Geological Theory Research Articles

Slow Time

This essay identifies a tension between speed and slowness that emerged circa 1800, when a self-conscious awareness of seemingly rapid social change intersected with the enhanced understanding of slowness developing in geological theory. Focusing on Charles Lyell, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Charlotte Smith, the essay shows how Romantic poetry and geology think together about slow time and incongruous temporality. Slow time raises formal problems about how to represent temporal processes that operate below the level of the visual and the tangible. he slow time of geology ultimately offered Romantic poetry a new sense of how an apparent lack of eventfulness can be understood as eventful when placed on a longer timeline. Romantic poetry, in turn, drew in fine detail on geology's expanded scales of temporality to offer an imaginative understanding of the infinitesimal rates of change and the gradual processes central to slow time.

Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: an overview

Abstract It is now more than 50 years since Tuzo Wilson published his paper asking ‘Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?’. This led to the ‘Wilson Cycle’ concept in which the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins along old orogenic belts is a key process in the assembly and breakup of supercontinents. This implied that the processes of rifting and mountain building somehow pre-conditioned and weakened the lithosphere in these regions, making them susceptible to strain localization during future deformation episodes. Here we provide a retrospective look at the development of the concept, how it has evolved over the past five decades, current thinking and future focus areas. The Wilson Cycle has proved enormously important to the theory and practice of geology and underlies much of what we know about the geological evolution of the Earth and its lithosphere. The concept will no doubt continue to be developed as we gain more understanding of the physical processes that control mantle convection and plate tectonics, and as more data become available from currently less accessible regions.

Prediction of Coal Mine Gas Emission Quantity Based on Grey-Gas Geologic Method

To improve the accuracy and reliability of gas emission prediction, the various factors affecting the amount of gas emission were researched and the main factor determining the amount of gas emission was determined by the gas geology theory. In this paper, we adopted grey-gas geologic method and grey relevancy analysis separately to estimate forecast accuracy and to establish the grey systematic forecasting model; meanwhile, two residual tests were carried out. Combined with the concurrent in situ data, the result of the grey systematic prediction model is verified. The later residual test results indicated that the model is of a high accuracy and the prediction result is reliable, manifesting the method of grey-gas geologic method is a better way to forecast the gas emission.

Implicit Modelling of the Las Bambas Deposits, Peru.

3D implicit geological models are employed to better visualise, understand, and utilise all available data. They foster environments of robust dynamic analysis and interpretations, theoretical extrapolation and quantification of rock properties and mineral abundance. Through their use they encourage rigorous scientific discussion by allowing hypotheses to be explored virtually; maximising discovery and expansion.The development of an implicit model for MMG’s flagship project, Las Bambas in southern Peru, has advanced the understanding of the mineralising systems along with resource expansion and exploration opportunities. This model not only effectively demonstrates the major features of the system, but also provides a versatile experimental environment in which geological theories and generation of predictive geometries can, and are, frequently queried.Las Bambas is a world class cluster of Cu deposits in the high Andes containing 12.8 Mt of contained copper. Eocene stocks, sills and dike swarms intruded Lower Cretaceous limestones of the Ferrobamba Formation, resulting in the generation of garnet-pyroxene-epidote-magnetite skarns, which were mineralised via magmatic-hydrothermal fluids flowing through permeable zones in the skarns and filling voids with bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and molybdenite mineralisation.In this presentation, the value of implicit modelling is demonstrated by visualising the complex porphyry and skarn systems at Las Bambas, highlighting how it serves as an effective medium for illustrating deposit geometries and mineralisation relationships.

New Method for Predicting Production Boosts Accuracy for Carbonate Reservoirs

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 190868, “A New Method for Economic Prediction of Carbonate Reservoirs Based on Expert Library and Small Database,” by Wenbin Chen, SPE, Hanqiao Jiang, and Junjian Li, China University of Petroleum; Shan Jiang, PetroChina; and Hanxu Yang, SPE, and Yan Qiao, China University of Petroleum, prepared for the 2018 EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition/SPE Europec, Copenhagen, Denmark, 11–14 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The widely developed karst caves and fractures in carbonate reservoirs result in strong spatial heterogeneity. Consequently, the parameters obtained from cores and numerical simulation are limited in their ability to reflect the production possibility of the entire reservoir. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new method of economic prediction on the basis of expert library and oilfield databases. The method takes into account geological factors and the effect of production factors on the economic prediction. Introduction The key parameters used for the economic prediction of a carbonate reservoir include well spacing, oil production, and annual decline rate. These parameters are mainly from core experiments in the laboratory or from the numerical simulation of wells, but caves and fractures are dispersed throughout the carbonate reservoir. This heterogeneity means the properties of a carbonate reservoir can be very different in different regions. Consequently, the commonly used parameters are limited in their ability to represent the whole reservoir, which leads to high risk in economic prediction. The method proposed in this paper combines the Delphi method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), the moving least-squares (MLS) method, and future net present value (FNPV) to create the DATMF method in an attempt to overcome these shortcomings. Through classical mathematics methods, the DATMF method combines expert library and oilfield databases to predict the economy of carbonate reservoirs. This prediction method reduces the size of the required database greatly, and its calculation process is based on professional geology theory and reservoir engineering. In addition, the DATMF economic prediction method can be applied directly to the stage of geological exploration, which removes the barrier between geologists and reservoir engineers and simplifies the procedure of economic prediction. DATMF Work Flow Delphi Method. The Delphi method is a management strategy for dealing with complex task problems. Here, it aims to quantify experience and ensure the reliability of results in theory. After experts learn the purpose and background of research, they compare the effect of factors of the same level. Two factors are compared each time. After repeated inquiry and feedback, the experts finally reach an agreement of opinion and a final expert judgment matrix is established and expressed as Matrix A. Because of the independent judgment environment, the objectivity of the Delphi method is strong and reliable.

New progresses in basic geological theories and future exploration domains of natural gas in China

As natural gas exploration expands to deep, ultra-deep and unconventional areas, more and more complex exploration targets are encountered. In this circumstance, it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas geological theories for guiding the exploration and discovery of more giant gas fields. In this paper, the researches on basic natural gas geological theories since the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan were engaged, and then the key exploration target zones were analyzed. Some results were obtained. (1) The theory of whole-process hydrocarbon generation of organic matters was improved and the geologic theories of organic matter hydrocarbon generation (e.g. the thermal evolution model of kerogen degradation and the successive gas generation of organic matters) were developed. (2) Multi-element natural gas genesis identification method, quantitative evaluation method for different types of seals/caprocks, tight sandstone gas accumulation theory for low hydrocarbon generation intensity region, and hydrocarbon accumulation theory for giant ancient carbonate gas field were established, and the geological theories of gas generation, genesis identification and hydrocarbon accumulation were developed to provide the effective guidance for the exploration breakthrough and discovery of giant gas fields in the key basins of China recently. Four conclusions were reached: (1) ancient carbonate rock, tight sandstone, foreland region, shale and volcanic rock are primary exploration targets for discovering giant gas fields; (2) craton and foreland basins are still the key exploration areas, and ancient uplift, gentle slope and thrust belt are the main enrichment zones; (3) ancient strata and deep formations are critical gas exploration targets in the future; (4) oil cracking gas in marine basins, tight sandstone gas and shale gas are the important replacement resources for future gas reserves and production growth.

A treasure chest full of nanogranitoids: an archive to investigate crustal melting in the Bohemian Massif

Abstract The central European Bohemian Massif has undergone over two centuries of scientific investigation which has made it a pivotal area for the development and testing of modern geological theories. The discovery of melt inclusions in high-grade rocks, either crystallized as nanogranitoids or as glassy inclusions, prompted the re-evaluation of the area with an ‘inclusionist’ eye. Melt inclusions have been identified in a wide range of rocks, including felsic/perpotassic granulites, migmatites, eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites, all the result of melting events albeit over a wide range of pressure/temperature conditions (800–1000°C/0.5–5 GPa). This contribution provides an overview of such inclusions and discusses the qualitative and quantitative constraints they provide for melting processes, and the nature of melts and fluids involved in these processes. In particular, data on trace-element signatures of melt inclusions trapped at mantle depths are presented and discussed. Moreover, experimental re-homogenization of nanogranitoids provided microstructural criteria allowing assessment of the conditions at which melt and host are mutually stable during melting. Overall this work aims to provide guidelines and suggestions for petrologists wishing to explore the fascinating field of melt inclusions in metamorphic terranes worldwide, based on the newest discoveries from the still-enigmatic Bohemian Massif.

Significant progress of continental petroleum geological theory in basins of Central and Western China

China's continental oil and gas geological theory occupies an important academic position in the world's academic circle of petroleum geology. China's oil and gas resources are dominated by continental resources. Chinese geologists have successfully explored and developed complex continental oil and gas, and developed a continental oil and gas geological theory system. This paper summarizes the development history and theoretical achievements of continental oil and gas geological theory since the 1940s and proposes that the development of this theory should be divided into three stages (i.e., proposal, formation and development). The China's continental oil and gas geological theory has formed a basically perfect theoretical system consisting of five parts, i.e., continental basin structure theory, continental basin sediments and reservoirs theory, continental oil generation theory, continental oil and gas accumulation theory, and continental sandstone oil and gas field development geology. As an advanced geological theory, it has a universal significance globally. This paper focuses on the major discoveries of oil and gas exploration and development and the production growth in the basins of the Central and Western China in the past 30 years as well as the major advances in the continental oil and gas geological theory, including the continental basin tectonics of Central and Western China under the compression background, special reservoir geology such as various types of lake basin sedimentary systems and deep conglomerate, new fields of continental hydrocarbon generation such as coal-generated hydrocarbons, continental oil and gas enrichment regularity such as foreland thrust belts and lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs, continental unconventional oil and gas geology and continental low-permeability oil and gas development geology. These major advances have greatly developed and enriched the continental oil and gas geological theory and become an important part of it.

China's shale gas exploration and development: Understanding and practice

Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation−Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in “sweet spot segments” are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as “artificial gas reservoirs” and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry: (1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas; (2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata; (3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development; (4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems; (5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.

Establishment of coal-derived gas geological theory and its strategic significance to the development of natural gas industry in China

Establishment of coal-derived gas geological theory and its strategic significance to the development of natural gas industry in China

Reservoir formation conditions and key exploration & development technoloiges in the Yingdong Oilfield in western Qaidam Basin

Located in east part of Yingxiongling structural belt in the Qaidam Basin, the Yingdong oilfield has a extremely complicated ground condition. Due to no significant discovery, this oilfield was considered to have no favorable geologic conditions for formation of oil or gas reservoir. In the past few years, with continuous improvement in the mountain 3D seismic surveys and logging data interpretation, some breakthroughs were obtained in 2010, and the Yingdong oilfield, the largest-scale reserves of a single reservoir with highest organic matter abundance, most favorable physical property and optimal development efficiencies in the Qaidam Basin, had been discovered, the production capacity was up to 0.55 × 106 t. Through detailed analyses of the Yingdong oilfield, some studies, such as hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and technical challenges, are carried out, and following conclusions can be achieved. The Yingxiongling area is located in Mangya hydrocarbon-generation sag in the west part of the Qaidam Basin, its oil sources are rich; the Neogene Xiayoushashan Formation and Shangyoushashan Formation are dominated by wide and gentle delta front—shore-shallow lacustrine sediments with interbeds of sandstone and mudstone, the sandbodies are widely distributed with favorable physical condition, and the mudstone is the key caprock, combined with high-quality Paleogene hydrocarbon source rocks, a complete source-reservoir-cap assemblage can be formed. Large-scale detachment faults of the Yingdong area connect high-quality Paleogene hydrocarbon source rocks with middle-shallow buried structural traps, thus, reservoirs formed in the early stage are modified, and at the same time, hydrocarbons formed in the later stage continue to migrate and accumulate; in this way, the deep and shallow faults form a relay-style hydrocarbon transport system, and hydrocarbons are accumulated in the shallow structural traps in the later stage; in this area, the middle-shallow faults have good lateral plugging performance which is favorable for preservation of oil and gas. For complex landforms and reservoir features in the Yingdong area, the integral 3D seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technology is developed for complex mountain areas to provide a reliable foundation for hydrocarbon exploration. For some problems in the Yingdong oilfield like long oil/gas-bearing intervals, great difficulty in identification of fluids, the development mode of multiple oil/gas/water systems in the long intervals is established, and the geologic modeling technology with constraint of multiple conditions on complex fault blocks is also developed. Thus, hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in the Yingdong oilfield is clear, and some complex key technology of engineering are well solved, providing necessary geologic theories and technical supports for high-efficiency development and rapid production construction in the Yingdong oilfield.

Geological characteristics of shale rock system and shale oil exploration breakthrough in a lacustrine basin: A case study from the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

A deep understanding of the basic geologic characteristics of the fine-grained shale layers in the Paleogene 1st sub-member of Kong 2 Member (Ek21) in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin, is achieved through observation of 140 m continuous cores and systematic analysis of over 1 000 core samples from two wells. Basic geological conditions for shale oil accumulation are proposed based on the unconventional geological theory of oil and gas. The shale rock system mainly developed interbedded formation of felsic shale, calcareous and dolomitic shale and carbonates; high quality hydrocarbon source rock formed in the stable and closed environment is the material base for shale oil enrichment; intergranular pores in analcite, intercrystalline pores in dolomite and interlayer micro-fractures make tight carbonate, calcareous and dolomitic shale and felsic shale effective reservoirs, with brittle mineral content of more than 70%; high abundance laminated shale rock in the lower section of Ek21 is rich in shale oil, with a total thickness of 70 m, burial depth between 2 800 to 4 200 m, an average oil saturation of 50%, a sweet spot area of 260 km2 and predicted resources of over 5×108 t. Therefore, this area is a key replacement domain for oil exploration in the Kongdian Formation of the Cangdong sag. At present, the KN9 vertical well has a daily oil production of 29.6 t after fracturing with a 2 mm choke. A breakthrough of continental shale oil exploration in a lacustrine basin is expected to be achieved by volume fracturing in horizontal wells.

New research progress of natural gas geological theories in China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period

With the continuous deepening of natural gas exploration, the quality of discovered resources gets worse and exploration targets are getting more and more complicated, so it is necessary to develop and improve natural gas geological theories continuously in order to tap and discover more natural gas resources. Therefore, geological theories on the formation of large gas fields were studied during the 12th Five-Year Plan period and the following progresses were mainly achieved. (1) Gas generation modes were established of oil cracking and highly evolved coal-measure source rocks in different geologic conditions. (2) A model was set up for evaluating quantitatively the hydrocarbon expulsion and detainment of various source rocks with different abundance. (3) Natural gas genesis identification chart was built up with multiple parameters and indexes. (4) Two carbonate rock sedimentation patterns and two tight sandstone sedimentation patterns were established. (5) A new method was developed for evaluating caprock–reservoir displacement pressure difference of immediate caprocks. (6) The hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of large gas fields was established and their main controlling factors and distribution laws were summarized. Then, the natural gas exploration theories were deepened in the following five fields and their application achievements are remarkable. First, the hydrocarbon-accumulation geological theory used for large ancient carbonate gas fields was innovatively understood to promote the discovery and confirmation of the Anyue supergiant gas field in the Sichuan Basin. Second, the hydrocarbon-accumulation geological theory suitable for large tight sandstone gas fields was developed to guide the exploration of tight sandstone gas in the Ordos and Songliao basins. Third, the hydrocarbon-accumulation theory of platform margin reefs was deepened to expand the exploration of platform margin reef gas in the Sichuan Basin. Fourth, the hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism and enrichment theory of large condensate gas reservoirs were deepened to guide the exploration of large condensate gas reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. And fifth, the exploration theory of volcanic gas reservoirs with hydrocarbon-generation fault troughs as basic units was completed to realize the strategic replacement of volcanic gas reservoir exploration.

软弱基座型高边坡危岩演化及应力场分析

危岩崩塌具有爆发突然、难以预测、危害性大等特点，准确合理推断危岩崩塌演化发展过程及趋势成为预防和治理危岩崩塌的关键性问题。以黄泥堡高边坡危岩为依托，结合现场工程地质调绘，通过分析高边坡危岩体的结构特征，得出近水平层状软弱基座型危岩体悬臂–拉裂式破坏模式；运用地质学基础理论，分析阐述高边坡危岩体崩塌的形成及演化发展过程的四个阶段；在此基础上，推导出评价危岩崩塌稳定性的表达式；采用数值模拟方法对依托工程实例进行应力场模拟分析，研究地应力场的演化特征。结果表明，岩腔底部产生应力集中现象，并且随着岩腔的发展加深而越来越明显。为高边坡危岩稳定性评价以及治理措施提供指导和借鉴。 Perilous rock and collapse is provided with characteristics of sudden outbreak, unpredictable, harmful and so on, accurately and reasonably infer the process and trend of the evolution of pe-rilous rock and collapse is the key issues for the prevention and treatment of rock collapse. In this paper, based on the high rock slope of Huang Nibao, combined with the site engineering geological mapping, the structural features of dangerous rock mass in high slope is analyzed, and the cantilever-rupture failure mode of the near horizontal layered perilous rock in soft foundation is obtained. Based on the basic theory of geology, the four stages of the formation and evolution of the perilous rock and collapse are analyzed and explained. On the basis of this, the expression of the stability for the perilous rock and collapse is derived. Based on the engineering example, the numerical simulation method is used to analyze the stress field, and study the evolution characteristics of the stress field. The results show that, the stress concentration occurs at the bottom of the rock cavity and becomes more and more obvious as the rock cavity deepens. It provides guidance and reference for the stability evaluation and treatment measures of perilous rock in high slope.

Progress and prospects of reservoir development geology

Abstract This paper deals with the main scientific problems, academic connotation, progress and prospects of reservoir development geology. The reservoir development geology involves the key scientific problems of reservoir connectivity, flow ability, and time variability. Its research focuses on the forming mechanism and distribution model of geological factors controlling the reservoir development, the control mechanism of geological factors to oil and gas production, the rule of reservoir dynamic evolution during development, and the reservoir characterization and modeling technology. Important progress has been made on theory and technology of reservoir development geology in high water-cut reservoirs, low permeability and tight shale reservoirs, fracture-cavity reservoirs, which makes the reservoir development geology grow as an independent academic subject already. With the development expansion in areas of deep-strata, deep-water, and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the increasing difficulties of high water-cut reservoir development, the theory and technology of reservoir development geology remain to be developed in order to support efficient and economic development of hydrocarbon fields with a sustainable growth.

Progress and development trend of unconventional oil and gas geological research

Abstract The progress in pore structure characterization, hydrocarbon occurrence state, mechanism of oil and gas accumulation, main controlling factors and high production model of unconventional oil and gas is reviewed. The unconventional oil and gas geological research developed from observation of the nanopores to quantitative full scale and 3D pore structure characterization, from macroscopic occurrence state study to microscopic occurrence state evolution discussion, from differential pressure drive and preferential channel migration to staged accumulation and wettability preferential migration, from accumulation controlled by source to accumulation jointly controlled by source-reservoir assemblage and preservation conditions, from accumulation model to enrichment and high production model, revealing the research progresses and future trends of unconventional oil and gas geology. Challenges are presented in unconventional oil and gas geological theory, enrichment conditions and recoverable resources potential of deeply buried unconventional oil and gas, combination of unconventional oil and gas geological research and engineering technique, and basic geologic research for joint mining of different unconventional oil and gas resources.

Breakthrough and significance of unconventional oil and gas to classical petroleum geology theory

Abstract Great changes of the global energy industry have been caused by the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas. It is necessary to deeply consider the profound influence of the unconventional oil and gas revolution on the classical petroleum geology theory and to review geological conception of oil and gas accumulation elements and theoretic framework of petroleum system, giving the petroleum geology a new academic connotation. The author summarizes the significant progresses of global unconventional oil and gas exploration and development, and points out that the unconventional oil and gas revolution not only has a significant economic significance of oil and gas resource increment, but also brings great innovation to the theory of petroleum geology, thus having important scientific significances. This paper summarizes the core contents of four aspects of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir, distribution and development in classical petroleum geology, and comprehensively reviews the five important nodes in the developmental history of petroleum geology, which include anticline and trap theory, hydrocarbon generation from organic matter and petroleum system theory, continental petroleum geology, marine deepwater petroleum geology, continuous hydrocarbon accumulation and unconventional petroleum geology theory. Unconventional oil and gas has made a great breakthrough to classical petroleum geology on the basic theoretical concepts such as trap, reservoir, caprock, resource distribution, and enrichment, thereby promoting the basic research on petroleum geology to transform into the whole process of hydrocarbon generation, whole type of reservoir, and whole genetic mechanism, deepening unconventional petroleum geology theory, promoting the development and reconstruction of petroleum geology system, representing great significances to the strategic development from conventional to unconventional oil and gas in China or even in the world.

AN ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL TEXTBOOKS, AT 1830-1930

The geological education in Greece is essentially rooted in the second half of the 19th century. Since 1836, when the Secondary Education was legislated in Greece, in spite of the fact that Geology is referred to all educational programs, geology was not taught before 1880, due to the lack of competent teachers and their books. The deficiency is limited with the first complete edition of the book Geology addressed in Secondary Education. This work presents and analyzes the content of a representative sample of school textbooks of Geology, as the approach of geological theories, including the definition and interpretation of geological phenomena, is the result of the trend, followed by each author.

First Illustration of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth

This poem is named after the 18th century mathematician and scientist John Playfair’s Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth , which is considered the founding text of modern geology. The poem’s speaker interprets aspects of the geological theory in the present and imagined future.

Suggestions on the development strategy of shale gas in China

From the aspects of shale gas resource condition, main exploration and development progress, important breakthrough in key technologies and equipment, this paper systematically summarized and analyzed current situation of shale gas development in China and pointed out five big challenges such as misunderstandings, lower implementation degree and higher economic uncertainty of shale gas resource, and still no breakthrough in exploration and development core technologies and equipment for shale gas buried depth more than 3500 m, higher cost and other non-technical factors that restrict the development pace. Aiming at the above challenges, we put forward five suggestions to promote the shale gas development in China: (1) Make strategies and set goals according to our national conditions and exploration and development stages. That is, make sure to realize shale gas annual production of 20 × 109 m3, and strives to reach 30 × 109 m3. (2) Attach importance to the research of accumulation and enrichment geological theory and exploration & development key engineering technologies for lower production and lower pressure marine shale gas reservoir, and at the same time orderly promote the construction of non-marine shale gas exploration & development demonstration areas. (3) The government should introduce further policies and set special innovation funds to support the companies to carry out research and development of related technologies and equipment, especially to strengthen the research and development of technology, equipment and process for shale gas bellow 3500 m in order to achieve breakthrough in deep shale gas. (4) Continue to promote the geological theory, innovation in technology and management, and strengthen cost control on drilling, fracturing and the whole process in order to realize efficient, economic and scale development of China's shale gas. (5) Reform the mining rights management system, establish information platform of shale gas exploration and development data, and correctly guide the non-oil and gas companies to participate in shale gas exploration and development.