Geological Monuments Research Articles

THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF UKRAINE AND THEY SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-COGNITIVE TOURISM

The article reviews publications devoted to geological and geomorphological monuments of Ukraine highlights specific features of their formation in different regions and reveals their importance for the development of nature-cognitive tourism as a basis for the formation of the tourism industry. The methodological unity of the concepts "geological monuments" and "geomorphological monuments", which characterize the original course of natural processes and their results and therefore have great scientific and cognitive value are considered. Emphasis is placed on the important participation of geomorphological processes in the formation of natural monuments, which show different geological monuments on the earth's surface and reflect not only the features of geological factors but also the diversity of relief processes, their dynamics, which determines the status of most monuments as "geological and geomorphological". Important for establishing the protection status of geological and geomorphological monuments are the developed criteria for assessing the aesthetics of the relief of Ukraine, its uniqueness, the presence of features "architecture-composition", combination with other elements of the landscape, stability or mobility, imagery – photogenicity, visual effect, emotional perception, attractiveness, etc. It is noted that the category of natural phenomena "geological and geomorphological monuments" is characterized by significant conservatism compared to other components of the natural environment. Such monuments are carriers of paleogeographic and ethnocultural content, which, in addition to scientific significance, gives them the status of interesting tourist attractions. This creates an opportunity for the development of nature-cognitive tourism, which can be both independent and successfully complements all other known types of tourism. Geological and geomorphological monuments influence the nature of recreational activities. The specificity and sequence of recreational functions of the relief of Ukraine according to the special properties of endogenous, exogenous, and anthropogenic genetic varieties of recreational geological and geomorphological monuments have been established. Key words: geotourism; nature-cognitive tourism; geological-geomorphological monuments; geoheritage of Ukraine.

Prospects for new sites of wooly rhinoceros and mammoths on the territory of paleontological site in Starunia, Carpathian region

An international geopark “Park of the Ice Age” located near the Starunia village in Bohorodchany district of Ivano-Frankivsk region is world-famous for being a paleontological site of Pleistocene fauna of the woolly rhinoceroses and mammoth (the Eemian interglacial period, 46–10 000 years ago according to radiocarbon dating C14) and for its mud volcano which is unique in the Carpathian region. This is a geological nature monument with an area of 60 hectares where abandoned ozokerite mine and oil and gas exploratory boreholes are presented. The detailed investigations carried out in the years 2004–2009 by Ukrainian-Polish expeditions were focused on discoveries of possible new sites of fauna fossils and human remains of European early modem humans (EEMH).The future discoveries at the paleontological site of Starunia are extremely important. They intend to carry out ecological assessment of soil, surface and stream waters, atmospheric air, snow, ashes of meadow grasses, radiological screening, and geo-radar sensing to find new locations of extinct mammals. The Starunia area meets all the requirements of a geopark according to UNESCO standards and concepts. The first research findings (1907) are connected with the remains of woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, horse, roe deer and other Pleistocene mammals which had been found in the ozokerite mine at the depth of 12 m near Starunia (Bohorodchany district, Ivano-Frankivsk region). In 1914 the scientists from Lviv (Ukraine) and Krakow (Poland) fully appreciated these discoveries and published a set of articles and a monograph. In 1929 the members of the expedition of Skill Academy (Krakow, Poland) found the remains of three more woolly rhinoceroses in the ozokerite mine at the depth of 17 m. Numerous bones of vertebrates (rodents), remains of mussels, a lot of species of insects, beetles, parasitic worms, fleas, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, mosses, seeds and branches of dwarf birch (Betula Nana), alder (Alnus glutinosa), and other fossil of tundra flora were also discovered. Polish scientists organized detailed investigations of flora and fauna around Starunia, their results were published in articles but the World War II suspended this process. The investigations around Starunia intensified the comprehensive study of stratigraphy, paleontology, paleogeography, geochronology and other aspects of the Quaternary Period. In 1932 there was established the International Geological Congress (the International Union of Quaternary Study) by INQUA in Leningrad. The main methodological principals of this study dealt with the investigations around Starunia.

Confecção de maquetes geológicas

O presente trabalho traz a experiência da confecção de uma maquete geológica na escala de 1:20.000 da Serra do Caparaó, monumento geológico complexo do sudeste brasileiro, com o objetivo de ilustrar aspectos da geologia regional e definir uma rotina para construção de maquetes didáticas. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de campo e dados espaciais em ambiente SIG para projeção do relevo sobre placas de isopor a partir de curvas de nível. Os resultados da confecção da maquete compreendem um modelo tridimensional da geologia da Serra do Caparaó e a proposta de um roteiro para confecção de maquetes didáticas. As primeiras exposições da maquete ao público proporcionaram boa interação da sociedade com as informações geológicas da região, com a introdução de conceitos de Geomorfologia, Geologia Estrutural, Cartografia e Geodiversidade.

EXISTING FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF THE ZMIINY ISLAND AND ITS WATERS AND ITS IMPROVEMENT

Problem Statement and Purpose. Economic activity, housing development of Zmi­iny іsland, increasing recreational load negatively affect the ecological condition of unique local landscapes. In order to preserve the ecosystem of the island there is a need to normalize the anthropogenic load. It will be advisable to adjust the existing functional zoning of Zmiiny іsland with an indisputable priority to the preservation of landscape and biological diversity. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing functional zoning of Zmiiny іsland and the surrounding area and improve it.Data & Methods. The work is based on the results of our research in 2005-2019 on the natural conditions of Zmiiny іsland, genesis and geography of soils, their bioproduc­tivity, assessment and mapping of the state, as well as economic use of the territory. The zoning of the island uses an ecological and landscape approach, which consists in a comprehensive study and analysis of the diversity of natural landscapes, their changes due to economic activity and the location of protected areas.Results. Zmiiny іsland is the only dome-shaped remnant of the Paleozoic age in the Black Sea, a piece of land for migratory and resident birds. The island is distinguished by its unique geographical location, archaeological and geological value, as a result - natural and geographical conditions and resources, landscape and biological diversity, which has no analogues within Ukraine in the number of rare species and can be a source of reproduction and enrichment of northwest flora and fauna parts of the Black Sea. Today the island has the status of a general zoological reserve of national impor­tance and a geological monument of special nature and scientific value.The existing functional zoning of Zmiiny іsland is analyzed. So four zones are allo­cated: economic - 13 hectares, perspective development of social infrastructure - 2.8 hectares, land reserve - 4.7 hectares and sea reserve within a radius of 500 meters 227.3 hectares. The land reserve area occupies only 22.9% of the island's area, and there is no transitional buffer zone at all, which does not comply with current legis­lation.The functional zoning of the island and its waters has been improved by allocating four zones with clarification of the boundaries and areas of these zones: the protected land zone (8.0 ha) and the sea protected area within a radius of 500 meters (227.3 ha), which should serve as protection and restoration of the most valuable natural systems of the island. To protect the preserved land area from anthropogenic impact, it is pro­posed to allocate a zone of regulated activities and regulated recreation (5.7 hectares). The rest of the territory of 6.8 hectares is an economic zone with clear regulations, which is not prohibited on sites with environmental status.In the strategy of measures to preserve the unique steppe landscape of the island, the priority activities of people should be environmental activities, scientific and monitor­ing research, recreational and educational activities.In order to preserve the island's biocenoses, soils, vegetation, landscape and biological diversity, we emphasize the possible revision of the island's conservation status by classifying it as a landscape reserve, nature park or even a reserve with appropriate statutory norms of use and protection.

Inventory and assessment of significant scientific Algerian geoheritage: Case of remarkable geosites from Orania (Western Algeria)

Orania, located in northwestern Algeria, is characterized by a diversified and fascinate geology. Ten geosites, namely Nedroma granite, Souk el Khemis Messinian Reef, Tadmaya Plateau Basalt Columns, Sassel Beach Messinian Stromatolites, Tafraoui Canyon, Ouillis Quarry, Cedar Forest Numidian Flysch, Ain Ouarka Diapir, Ain Ouarka mid-Jurassic Reefs and Tiout Sandstones Rock Art, have been selected based to their scientific and additional values. These geosites have a relatively high scientific, geoeducational and pedagogical values, due to their uniqueness, rarity, representativeness of geological elements, exceptionality, scientific knowledge and geodiversity. Regarding geotouristic values, they have high aesthetic and moderate cultural values. This inventory shows the scientific importance of the area, which may be frequented by both native and foreign visitors, including undergraduate and graduate geology students. Some geosites are affected by a degradation risk and they are damaged by human activities. The main threat of this anthropogenic pressure is from vandalism, lack of care by local community and visitors, mineral extraction, urbanization and conflagrations. Finally, Management procedures, establishment of geoparks and organization of conferences and meetings must be planned and implemented in order to increase the sustainable use and geoconservation of the analyzed sites, which have all the potential to be recognized as a geoheritage sites and deserve to be declared as a National Geological Monuments.

CLASSICAL IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSAL-CONSEQUENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS OF APPLIED GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC IDEOLOGEMES (in memory of Vitaly Opanasovych Vashchenko)

Vitalii Opanasovych Vashchenko belongs to the cohort of geologists-practitioners, who are distinguished by versatile geological and general educational knowledge, broad outlook, outstanding organizational skills, good physical training, talent of a journalist and writer, detective thinking. Vitaliy Opanasovych, the head of the Geological Survey Party of the Lviv Geological Exploration Expedition of Zakhidukrgeologiya State Enterprise, directed all abilities to the creation and description of geological maps of various scales for the Carpathian and Volyn-Podilsky regions of Western Ukraine. V.O. Vashchenko played a significant role in creating a number of maps of the new series of the State Geological Map— 200. All the activities of Vitaliy Opanasovych are aimed at increasing the glory of geological science in Ukraine. In collaboration with famous scientists and practitioners V.O. Vashchenko found geological indicators of the geodyna - mic conditions of structural-facies units, the material-spatial analysis of which made it possible to state unequivocally that the Carpathian folded structure is distinguished by a pronounced covering structure. He devoted a lot of efforts to the study of geological monuments of Ukraine, and he is one of the co-authors of this multivolume edition. From 1961 until his last days V.O. Vashchenko devoted his entire life to geological surveying, the creation of geological maps that served as a reliable basis for the discovery of deposits and determined the direction of development of the explora - tion industry. Among the numerous awards and distinctions of Vitaliy Opanasovich Vashchenko: the medal named after V.I. Luchyt sky, the title of «Honorary Explorer of Ukraine», Honorary Diploma of the State Geological Survey, Gold Badge and Medal «For Merit» of the Union of Geologists of Ukraine, Honorary Diploma of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The main feature of his geological life is the unconditional authority and respect of colleagues and friends.

GEOSITES AS OBJECTS OF NATURAL RESERVE FUND (PROBLEMATIC ISSUES)

Based on the data of the State Cadaster of Territories and Objects of the Natural Reserve Fund of Ukraine, the peculiarities of the distribution of geosites over the territories of administrative-territorial units have been analyzed and categories, types, significance and the degree of value have been established. The ways of reconciliation of classifications of geological sites with the legislative and regulatory base pertinent to the nature reserve fund of Ukraine have been proposed. The procedure for legislative establishing of geosites has been analyzed and ways of cooperation with the regional departments of the Ministry of Environment for their promotion and protection have been proposed. With the establishment, the object of the nature reserve fund at the legislative level receives the category - “natural monument”, the type of origin - “geological”. Depending on the significance (national or local) and value (international, national, regional, local) of the geological monument of nature, a regime for its protection is established. Based on these characteristics, the object is entered into the State Cadastre of Territories and Nature Reserve Fund Objects. In order to harmonize the existing classifications of different authors with legislative and regulatory acts on the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, the following is proposed. According to the geomorphological features of the subtype of geosites, it is proposed to adopt the unified name of the morphosculpture indicated in the State Cadastre and establish five subtypes: rock outlier; exposure; underground cavity; water body; others. The class is distinguished based on physicomechanical properties of the soils of the natural monument, on which the intensity of destruction and, accordingly, the direction of the conservation measures depend on: easily wetted; readily soluble; medium strength; durable. According to engineering-geological processes that took part in the formation (exposure) of the monument, the following subclasses are proposed: denudation; erosiondenudation; erosive; abrasion, karst-suffosion; technogenic, etc. It is advisable to further separate the geological monuments according to the subject of research: mineralogical, petrographic, lithological, stratigraphic, paleontological, etc., which is proposed by other authors.

THE NETWORK AND THE STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX, GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF NON-LIVING NATURE OF LVIV OBLAST, UKRAINE

This article presents the current list and designed maps of monuments of non-living nature of Lviv region in Ukraine as well as some recommendations and suggestions for its improvement. The list of monuments of non-living nature is the most numerous category in the structure of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine in general and Lviv region in particular. There are 199 monuments of non-living nature in the Lviv region up to 2019: 2 objects of national importance and 197 of local importance. Depending on the object of protection, the monuments of non-living nature of Lviv region can be divided into botanical (122), hydrological (34), complex (20), geological (19) and forest (4). The majority of complex nature monuments cover specific forms of relief (individual hills, rocks, caves) with the complex nature conservation value and often historical and cultural importance. The large number of complex monuments of non-living nature is located in Skole and Zolochiv raions, a few in Brody and Yavoriv raions, and just a monument in each of Staryi Sambir, Turka, Drohobych, Kamianka-Buzka, Stryi and Mykolaiv raions. Geological monuments of non-living nature are organized for the preserve caves, rocks, geological outcrops, erosion deposits, and glacial formations. These natural monuments are distributed in ten administrative raions and in Lviv, generally related to the mountains in Lviv region, the Precarpathian plain and the Podolian upland. Hydrologic monuments of non-living nature include 29 springs and wells, 3 waterfalls, the peatland and the river outflow. The springs and wells of the mineral waters of the resorts of Morshyn (7), Truskavets (4), Schklo (6), Rozluch (4) and Velykyi Liubin (1) have a special reserved status. A majority of hydrological monuments are located in Stryi (7), Drohobych (6), Yavoriv (6) and Turka (5) raions. It is proposed to add the following geological monuments of non-living nature such as complex of rocks with caves in Mykolaiv raion, the butte of Chervona Gora in the Zhovkva raion and the complex of rocks in Skole raion to the list of monuments of non-living nature. Further research in the region should include the following objects such as abandoned mining objects, wells and springs of Skhidnytsia resort, drainage of the river Styr. Key words: monuments of non-living nature; geological monuments; hydrological monuments; Lviv oblast.

Оцінка рельєфу території Чернігівської області для цілей рекреації і туризму

The paper analyzes the features of relief assessment as one of the main natural and recreational resources of the territory. It is shown that the main morphometric properties of the relief most objectively characterize the recreational properties of the territory at the regional and local levels. Important characteristics of a certain area depend on them: accessibility, visibility, diversity, natural attractions (rock outcrops, outcrops, rocks, caves, etc.).For a health-improving solution and tourism, both functionally and naturally are the most friendly of humpbacks, even with minor changes. Rivna, flat surface is unpleasant, splinters from the point of view of the aesthetics of landscape photography, the monotonous relief is not tsikaviy, but also functionally of little adherence. It is given an integrated assessment of the relief of Chernihiv region territory for recreation and tourism. The general degree of favorable geological and geomorphological conditions for recreational activities is determined by a combination of two indicators: the complexity of the terrain and the presence of geological and geomorphological natural attractions. To determine the complexity of the relief, the analysis of morphometric indicators of the relief within the Chernihiv region administrative-territorial systems was carried out. Instead of traditional morphometric parameters, such as the density of dismemberment, the depth of dismemberment and the slope of the earth’s surface, a synthetic characteristic is studied in detail - an indicator of the intensity of erosion dismemberment, which fully reflects the main external features of the earth’s surface. To determine the recreational value of natural attractions, the number of geological and geomorphological protected objects (national nature parks, landscape reserves, complex and geological natural monuments of national and local importance) for each Chernihiv region administrative-territorial system was estimated. To analyze the obtained results, the method of scoring is used. It is the most accurate in the analysis of indicators presented in different measurement systems. It is established that the most favorable for the development of recreational activities, in geological and geomorphological terms, were the territories of Varva, Sribne and Talalaivka districts (primarily due to the complexity of the relief - 9 points), as well as Ichnia, Korop, Novgorod-Siversky districts, where geological and geomorphological protected sites (8-10 points) played a role.Indicators in most districts of Chernihiv region are from 3 to 5 points, which indicates a rather low favorable geological and geomorphological conditions for the development of recreation within the study region. Highlighting the tourist and recreational potential of the Chernihiv region will contribute to the development of tourist infrastructure, expansion of the tourist business and improve the level of service.The theoretical analysis of the algorithm of the recreational assessment of the minds of the relєfu can be victorious during the development of the program for the development of recreation in the boundaries of the territory of the natural reserve fund. Given the robot can be the basis for a similar assessment of the minds of the administrative regions of Ukraine with the method of effective tourist and recreational activity.

Technological map of the Starunsky geodynamic landfill on the Prycarpathia

Starunia’s Geodynamic Landfill is an area of 60 hectares of the geological monument of nature of the national significance “Starunia” – the world-famous location of the Pleistocene mammoth fauna and four hairy rhinos. The first findings of the mummified carcasses of animals of the so-called mammoth fauna were found at a depth of 12 m at the mine (mine) for the extraction of ozokerite near the village. The old town of Bohorodchany district, Ivano-Frankivsk region, 1907 Scholars of Krakow and Lviv appreciated these unique discoveries enough and published a number of articles and a monograph in 1914. In 1929, an expedition of the Skill Academy from Krakow found the remains of three more hairy rhinos at a mine depth of 17 m. Numerous bones of small vertebrates (rodents), shell remains, numerous species of insects, beetles, parasitic worms, bedbugs, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, midges, seeds and branches of dwarf birch, alder and other flora were also collected. Polish scientists have organized comprehensive studies of fauna and flora, partly their results were published in articles, but the Second World War halted this process. It is important to note that Starunia’s findings intensified the comprehensive study of stratigraphy, paleontology, paleogeography, geochronology, and other aspects of the Quaternary – the quartet. It should be recalled that in 1932, in Leningrad, the International Geological Congress established INQUA – the International Union for the Study of the Quaternary. But the basic methodological foundations of this study were laid on the materials of Elder.

THE MONUMENTS OF NON-LIVING NATURE OF THE BASINS OF PRUT AND LAZESHCHYNA RIVERS IN CHORNOHORA MOUNTAIN RANGE IN UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

The classification of the monuments of non-living nature of the basins of Prut and Lazeshchyna rivers in Chornohora mountain range in Ukrainian Carpathians as well as map, tables and suggestions for further alternative use of objects are presented. In the research the monuments of non-living nature are categorized such as geological, geomorphological and hydrological based on the main object of their value for protection. The classification of the geological and geomorphological monuments according to different principles such as meaningful, scientific and cognitive significance, genetic, purpose and size is developed. According to the main object of their value for protection and the genesis objects are classified into types of monuments, and by morphological expression – into species of monuments. The other methods of the research of monuments of non-living nature such as cartographic inventory and comprehensive certification are also presented. The river basins of Prut and Lazeshchyna are located on the northeast macro-slope of the Chornohora mountain range in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the area of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and the Carpathian National Nature Park. On the territory of the studied river basins 11 geological monuments, 23 – geomorphological monuments, 7 – hydrological and hydrogeological monuments are identified. There are also 9 sites of fir forests and 14 sites of ancient forests protected in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve in the Lazeshchyna river basin. On the territory of the Prut river basin there are 81 sites of ancient forests and primeval forests in the area of the Carpathian National Nature Park. The monuments of non-living nature can be used not only as the conservation ones but also as the places for recreation and tourism, organization of research and environmental education of the region. In addition, 2 multi-day, 1 two-day and 9 one-day geotourism routes to promote the natural resources of the studied river basins with the purpose to reduce the recreational degression of the main eco-trail “To the Goverla Mountain” are developed. Key words: monuments of non-living nature; geological sites; Chornohora mountain range; Prut river basin; Lazeshchyna river basin; geotourism route.

Environmental field trainings for students at natural reserve territories of Ukraine

The article presents a scientific substantiation of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of the innovative potential of protected areas for the combination of science, education, and upbringing of the younger generation. The example of the Seym Regional Landscape Park shows the advantages of organizing and conducting educational research training for the students of environmental specialties within protected areas. Of great importance is the location of the Seymsky RLP on the brink of three important physicalgeographical zones, which are Polissya, the spurs of the Middle Russian Highland, and the Poltava Plain. In the central part of the Seymsky RLP, there is a well-defined floodplain and the Seym river floodplain terraces of different ages. High representation of natural complexes, preserved forests, rare species of flora and fauna, existing geological monuments of the nature makes valuable objects for observation and study. The publication is a continuation of a series of articles related to improving the indicators of environmental and cultural education of university students. The purpose of the work is to reveal the applied importance of the research field trainings for future environmentalists within the natural parks of Ukraine. Scientific data collected during student practice became the basis for Bachelor qualification works, as well as allowed to publish a number of scientific works and plan a series of eco-tourist routes for the Seymsky park. When practising, it is advisable to take into account the calendar of conservation nature dates and organize a variety of patriotic and eco-educational activities for students and local youth. Regional landscape parks as part of the Natural Reserve Fund of Ukraine allow not only to preserve nature and promote the development of the local territories but also to combine science, education and fostering of the younger generation.

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE GREEN BELT OF FENNOSCANDIA

The article provides a brief description of the main genetic types of Quaternary deposits and landforms within the GBF, with respect to special features of the territory associated with a significant stretch from North to South. In terms of its geomorphological structure, the territory falls into four parts which differ significantly in relief structure and composition of Quaternary deposits. Glacial, glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits of the last Scandinavian Late Valdai/Weichselian glaciations, with thickness ranging from 0 to 60 meters and mean values of 3-10 meters, prevail in the structure of the Quaternary cover. Holocene deposits are represented by peat, lacustrine, alluvial and seismo-gravita-tional sediments. The latter are developed locally within paleoseismic displacements. Continental ice was retreating from the study area from the end of the Allerod (12.3-11.3 Ka B. P.) to the beginning of the Preboreal time (10-9.5 Ka B. P.), wherefore modern landforms were shaped by various processes at different times, leading to a high variety of genetic types of Quaternary deposits and landforms. Earthquakes occurred in some moving parts of the GBF territory in postglacial time as a result of glacial isostatic equilibrium, leaving behind numerous evidence of paleoseismic displacements. The unique geological nature monuments in each of the four parts require further detailed study. It is of high relevance in connection with the special interest in borderland and protected areas, the ongoing development of a number of environmental protection and natural heritage preservation measures.

Geological heritage sites in South Australia

Beginning in 1966, research by the Geological Heritage Subcommittee of the South Australian Division of the Geological Society of Australia has identified over 450 geologically significant areas in the State, including those important or teaching and research. This work was partly funded from the National Estate Grants Program. In March 2008, Geological Monuments in South Australia, Parts 1–9 was published as a DVD in a joint project of the Geological Heritage Subcommittee and Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (now Department of State Development). Selection of sites for designation as places with geological heritage status was initially focussed on the settled areas of the State where threats from residential and other development were greatest. An objective assessment system was devised for Part 9 of this record to identify sites which best illustrated the geological features displayed in the remote and vast area of the South Australian portion of the Lake Eyre Drainage Basin. An initial review identified 96 sites with heritage potential. These were then assessed in terms of the presence or otherwise of seven criteria considered to be essential attributes for heritage status. Each of these potential sites was then ranked on a merit scale of the quality of each of the attributes present. A score of the percentage of the maximum points available at each site was calculated. Of the 96 potential sites assessed, 24 recorded a score of 67% or more, and the remainder scored well below this figure.

Систематизація та характеристика геотуристичних об’єктів регіонального ландшафтного парку «Знесіння» (м. Львів)

Регіональний ландшафтний парк «Знесіння» розміщений майже в центрі Львова, - надзвичайно цікаве місце як у геотуристичному аспекті, так і для геологічних досліджень. Парк має унікальну геологічну і геоморфологічну позицію. Він розташований на збігу двох геоморфологічних областей - Подільської, представленої Лисогірською височиною Львівського Опілля, та Волино-Малополіської у складі Пасмового Побужжя Малого Полісся. В тектонічному відношенні цим одиницям відповідають тектонічні блоки: Львівський (Лисогірська височина) (ймовірно, Західноєвропейської платформи) і Буський (Пасмове Побужжя) Східноєвропейської платформи, які відділені один від одного різким і крутим уступом. Парк «Знесіння» - це єдиний парк м. Львів, у якому є численні геологічні об’єкти – відслонення відкладів різних геологічних періодів, джерела, техногенні форми рельєфу, доступні для спостережень. Розроблено класифікацію геологічних об’єктів парку. Вони поділені на дві групи (політипна, монотипна), чотири типи (стратиграфічний – до нього віднесено п’ять об’єктів, палеонтологічний – один, гідрогеологічніий – три, гірничо-промисловий – три). Наведено їх узагальнену стандартизовану характеристику за такими ознаками: категорія, геоморфологічне і географічне положення, стратиграфічна, літологічна, палеонтологічна характеристика, науково-пізнавальне, освітнє і геоатракційне значення тощо; і розроблено паспорти. Описані геологічні об’єкти - важлива ланка для відновлення історії Землі. Вони мають наукову, пізнавальну, культурно-естетичну цінність, розміщені недалеко від центру Львова, легкодоступні, важливі для навчального процесу і в разі їх популяризації стануть привабливими геотуристичними атракціями.

Quaternary volcanic ash of Kharkiv region

Formulation of the problem. The article is devoted to detail geological and mineralogical description of quaternary volcanic ash in Kharkiv region. The purpose of the article is to ground its origin. Presentation of the main material. Quaternary volcanic ash was discovered in Kharkiv region in the middle of last century. There are a few Late Neo-Pleistocene deposits of volcanic ash in Kharkiv region now. They are located in Kharkiv and near such villages as Russki Tishki, Novoselivka, Levkivka, Donetzke and Krasnokutsk. Such deposits of volcanic ash were found in the neighboring regions of the Eastern Ukraine - Lugansk, Donetsk, Dnieperpetrovsk and some other regions. Volcanic ash forms the elongated lenticular deposits in the loess loam strata. The contact of ash beds is clear with underlying loess and gradual with overlying loess. The ash lies 3-5 m below the surface of loess. These ashes are light-grey with feeble yellow or brown shades. Its thickness is up to 0.4 m. The particles of the ash are volcanic colourless isotropic glass with refraction index 1,517. Its forms are various. Plate isometric and elongated ash particles with even straight or cambered sides are the most widespread. Predominance of 0.005-0.1 mm particles in this ash rocks is confirmed by the results of mechanical analyses. This tephra is badly sorted. Their sort factor is 4.2-5.9. The ash deposits were formed by wind transportation of ash particles to wind shadow zones. The results of X-ray investigation are typical for glass. IR-spectra investigation revealed molecular water and hydroxyl groups in the volcanic ash. Chemical composition of the volcanic ash of Kharkiv region is characterized by the average percentage of SiO2 – 58.88, Al2O3 – 18.79, Na2O – 5.03, K2O – 6.30, Na2O+K2O – 11.33. Relation of Na2O to K2O is 0.80 and Na2O+K2O to Al2O3 is 0.60. It corresponds to trachyte and phonolite and is confirmed by the refraction index of glass particles. The volcanic glass particles are angular and non-rounded. This fact signifies the eolian origin of ash deposits. Moreover, numerous manifestations of volcanic ash scattered in loess loams are found in Kharkiv region. These loams contain only a few per cents of poorly rounded volcanic ash particles. The loess loams with scattered volcanic ash and volcanic ash deposits belong to the same stratigraphic datum - to the Bugskij horizon, which correspond to Wurmian stage. Conclusions. All tephra deposits of Kharkiv region are in the ash plume of the super-eruption, which occurred in Southern Italy about 39280 years ago (Campanian Ignimbrite eruption). Kharkiv objects fill territory in this plume between the ash depositions of Romania and Russian Voronezh region. They are similar to all other tephra localities of this plume. The volcanic ash was taken by air from the Phlegraean Fields though the distance between Kharkiv and this volcano is over 2000 km. Scientific novelty and practical significance. We can affirm that Kharkiv ash deposits are the result of distant ashfall of Phlegraean Fields super-eruption. The volcanic ash is a horizon marker in the Neo-Pleistocene strata and a datum mark for archaeological study of the Paleolithic cultures. Volcanic ash is a remarkable component of Kharkiv region geological monuments. Russki Tishki locality of volcanic ash is the best object in Kharkiv region. It is situated in 22 km north from Kharkiv. These geological sights have been used as objects of scientific tourism and native land study. Their protection is of highly necessity.

Геологічна пам’ятка природи «Висачківський соляний купол»

The objective of this work is to describe the features of the geological structure of a unique natural site “Vysachkivsky pahorb” ( the Vysachkivsky dome ) and its recognition as a significant object of geological heritage. We analyzed the long history of accumulation of knowledge on the origin of the saline structure and the wide range of changes in the thinking of dome researchers regarding its origin, from the dyke theory to the salt-dome structure theory. The significant role of M.S. Shatsky was highlighted, who not only changed the state of thinking on the origin of the diapir structure, but also made first prognosis of prospects of the saline-dome structures of the Dnieper-Donets Rift for oil and gas extraction. This article critically considers the methods of interpretation of the formation of the Vysachkivsky dome as a result of post-Oligocene volcanism, describes the lithological-petrographic and mineralogical compound of the depository-volcanogenic formations according to the contemporary data and analyses its similarity and synchronism with vulcanites of the Mokra Volnovaha river basin. The article considers some theoretical approaches to the problem of saline diapirs in the Dnieper-Donetsk Rift, their structural-tectonic, formation and ancient origin, connection with halotectokinesis, presents the results of studying the Upper-Frasnian brachiopods in limestones of the Vysachkivsky saline dome`s cap rock, obtained by O. M.Kutsyba in 1936, which made it possible to date the salt to the Devonian era. The article considers the question of recognizing saline diapirism as one of the most favourable factors of deep thermal water discharge, and also as a channel of mantle exhalations penetrating into rocks of sedimentary cover due to their tendency to accumulate in deep-seated faults of the basement, and correspondingly as a channel for hydrocarbon and ore-bearing fluids to reach the upper structural levels. Work on inventory, cataloguing, and creating a data base on geological natural relics of Ukraine, conducted with the authors’ participation, has identified the place of the geological relic the Vysachkivsky saline dome in the nature-conservation fund of Ukraine, and established its significant historical, recreational, scientific and educational and scientific-practical value as a unique natural relic, worthy of protection at international level. Keywords: geological monument, Vysachki, diapirs, salt stock, diabase, basalt, DDD

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН РОЗВИТКУ ГЕОЛОГІЧНОГО ТУРИЗМУ В ЗАПОРІЗЬКІЙ ОБЛАСТІ

The natural prerequisites for the development of geological tourism in the Zaporizhzhya region are considered. The structure course of action, which define the essence of the term “geological tourism” edited by Thomas Jose are identified. The definition of the modern concept of “geotourism”, “geotouristic objects”, “geotourists phenomena”. So, the complexity of the geological structure of the territory of Zaporizhzhya region determines the diversity and uniqueness of those geological objects that are related to the category of geological monuments of nature. The region represented by almost all the groups of monuments of stratigraphic, petrographic, mineralogical, geomorphological, tectonic, magmatic and paleontology. The above natural-geographic characteristics indicates high geotouristic potential of Zaporizhzhya region, which contributes directly to the development of geological tourism, a feature which is in the vicinity of geological objects with the aim of understanding the structure and evolution of the earth. In addition, not less important for the development of geological tourism in the region is the presence of numerous mine workings .Significant lever for the development of geological tourism in the region is the formation of a strong base of accommodation facilities near geotouristic objects, which contributes to their popularity. The usage features of mines as sites of geological and extreme tourism objects are recovered. The definition of the notion “geological tourism” is identifies. The main geological attractions of Zaporozhye region are observed, which have become the objects of mass excursion and tourism show. The prospects of geological tourism development in the Zaporizhzhya region analyzed.

МЕДИКО-ГЕОГРАФІЧНІ ТА РЕКРЕАЦІЙНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТЕРИТОРІЇ ІВАНО-ДОЛИНСЬКОГО РОДОВИЩА БАЗАЛЬТІВ

The aesthetics of the Ivano-Dolyna basalt deposit and the geological monument of nature "Basalt Pillars" (located within the deposit) has a positive emotional and psychosomatic impact on observers, especially contemplation of the petrified chronicle of the geological phenomenon, visiting the lake with emerald water. Agates of the basalt deposit emit positive energy and are able to absorb negative energy. There is a forest full of phytoncides around the quarries. The basalts of the deposit correspond to the permissible levels of state-regulated radiation parameters. This area deserves to be included in recreation and health programs, and it should be included in the routes of geotourism, not only domestic but also international. The existing and exhausted quarries of the Ivano-Dolyna basalt deposit have a health-improving effect as a cognitive and emotional enrichment during their visit. Taking into account a number of factors, we proposed the development of new types of recreational and tourist products within this area in partnership with environmental, scientific and cultural and educational organizations.

Charles Lyell's Geological Imagination

AbstractIn his Principles of Geology (1830–33), Charles Lyell seeks to explain the processes by which the great geological monuments of the world – from mountains to river valleys – came to be as they are. Through his theory of uniformitarianism, which states that geological phenomena must be explained according to known and observable causes, Lyell develops in his Principles a narrative explaining the laws governing such phenomena. But because the processes of geological flux he seeks to describe cannot be observed in their totality, Lyell frequently appeals to the imagination to ford the many gaps in physical evidence. This article explores how Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism is built upon an original act of imaginative retrieval in which the geologist exercises mastery over the past through his imaginative reconstruction of prehistory, where “history” is understood to mean “belonging to human time.” I argue that in his careful delineation of the means by which the mind may come to know what is not necessarily verifiable, Lyell appeals to a principle of the imagination that closely resembles Samuel Taylor Coleridge's concept of the vital and generative power of the secondary imagination. Furthermore, I highlight Coleridge's own failure, in his reading of Lyell, to recognize this resemblance between the geologist's imaginative act and his own – a failure that led him to privilege the catastrophist theories that Lyell set out to (and indeed did) supplant.