more non-equiaxed irregular-shaped cement particles can improve pore structure parameters in hardened cement pastes, but this effect will be slight in the later curing period and at a low water-to-cement ratio. In addition, the less considered geometric difference plays a role in pore structure evolution especially for extremely non-equiaxed cement particle. However, the geometric attribute has a weak effect on pore structure parameters overall. It can also be concluded that the pore-to-solid ratio is still the most pronounced influence factor for pore structure parameters in hardened cement pastes.

New constructions of approximately SIC-POVMs via difference sets

In quantum information theory, symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures (SIC-POVMs) are related to quantum state tomography (Caves et al., 2004), quantum cryptography (Fuchs and Sasaki, 2003) [1], and foundational studies (Fuchs, 2002) [2]. However, constructing SIC-POVMs is notoriously hard. Although some SIC-POVMs have been constructed numerically, there does not exist an infinite class of them. In this paper, we propose two constructions of approximately SIC-POVMs, where a small deviation from uniformity of the inner products is allowed. We employ difference sets to present the first construction and the dimension of the approximately SIC-POVMs is q+1, where q is a prime power. Notably, the dimension of this framework is new. The second construction is based on partial geometric difference sets and works whenever the dimension of the framework is a prime power.

A DFT approach for methanol synthesis via hydrogenation of CO on gallia, ceria and ZnO surfaces

A systematic theoretical study of the consecutive hydrogenation reactions of the CO molecule for the methanol synthesis catalyzed by different oxides of Zn, Ce and Ga is reported in this work. First, the CO hydrogenation with the formation of formyl species (HCO) was analyzed, followed by the successive hydrogenations that lead to formaldehyde (H2CO), methoxy (H3CO) and, finally, methanol (H3COH). The co-adsorption with H, in almost all the intermediate species, allows the corresponding hydrogenation reaction. Oxygen vacancies promote the reactivity in the generation of both formaldehyde and methoxy species. The formation of these species involves an important geometric difference between the initial and the final states, leading to high activation barriers. Comparing the surfaces studied in this work, we found that ZnO (0001)vacO has shown to be of a greater interest for methanol synthesis. However, the foregoing is not the most relevant of our results, but, instead, that the Brönsted Evans Polanyi (BEP) relationships between the initial or the final states and the transition states (TS) allowed to find a very good correlation between surface structure and reactivity.

Deviation rectification for dynamic measurement of rail wear based on coordinate sets projection

Dynamic measurement of rail wear using a laser imaging system suffers from random vibrations in the laser-based imaging sensor which cause distorted rail profiles. In this paper, a simple and effective method for rectifying profile deviation is presented to address this issue. There are two main steps: profile recognition and distortion calibration. According to the constant camera and projector parameters, efficient recognition of measured profiles is achieved by analyzing the geometric difference between normal profiles and distorted ones. For a distorted profile, by constructing coordinate sets projecting from it to the standard one on triple projecting primitives, including the rail head inner line, rail waist curve and rail jaw, iterative extrinsic camera parameter self-compensation is implemented. The distortion is calibrated by projecting the distorted profile onto the x–y plane of a measuring coordinate frame, which is parallel to the rail cross section, to eliminate the influence of random vibrations in the laser-based imaging sensor. As well as evaluating the implementation with comprehensive experiments, we also compare our method with other published works. The results exhibit the effectiveness and superiority of our method for the dynamic measurement of rail wear.

On some generalized geometric difference sequence spaces

In this paper we introduce the generalized geometric difference sequence spaces and to prove that these are Banach spaces. Then we prove some inclusion properties. Also we compute their dual spaces.

A framework for constructing partial geometric difference sets

Partial geometric difference sets (PGDSs) were defined in Olmez (J Combin Des 22(6):252–269, 2014). They are used to construct partial geometric designs. We use the framework of extended building sets to find infinite families of PGDSs in abelian groups. Included in our new families of PGDSs are generalizations of the Hadamard, McFarland, Spence, Davis-Jedwab, and Chen difference sets.

Assessing the reliability of dose coefficients for exposure to radioiodine by members of the public, accounting for dosimetric and risk model uncertainties

Assessments of risk to a specific population group resulting from internal exposure to a particular radionuclide can be used to assess the reliability of the appropriate International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) dose coefficients used as a radiation protection device for the specified exposure pathway. An estimate of the uncertainty on the associated risk is important for informing judgments on reliability; a derived uncertainty factor, UF, is an estimate of the 95% probable geometric difference between the best risk estimate and the nominal risk and is a useful tool for making this assessment. This paper describes the application of parameter uncertainty analysis to quantify uncertainties resulting from internal exposures to radioiodine by members of the public, specifically 1, 10 and 20-year old females from the population of England and Wales. Best estimates of thyroid cancer incidence risk (lifetime attributable risk) are calculated for ingestion or inhalation of 129I and 131I, accounting for uncertainties in biokinetic model and cancer risk model parameter values. These estimates are compared with the equivalent ICRP derived nominal age-, sex- and population-averaged estimates of excess thyroid cancer incidence to obtain UFs. Derived UF values for ingestion or inhalation of 131I for 1 year, 10-year and 20-year olds are around 28, 12 and 6, respectively, when compared with ICRP Publication 103 nominal values, and 9, 7 and 14, respectively, when compared with ICRP Publication 60 values. Broadly similar results were obtained for 129I. The uncertainties on risk estimates are largely determined by uncertainties on risk model parameters rather than uncertainties on biokinetic model parameters. An examination of the sensitivity of the results to the risk models and populations used in the calculations show variations in the central estimates of risk of a factor of around 2–3. It is assumed that the direct proportionality of excess thyroid cancer risk and dose observed at low to moderate acute doses and incorporated in the risk models also applies to very small doses received at very low dose rates; the uncertainty in this assumption is considerable, but largely unquantifiable. The UF values illustrate the need for an informed approach to the use of ICRP dose and risk coefficients.

Baseline quantity of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K in urinary excretions from Thai people and internal exposure dose

Today, sealed and unsealed radioactive materials have been used in Thailand for various purposes such as medical, agricultural and industrial applications. There is a growing trend in the use of radioactive materials. Moreover, neighboring countries are planning to construct and operate nuclear power plants. In case of nuclear power plant accidents, radioactive releases in environment and intakes into human body by inhalation and ingestion causing long term health effects. This research aims to determine the radiation baseline quantity of interested relevant radionuclides such as 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs as well as a natural radionuclide, 40K in urine samples of Thai people by gamma spectrometry. Two types of detectors (NaI and HpGe detectors) are calibrated by mixed radionuclide standards of 109Cd, 57Co, 133Ba, 54Mn, 137Cs and 60Co, (energy range from 88 to 1,331 keV). 720 urine samples are collected over a 24 hour period from Thai volunteers with the age older than 18 years old, who lived in eight locations of Thailand. To reduce the effect of geometric difference, 30 ml of urine samples are prepared for counting measurement and efficiency determination. The radiation baseline quantity of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K in 30 ml of urine samples are 0.37±0.09, 0.63±0.13, 0.39±0.08 and 7.84±1.63 Bq, respectively. Based on the assumption of intake (50% of the intake by ingestion and 50% of the intake by inhalation), internal dose for members of public are assessed. The committed dose equivalent due to an intake of 131I, 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K are 2.36E-03±1.66-03, 1.15E-01±8.61E-02, 1.16E-01±7.77E-02, 9.44E-01±3.56E-01 mSv per year, respectively.

A link between combinatorial designs and three-weight linear codes

In this paper, we show that partial geometric designs can be constructed from certain three-weight linear codes, almost bent functions and ternary weakly regular bent functions. In particular, we show that existence of a family of partial geometric difference sets is equivalent to existence of a certain family of three-weight linear codes. We also provide a link between ternary weakly regular bent functions, three-weight linear codes and partial geometric difference sets.