Geological Analysis Research Articles

An artificial intelligent well trajectory design method combining both geological and engineering objectives

Conventional directional well trajectory is designed to connect the wellhead and target point or section with multiple engineering objectives including deflecting capacity, torsional strength, total length, etc. With the growing need of directional wells for complex geological conditions, only the target point or section provided by geologists and reservoir engineers may not be satisfied as the geological objective for well trajectory design. The whole geological profile along the well trajectory can be taken as the geological objective instead of the target point or section. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art of the artificial intelligence algorithm can be applied automatically evaluate the geological profile and form a new geology objective for well trajectory design. In this study, an algorithm is proposed to evaluate the geological profile and a new index, formation evaluation score (FES), is obtained as the geological target for well trajectory design together with conventional multiple engineering objectives. With the combined multiple geological and engineering target, a directional well trajectory is optimized. The results show that the hydrocarbon formation contact effectively increases under comparable engineering conditions, which confirms the benefit of the proposed method in this work. In addition, the proposed method can globally optimize well trajectory with the help of the geological profile, as opposed to locally satisfy the target point or section. The automation of geological formation analysis can also reduce the workload for geologist and reservoir engineers. The outcome of this work may pave the way to comprehensive combine the geological and engineering objectives for directional well design under higher automation levels.

Empirical design for the excavation method and support system at tunnel no 2, Bintang Bano irrigation area, West Nusa Tenggara

Bintang Bano Irrigation Area aims to optimize water consumption downstream of the Bintang Bano Dam and distribute it to irrigate agricultural land in Rempe, Seteluk, Seloto, and Senayan villages. Bintang Bano Irrigation Area uses tunnel construction as its network. This research aims to provide recommendations for the tunnel excavation method and support system and predict the tunnel stand-up time based on an empirical method from Rock Mass Rating (RMR89). The research method includes analysis of surface geological mapping and analysis of the core drill along the tunnel to determine the classification of rock masses. Surface engineering geological mapping was conducted to validate the Rock Mass Rating parameters determined by drill core evaluation. The results show the tunnel consists of andesite having poor to good rock masses. The excavation methods for poor to fair rock masses are heading and bench; good rock mass is full face and uses complete support. The tunnel requires bolts, shotcrete, and steel ribs for the support systems. Stand-up time predictions for poor rock mass are less than one day, and fair to good rock is over a month. Although the empirical approach is functional, numerical analysis is needed to verify the empirical design and effect of geological structures for tunnel stability, including tunnel deformation during construction.

Juno’s JunoCam Images of Europa

On 2022 September 29 the Juno spacecraft passed Europa at 355 km, the first close pass since the Galileo flyby in 2000. Juno’s visible-light imager, JunoCam, collected four images, enabling cartographic, topographic, and surface geology analysis. The topography along the terminator is consistent with previously reported features that may indicate true polar wander. A bright band was discovered, and indicates global symmetry in the stress field that forms bright bands on Europa. The named feature Gwern is shown not to be an impact crater. Surface change detection shows no changes in 22 yr, although this is a difficult task considering differences between the JunoCam and Galileo imagers and very different viewing geometries. No active eruptions were detected.

Recommendation of excavation method and support system based on rock mass classification of the Matenggeng Dam Tunnel, Cilacap, Central Java

The Matenggeng Dam is situated in Matenggeng village, Dayeuhluhur, Cilacap district, Central Java. It features a diversion channel equipped with a tunnel that has a diameter of five meters and is formed like a horseshoe. Therefore required engineering geological analysis for tunnel planning. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the tunneling technique and the corresponding support systems. This study will provide suggestions and input before and during the construction. This research uses rock mass classification and the Point Load Test for several samples. Tunneling method and support systems using empirical method Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The study location is composed of sandstone, conglomerate, andesite, and siltstone with alluvium deposits in Cijolang River area. Classification of rock masses is fair to good rock. The GSI and RMR analyses suggest that the excavation technique uses hammer and blasting methodologies and a max stand-up time without support of 20 to 144 hours. The tunneling method uses top heading and bench and support systems using rock bolts, wire mesh, shotcrete, and steel sets.

Geogas prospecting for igneous ore deposits covered by regolith: the Zijinshan high-sulfidation epithermal Cu–Au deposit in the Cathaysia Block

The mining industry faces a challenge due to the scarcity of outcrop or near-surface mineral deposits, necessitating the development of low-cost and efficient prospecting methods to explore through cover. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been applied to geological sample analysis, and scientists have gradually improved the method of geogas prospecting. As a result, geogas prospecting has shown promising results in detecting underlying concealed Au, U and Cu–Ni deposits covered by Gobi sand and Quaternary sediments. To verify the effectiveness of this method for exploring underlying concealed mineral deposits developed in igneous covered areas, the Zijinshan high-sulfidation epithermal Cu–Au deposit, a concealed mineral deposit in southeastern China, was selected as the experimental field. Our experiments revealed nanoscale particles composed of Au, Cu–Fe and Cu–other elements in the geogas captured above the ore bodies of the deposit. Furthermore, Cu–nanoscale particles retain the isotopic composition of copper found in both the oxidation zone and deep copper ores. The geogas samples exhibited similar C1-chondrite normalized REE distributions, with REE patterns indicating significant enrichment of LREE relative to HREE and similar (La)N/(Sm)N and (Gd)N/(Yb)N ratios. These characteristics are similar to those of the gold ores, copper ores, altered rock and bedrock near the ore bodies. These findings suggest that deep-penetration geochemical methods using geogas can be a valuable tool for uncovering underlying concealed mineral deposits in igneous covered areas.

A data driven approach to assess the petrophysical parametric sensitivity for lithology identification based on ensemble learning

Lithology identification is essential for geological analysis and reservoir characterization of hydrocarbon bearing formation. Conventional approaches of lithology identification are not only inconvenient but also time-consuming and expensive. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been introduced as an effective, reliable, and accurate method of lithology identification using well-log data due to their ability to recognize the nonlinear relationship between log responses and lithology. In this study, we employed the XGBoost classifier model to assess the parametric sensitivity of the logging features in identifying lithology. Sequential Forward Feature Selection (SFFS) approach was applied to determine the most significant set of logging features that yields maximum classification accuracy. Nine logging parameters were used as the input of the XGBoost model to classify five lithology classes. Hyper-parameters were tuned within appropriate tuning search range to optimize the model performance along with Grid Search and 5-fold cross validation. The training and testing accuracy obtained from the model are 96% and 90.97%, respectively. The optimized XGBoost model showed the lowest precision, recall, and F1 score for the clay class. The shale class, on the other side, had the highest precision, recall, and F1 score of 95%, 94%, and 94%, respectively. The best set of logging features for identifying formation lithology is determined to be [PEF, SP, LLD, CALI, MSFL, NPHI, LLS], with a classification accuracy of 92.10% for the testing dataset. The least significant logging parameters for identifying lithology were found to be DT and GR, as their addition with the best input feature set, resulted in a negative deviation in classification accuracy. Finally, based on the classification accuracy, we ranked the top three sets of logging features, those contributed significantly.

Geophysical Subsurface Mapping Using the Electrical Resistivity Technique: A Comprehensive Study of the Petroleum Training Institute Main Campus in Effurun

The electrical resistivity method was used to conduct a detailed examination of subsurface geology and hydrogeological parameters at the Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) Main Campus in Effurun, Nigeria. The research includes field data collecting, sounding curve interpretation, and dipole-dipole data processing. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to gain a complete understanding of the hydrogeophysical features of the research area. The analysis revealed A and AK formations, which include four, five, and six-layer structures, highlighting the subsurface's intricacy. A frequency table was utilised to categorise the distribution of VES curves within the study area into three major groups. This classification was critical for characterising and comprehending the area's hydrogeological and geological complexity. Geo-electric sections were created to illustrate the different underlying layers, such as topsoil, clayey sand, sand, sandstone, and fracture. The study analyzed geoelectric properties and aquifer zones using resistivity isopach maps in 2D and 3D formats. The northeastern part of the study area had higher resistivity values, indicating geological variables affecting rock composition and groundwater supply. The findings are crucial for effective groundwater resource management, environmental assessments, and regional development planning. The geological model, combining data from dipole-dipole, geo-electric, and VES sections, accurately characterized subsurfaces in the PTI Campus area. The study identified six subsurface layers, providing baseline data for future infrastructure development. Recommendations include using advanced geophysical methods and a more detailed assessment of subsurface geology in the Warri region. This study adds to our understanding of the hydrogeological and geological aspects of the PTI Campus area, allowing us to make more informed judgements concerning environmental and infrastructure design. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of subsurface geology and hydrogeological parameters at PTI Main Campus, contributing valuable insights for groundwater management, environmental assessments, and regional development planning.

Slope stability assessment in the seismically and landslide-prone road segment of Gerese to Belta, Rift Valley, Ethiopia.

Slope instability on several sections of the Gerese-Belta route in Southern Ethiopia poses a major risk to infrastructure and safety. This research was aimed at evaluating certain areas of the road susceptible to slope instability. Through intensive fieldwork including geological analysis, surveys, and testing, three crucial slope portions were determined. Both limit equilibrium and finite element calculations demonstrated that these sections are problematic under different circumstances. The slope modification analysis shows that the safety factor increases as bench widths and the number of benches increase. In the slope section D1S3, this factor reached 1.222 when two benches measuring 5 meters in width were used on slide 2D. This initially showed an unstable safety factor of 0.26. Three benches of the same width were used under slide 2D. This resulted in a safety factor of 1.219. At the slope section (D1S2), flattening of the slope angle from initial 45⁰ to 35⁰, 28⁰, 25⁰ and 18⁰ increases the factor of safety of the slope from initial 0.284 to 0.77, 0.89, 1.022, and 1.151 respectively under slide 2D analysis. At the slope section (D2S1), flattening the slope angle from initial 46⁰ to 35⁰, 25⁰, 23⁰, and 20⁰ increases the safety factor from initial 0.412 to 0.684, 0.920, 1.02, and 1.315 respectively. Based on the analysis of the study results, it can be concluded that the identified slope sections are susceptible to failure under actual field scenarios, depending on the conditions under which they are predicted to occur. According to this study, the Benching method is an economical method for mitigating soil slopes, as a result of which it was recommended to be used.

Sealing capacity evaluation of underground gas storage under intricate geological conditions

Evaluating underground gas storage (UGS) sealing capacity is essential for its safe construction and operational efficiency. This involves evaluating both the static sealing capacity of traps during hydrocarbon accumulation and the dynamic sealing capacity of UGS under intensive gas injection and withdrawal, and alternating loads. This study detailed the methodology developed by Sinopec. The approach merges disciplines like geology, geomechanics, and hydrodynamics, employing both dynamic-static and qualitative-quantitative analyses. Sinopec's evaluation methods, grounded in the in situ stress analysis, include mechanistic studies, laboratory tests, geological surveys, stress analysis, and fluid-solid interactions. Through tests on the static and dynamic sealing capacity of UGS, alongside investigations into sealing mechanisms and the geological and geomechanical properties of cap rocks and faults, A geomechanics - rock damage - seepage mechanics dynamic coupling analysis method has been developed to predict in situ stress variations relative to pore pressure changes during UGS operations and evaluate fault sealing capacity and cap rock integrity, thereby setting the maximum operational pressures. Utilizing this evaluation technique, Sinopec has defined performance metrics and criteria for evaluating the sealing capacity of depleted gas reservoirs, enabling preliminary sealing capacity evaluations at UGS sites. These evaluations have significantly informed the design of UGS construction schemes and the evaluation of fault sealing capacity and cap rock integrity during UGS operations.

ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE QUARRY SLOPE STABILITY, NIMBOKRANG DISTRICT, JAYAPURA REGENCY, PAPUA, INDONESIA

Slope stability analysis generally uses the concept of factor of safety (FoS) value using several whole rock parameters. The slope stability analysis method that will be used in this research is the slope stability analysis method in open pit mines based on rock mass classification with the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) system and analyses the potential for landslides that can occur on slopes at that location with kinematics and limit equilibrium methods so that the type of landslide can be determined based on the intensity of the geological structure on the slope of the CV. Inti Jaya open pit limestone mine, in Wahab Village, Nimbokrang District, Jayapura Regency. This research aims to provide information on the current condition of the slope whether it is by safety standards, make slope engineering improvements and redesign safe slopes if unstable slope conditions are found. Research on the stability of limestone slopes begins with the collection of field data and rock samples. Furthermore, sample testing was carried out to obtain physical and mechanical properties and weighting of rock masses, which were then analysed to obtain the characteristics and quality of rock masses that would be applied using the finite element method with Slide 6 from Rocscience to determine the Factor of Safety (FK) and the design of safe slope geometry. The RMR value for slope 1 is 62, slope 2 is 61, and slope 3 is 62. So it can be concluded that the rock is included in rock mass class 2 with good quality. Based on the analysis of potential avalanche types, the three slopes have non-arc avalanche types. From the analysis carried out using Rocscience Slide 6.0 software, the FoS value for slopes in original, dry, and saturated conditions is obtained, where on slope 1: FoS in original conditions is 0.935, FoS in dry conditions is 1.619, and FoS in saturated conditions is 0.671. Then slope 2: FoS in original condition is 0.896, FoS in dry condition is 1.457, and FoS in saturated condition is 0.806. Slope 3: FoS in original condition is 3.490, FoS in dry condition is 4.199, and FoS in saturated condition is 3.368. So it can be concluded that slopes 1 and 2 are unsafe or unstable in original and saturated conditions so that landslides can occur. In the analysis of the FoS value of the actual condition of the slopes in the field using the Hoek & Brown method, the FoS value of slope 1 is 0.387, the FoS value of slope 2 is 0.579, and the FoS value of slope 3 is 1.272, it can be seen that the actual condition of the slopes in the field is slopes 1 and 2 in an unsafe or unstable state. Improvements must be made to the slope geometry to maintain the stability of the slope to remain safe or stable. The recommended improvement is to create a new working level for slopes 1 and 2, with steep height and large rock porphyry.

Characterization of Lower Paleozoic Water and Gas Distribution in Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin.

The distribution of gas and water in the tight gas reservoirs is complex. This limits exploration and development compared to conventional resources. Elucidating the characteristics that control fluid distribution is critical to unlocking the tight gas potential. This study combines geologic analysis with production data to reveal the water chemistry, gas-water distribution, and factors controlling zoning in the study area. The results show that (a) extracted water includes formation brines, condensate, and residual drilling fluids; (b) formation water dominates production, and the salinity of Lower Paleozoic brines is as high as 169,689 mg/L; (c) low NaCl and high metamorphic coefficients indicate that the water bodies are disconnected and the hydrocarbons are well-preserved in several gas-water systems; and (d) paleomorphological features, tectonics, and lithologies control the distribution of gas water. Discrete water bodies are widely distributed.

An Overview of Recent Developments and Understandings of Unconventionals in the Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina

In this article, we comprehensively reviewed Argentina’s Vaca Muerta formation, which encompasses a geological overview, advances in extraction technologies, the potential environmental impact, and economic analysis. Detailed geological analysis is discussed, emphasizing the stratigraphy, lithology, and depositional environments of the formation, which is crucial for understanding the distribution and quality of hydrocarbon resources. The latest advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling are explored, which have significantly improved efficiency and increased recoverable resources. The environmental implications of these extraction methods are critically examined. This includes a discussion of the necessity of sustainable practices in hydrocarbon extraction, highlighting the balance between resource development and environmental stewardship. The economic viability of the Vaca Muerta formation is analyzed, with a focus on cost-effectiveness, market trends, and investment patterns. This section assesses the formation’s potential as a profitable venture and its impact on the global energy market. Finally, the review anticipates future technological and policy developments. The strategic importance of the Vaca Muerta formation in the global energy sector is underscored, and its potential role in shaping future hydrocarbon exploration and production strategies is examined. In short, this essay not only presents data and findings, but also contextualizes them within the broader scope of energy production, environmental sustainability, and economic viability. This comprehensive approach provides a multi-faceted understanding of the Vaca Muerta formation’s significance in the global energy landscape.

Genesis of Pb–Zn Mineralization in the Pulang Cu Polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province, China: Insights from Analyses of Geology, Fluid Inclusions and C–H–O–S Isotopes

The Pulang super-large porphyry Cu polymetallic deposit, located in the Sanjiang area of Yunnan Province, is one of the largest Cu deposits in China. This deposit hosts Cu resources of ~5 × 106 t and other ore-forming elements, such as Mo, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Pt and Pd. Recently, obvious hydrothermal vein-type Pb–Zn mineralization, with a Pb + Zn resource of ~0.4 × 106 t, has been detected in the North Ore Section of the deposit. However, the genesis of these Pb–Zn ore bodies, especially their relationship to the major Cu ore bodies in the South Ore Section, remains controversial. We conducted geologic description, fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, and C, H, O and S isotope studies to uncover the genesis of Pb–Zn vein-type mineralization in North Pulang. As a result, three types of Pb–Zn veins were identified: a quartz–pyrrhotite–chalcopyrite–sphalerite–galena vein, a quartz–pyrrhotite–sphalerite–galena vein, and a calcite–quartz–pyrrhotite–galena vein. All fluid inclusions in the quartz from different veins are liquid-rich inclusions, with homogenization temperatures in the range of 184 °C–235 °C and salinities between 10.4 wt.% and 17.8 wt.% NaCl eq., indicating that the Pb–Zn ore-forming fluid was a single-phase fluid with a low temperature and low-to-medium salinity. Hydrothermal quartz in different stages displays δDwater values ranging from −46.9‰ to −120.0‰ (V-SMOW), and the calculated δ18Owater values range from 2.4‰ to 4.3‰ (V-SMOW), implying that the mineralization fluids likely originated from magma, with a minor involvement of meteoric water. The δ13CCal values (−2.3‰ to −7.9‰ V-PDB) of calcite indicate that C likely originated from a deep-seated source. The δ34S values of chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite reveal that S was possibly derived from magmatic rocks. Based on the above data, it is suggested that the Pb–Zn mineralization in North Pulang was the result of the northward migration of ore-forming fluids that originated from South Pulang along the NE-trending structural fractures. A strong water–rock interaction occurred during the migration process. However, the involvement of meteoric water and accompanied cooling of fluids were most likely responsible for the precipitation of galena and sphalerite.

Identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration and its petroleum geological significance

Taking the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation shale in Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin, NW China, as an example, core observation, test analysis, geological analysis and numerical simulation were applied to identify the shale oil micro-migration phenomenon. The hydrocarbon micro-migration in shale oil was quantitatively evaluated and verified by a self-created hydrocarbon expulsion potential method, and the petroleum geological significance of shale oil micro-migration evaluation was determined. Results show that significant micro-migration can be recognized between the organic-rich lamina and organic-poor lamina. The organic-rich lamina has strong hydrocarbon generation ability. The heavy components of hydrocarbon preferentially retained by kerogen swelling or adsorption, while the light components of hydrocarbon were migrated and accumulated to the interbedded felsic or carbonate organic-poor laminae as free oil. About 69% of the Fengcheng Formation shale samples in Well MY1 exhibit hydrocarbon charging phenomenon, while 31% of those exhibit hydrocarbon expulsion phenomenon. The reliability of the micro-migration evaluation results was verified by combining the group components based on the geochromatography effect, two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and the geochemical behavior of inorganic manganese elements in the process of hydrocarbon migration. Micro-migration is a bridge connecting the hydrocarbon accumulation elements in shale formations, which reflects the whole process of shale oil generation, expulsion and accumulation, and controls the content and composition of shale oil. The identification and evaluation of shale oil micro-migration will provide new perspectives for dynamically differential enrichment mechanism of shale oil and establishing a “multi-peak model in oil generation” of shale.

В ГОД ПАМЯТИ СТАНИСЛАВА ИОСОФАТОВИЧА ЗАЛЕСКОГО – ОРДИНАРНОГО ПРОФЕССОРА, ВРАЧА-УЧЁНОГО, РОССИЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ДЕЯТЕЛЯ

Abstract. Introduction. In the year of the 165th anniversary of Ordinary Professor Stanislav I. Zalesky, collecting and structuring the materials about his scientific discoveries and his public and social reforms allow us to thankfully and highly appreciate his contribution to the development of Siberia and the Russian state as whole. Aim of the study is to estimate S. I. Zalesky’s importance for the progress of the medicine, chemistry, balneology, hydrology, and public life of the state and for the development of new approaches in teaching chemistry. Materials and Methods. In preparing this paper, we used the theoretical text analysis of lectures, speeches, dissertations, historical articles, and publications in the album of biographies. We present the analysis of the professor’s activities within the period of 1850-1890s. Results and Discussion. Working with Professor S. I. Zalesky’s research materials allows us to evaluate his contribution to various areas of science. Having got medical background and achieved considerable successes in studying anatomy, he worked his scientific way from a physician through a chemical scientist and made a great progress in this area. His interdisciplinary activities allowed Zalesky to be first to isolate ferritin, to discover the linkage between the spread of cholera and the water supply to populated areas, and to make much more important conclusions. Организовывал научные экспедиции совместно со студентами, в ходе которых был проведен химико-геологический и клима- тический анализ местных озер. Being a scientist eternally committed to his native Polish land, he established the fundamentals of studying and teaching chemistry in Siberia, having proposed the principle of profiling. He defined the importance of physiological, pathological, pharmaceutical, and geological chemistry. He studied micro- and macro- chemical reactions to iron in biological media, contributed to opening forensic institutions in Tomsk, initiated the studies of physiography of Siberia in terms of balneology, hydrology, and chemistry. Together with his students, he arranged research expeditions where they performed the chemical, geological, and climatic analyses of local lakes. Conclusions. Based on the theoretical analysis and structurization of materials available, we could evaluate the special contributions made by Professor S. I. Zalesky to the development of various areas of science.

В ГОД ПАМЯТИ СТАНИСЛАВА ИОСОФАТОВИЧА ЗАЛЕСКОГО – ОРДИНАРНОГО ПРОФЕССОРА, ВРАЧА-УЧЁНОГО, РОССИЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ДЕЯТЕЛЯ

Abstract. Introduction. In the year of the 165th anniversary of Ordinary Professor Stanislav I. Zalesky, collecting and structuring the materials about his scientific discoveries and his public and social reforms allow us to thankfully and highly appreciate his contribution to the development of Siberia and the Russian state as whole. Aim of the study is to estimate S. I. Zalesky’s importance for the progress of the medicine, chemistry, balneology, hydrology, and public life of the state and for the development of new approaches in teaching chemistry. Materials and Methods. In preparing this paper, we used the theoretical text analysis of lectures, speeches, dissertations, historical articles, and publications in the album of biographies. We present the analysis of the professor’s activities within the period of 1850-1890s. Results and Discussion. Working with Professor S. I. Zalesky’s research materials allows us to evaluate his contribution to various areas of science. Having got medical background and achieved considerable successes in studying anatomy, he worked his scientific way from a physician through a chemical scientist and made a great progress in this area. His interdisciplinary activities allowed Zalesky to be first to isolate ferritin, to discover the linkage between the spread of cholera and the water supply to populated areas, and to make much more important conclusions. Организовывал научные экспедиции совместно со студентами, в ходе которых был проведен химико-геологический и клима- тический анализ местных озер. Being a scientist eternally committed to his native Polish land, he established the fundamentals of studying and teaching chemistry in Siberia, having proposed the principle of profiling. He defined the importance of physiological, pathological, pharmaceutical, and geological chemistry. He studied micro- and macro- chemical reactions to iron in biological media, contributed to opening forensic institutions in Tomsk, initiated the studies of physiography of Siberia in terms of balneology, hydrology, and chemistry. Together with his students, he arranged research expeditions where they performed the chemical, geological, and climatic analyses of local lakes. Conclusions. Based on the theoretical analysis and structurization of materials available, we could evaluate the special contributions made by Professor S. I. Zalesky to the development of various areas of science.

Prediction of Lithium Oilfield Brines Based on Seismic Data: A Case Study from L Area, Northeastern Sichuan Basin, China

Lithium is an important mineral resource and a critical element in the production of lithium batteries, which are currently in high demand. Oilfield brine has significant value as a raw material for lithium extraction. However, it is often considered a byproduct of oil and gas production and is either abandoned or reinjected underground. Exploration and development of oilfield brines can enhance the economic benefits of oilfields and avoid wasting resources. Current methods for predicting brine distribution rely on geological genetic analysis, which results in low accuracy and reliability. To address this issue, we propose a workflow for lithium brine prediction that uses seismic and logging data. We introduced waveform clustering control and used the mapping relationship between seismic waveforms and well-logging curves to predict high-quality reservoirs based on the electrical and physical properties of lithium brine reservoirs. In this workflow, the seismic waveforms were first clustered using singular value decomposition. The sample sets of well-logging properties were established for the target location. The target properties were divided into high- and low-frequency components and predicted separately. The predicted results of the high-quality reservoirs in the study area were verified using elemental content test results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Our study indicates that well-logging property prediction constrained by waveform clustering can predict lithium brines in a carbonate reservoir.

Slope stability analysis applied to the 5th section of the Northern Marmara Motorway, İzmit, Türkiye

The Northern Marmara Motorway is a project that aims to alleviate the heavy traffic congestion in the provinces of İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Adapazarı. Within the 5th section bounded by “the Motorway Port Connection Road” and “İzmit Intersection”, mass movements of slide (Y1, Y2) and flow (Y3) types were observed along the route. This study investigated the causes of mass movements in the Korucu Formation, which consists of sandstone and shale alternation. It also evaluated the support systems to prevent these movements. The analysis considered project criteria, both static and dynamic conditions, types of mass movements and triggering factors. The study identified a combination of factors, including the water table and surface waters, which lead to progressive weathering and mass movement. Stability analyses were conducted for specific right-cut slope sections. These analyses included assessments of soil structure, soil–rock mechanics, engineering geology and geotechnics, as well as examination of field and laboratory test results. These analyses aimed to comprehensively investigate and understand the factors influencing the occurrence of mass movements, particularly for km: 170 + 300–170 + 400, km: 170 + 640 and km: 175 + 297–175 + 463. At Y1, pile retaining walls are proposed using Slide2 software to reduce the slope angle from 22° to 17°. At Y2, a translational landslide occurred with recommendations for the adjustment of the slope angle and protective measures considering the disturbance factors (D = 0.3 and D = 0.5). Y3 was a flow-type movement that required protection of the slope with riprap due to the different geological conditions and disturbance factors. This study underlines the need for a comprehensive geological analysis and structural measures to ensure safety in these areas.

Studi Pendahuluan Potensi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) Melalui Identifikasi Sumber Emisi CO2 beserta tinjauan geologi di Daerah Probolinggo, Jember, dan Bondowoso, Jawa Timur

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas compound that causes the greenhouse effect. The majority of carbon dioxide gas production is dominated by large industrial industries such as Coal Steam Power Plants (PLTU), the cement industry and fossil fuel motorized vehicles (Hydrocarbons). Several technologies have been implemented and developed, in an effort to reduce the negative impact of CO2 accumulation on the earth's surface. One of them which is currently a topical topic is Carbon Capture Storage (CCS). CCS is a storage system used to receive and store carbon releases from industry and power plants into geological formations safely and permanently with a certain capacity for a long period of time. CCS is seen as a very efficient method because it can balance achieving net zero emissions while maintaining energy security. In this research, a preliminary study was carried out in the initial step of identifying potential sources of CO2 emissions along with a review of geology as a potential CO2 storage. In the Probolinggo, Jember and Bondowoso areas. From the identification results, it was concluded that the Paiton PLTU area in Probolinggo has the largest potential for CO2 production, around 1.98 million tons/year. The grological scope of the Paiton PLTU area meets one of the CO2 Storage criteria because the formation is included in the East Kendeng sedimentary zone. However, further studies need to be carried out to validate the potential for CO2 storage in further geological, petrophysical and fault analysis

One catastrophic flood every millennium: Synchronicity of extreme floods and global warm periods in the multi-archive record of the Roman theatre of Guadix (Granada, SE Spain)

Past global changes are typically registered in both natural (e.g., geologic-geomorphological, atmospheric-climatic, hydrologic-glacial and biological) and cultural records (e.g., archaeological, historical and documentary sources). Nevertheless, there are few sites in the world where sedimentary and archaeological evidence combine to provide information about two or more past millennial climate changes. In this regard, the Roman city of Guadix (Granada, SE Spain) represents a singular location, whose Roman theatre (1st century CE), recently discovered in 2007, contains palaeo-flood evidences that can be related to the two latest global warm periods: the Roman and Medieval epochs.In this research, detailed geological analyses are carried out. These analyses consisted in careful descriptions of vertical stratigraphic sections (lithology, structures…) and lateral correlation panels; as well as fluvial facies models to interpret the sedimentary environments for each sequence. This sedimentological information was combined with the study of archaeological remains, radiocarbon dating and optically stimulated luminescence, and three major flood events have been identified: two of them dating back to the beginning of the 1st century CE (period of the Pax Romana Empire); and the other occurring at the end of the 12th century (Islamic Almohad period). Such extreme hydrological events were synchronous with two warm periods: the Roman Climatic Optimum and the Medieval Warm Period. This seems to suggest that the meteorological fluctuations associated to climate changes during warming periods (such as the current one associated with present-day climate change) very likely produce such extraordinary or extreme events, which can mobilise large amounts of solid load (sands, silts and clays) and trigger sudden changes in the configuration of the river system (channel avulsions, meander cut-offs and captures among tributaries) and alluvial fans (at tributary mouths).We believe that the documented observations provide an analogy for the current warming period. In this regard, flood risk management in the current city of Guadix, whose hazard and risk maps were drawn up according to the criteria of the European Flood Directive, should take into account: (i) the millennial recurrent character of catastrophic floods in Guadix, well above the 500-year return period officially considered; (ii) the importance of the mobilisation of solid load in flood hazard and risk, which can obstruct drains and reduce the capacity of channels and bridges; (iii) the geomorphological dynamics, capable of modifying the position of the channels and thus the delimitation of hazard and risk zones; (iv) the role of non-permanent tributaries of the Guadix River during storms and heavy rain, related to quasi-stationary convective cells. Only in this way, will flood hazard and risk maps be useful in territorial and urban planning, civil protection during emergencies and the reduction of damage from future catastrophic floods. The present study highlights how geoarchaeological and palaeo-environmental records can be a highly valuable source of data for the improvement of flood hazard assessments in the 21st Century.