Geological Types Research Articles

Trace Element Geochemistry and Mineral Inclusions Constraints on the Petrogenesis of a Marble–Hosted Ruby Deposit in Yunnan Province, China

ABSTRACT Primary rubies in the Ailao Shan of Yunnan Province, China, are found in three layers of marble. However, the origin and source rocks of placer rubies in the Yuanjiang area remains unclear. Trace element geochemistry and inclusion mineralogy within these materials can provide information on their petrogenesis and original source. Zircon, rutile, mica group minerals, titanite, and apatite group minerals were the main solid inclusions identified within the placer Yuanjiang rubies, along with other mineral inclusions such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, plagioclase group minerals, and scapolite group minerals. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) measurements showed that the placer rubies are characterized by average values of Mg (31 ppmw), Ti (97 ppmw), V (77 ppmw), Cr (3326 ppmw), Fe (71 ppmw), and Ga (66ppmw). A trace-element oxide diagram, Fe values (<350 ppmw), and the mineral inclusion assemblage suggest marble sources for the placer ruby. Therefore, the Yuanjiang rubies (both primary and placer) are metamorphic, and this fits well with the observations that skarn and related minerals are mostly absent in this deposit. Yuanjiang rubies can be readily separated from the high-iron rubies of different geological types by their Fe content (<1000 ppmw). The discriminators Mg, Ga, Cr, V, Fe, and Ti have potential in separating Yuanjiang rubies from some other marble-hosted deposits, such as Snezhnoe. Nevertheless, geographic origin determination remains a challenge when considering the similarities in compositional features between the Yuanjiang rubies and rubies from some other marble-hosted deposits worldwide (e.g., Luc Yen). The presence of kaolinite group minerals and clusters of euhedral, prismatic zircon crystals in ruby suggest a Yuanjiang origin.

The geogenic influence on 220Rn activity concentration in soil gas of Johor state, Malaysia

The contribution of thoron (220Rn) to natural radiation exposure is commonly neglected. However, dry porous surfaces with relatively high 232Th content can pose a thoron radiation hazard to the environment. Therefore, this research aims at establishing a baseline data for 220Rn activity concentration in soil gas and categorise the measured data based on the geology of Johor state, Malaysia. The activity concentration of 220Rn in soil gas was measured using RAD7 alpha detector. The measured 220Rn activity concentration data varied from MDA to 159.07 ± 3.40 Bq/L. Kruskal–Wallis test on the 220Rn concentration data among the geological formations and soil types reveals a statistically significant result, p = 0.006 and p = 0.005, respectively. An isoconcentration map of 220Rn in soil gas is created. The map indicates higher concentration values generally characterised the Districts of Muar and Ledang.

Estimating water erosion from the brightness index of orbital images: A framework for the prognosis of degraded pastures.

The inadequate management of soils and the absence of conservation practices favor the degradation of pastures and can trigger adverse environmental alterations and damage under the terms of Brazilian Federal Law no. 6.938/1981. Based on this premise, this study aimed to estimate soil losses caused by water erosion in pasture areas using the brightness index (BI) from the annual series of Landsat 8 images in different geological formations. A specifically prepared Google Earth Engine (GEE) script automatically extracted the BI from the images. The study occurred in the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Uberaba River basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil). To accomplish the goal, 180 digital 500-wide random buffers were selected from 3 geologic types (60 points per type), and then analyzed for zonal statistics of USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) soil loss and BI in a Geographic Information System. The regression models BI versus USLE soil loss allowed estimating BI soil losses over the pastures of EPA. The model fittings were remarkable. The validation of soil loss maps in the EPA occurred in pasture phytophysiognomies through the probing of penetration resistance in 37 randomly selected locations. The results were satisfactory, mostly those based on the BI. The BI losses increased for greater resistances. Amplified losses also occurred in regions exposed to environmental land use conflicts (actual uses that deviate from land capability or natural use). Overall, the BI approach proved efficient to accurately track soil losses and pasture degradation over large areas, with the advantage of standing on a single parameter easily accessed through remote sensed data. From an environmental standpoint, this is an important result, because the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of degraded pastures is paramount to implement mitigation measures following the "polluter pays principle", even more in Brazil where the areas occupied by degraded pastures are enormous.

THE RELATIONSHIP AND TREND OF MONTHLY AVERAGE FLOW AND TOTAL PRECIPITATION OF VARIOUS PERIODS IN MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHEDS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF GEOLOGY

本研究では，山地河川流域において25年分の月別平均流量と複数期間の先行降雨の合計量（先行降雨量）との相関関係を分析し，主に地質の観点から流域間の傾向差を考察した．その結果，低水期においては，特に浸透性の高い火山岩（第四紀）の流域では，他流域より長期間の先行降雨量と流量との相関が高く，浸透性の低い中生界の流域では短期間の先行降雨量と流量との相関が高いという特徴が見られた．さらに，各流域の月別平均流量と先行降雨量，年平均降水量の変化傾向を比較すると，どの流域でも年平均降水量には変化傾向がなかったが，低水期の数ヶ月の流量と，その流量との相関係数が0.6以上となる先行降雨量はともに増加傾向となり，通例用いられる年平均降水量，各月の流量とより相関が強い先行降雨量の変化傾向を比較する有効性が示唆された．

Comparison of Surface Phenomena Created by Underground Chemical Explosions in Dry Alluvium and Granite Geology From Fully Polarimetric VideoSAR Data

Phase I of the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) series involved six underground chemical explosions, all of which were conducted at the same experimental pad. Research from the sixth explosion of the series (SPE-6) demonstrated that polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) is a viable technology for monitoring an underground chemical explosion when the geologic structure is Cretaceous granitic intrusive. It was shown that a durable signal is measurable by the H/A/α polarimetric decomposition parameters. After the SPE-6 experiment, the SPE program moved to the Phase II location, which is composed of dry alluvium geology (DAG). The loss of wavefront energy is greater through dry alluvium than through granite. In this article, we compare the SPE-6 analysis to the second DAG (DAG-2) experiment. We hypothesize that despite the geology at the DAG site being more challenging than at the Phase I location, combined with the DAG-2 experiment having a 3.37 times deeper scaled depth of burial than the SPE-6, a durable nonprompt signal is still measurable by a PolSAR sensor. We compare the PolSAR time-series measures from videoSAR frames, from the SPE-6 and DAG-2 experiments, with accelerometer data. We show which PolSAR measures are invariant to the two types of geology and which are geology dependent. We compare a coherent change detection (CCD) map from the DAG-2 experiment with the data from a fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensor to show the connection between the spatial extent of coherence loss in CCD maps and spallation caused by the explosion. Finally, we also analyze the spatial extent of the PolSAR measures from both explosions.

Research and Application of Hydraulic Punching Pressure Relief Antireflection Mechanism in Deep “Three‐Soft” Outburst Coal Seam

To solve the problems of gas predrainage in deep seams with “three softs” and low‐air permeability, hydraulic punching pressure relief antireflection technology is proposed on the basis of the research background of gas predrainage technology in Lugou Mine to alleviate technical problems, such as low gas drainage efficiency, in this mine. Through the analysis of the mechanism of hydraulic punching and coal breaking, combined with FLAC3D software, a hydraulic punching pressure relief antireflection model is established. Then, the fracture radii of coal rock are simulated and calculated. The results show that, under hydraulic punching with a water pressure of 10 MPa and coal outputs of 3 m3, 6 m3, 9 m3, and 12 m3, the fracture radii of coal and rock are 3.4 m, 4.8 m, 5.5 m, and 5.9 m, respectively. Using the software to fit the relationship between coal output V and hydraulic punching fracture radius R under the same water pressure, R = 2.32479 V0.3839 is obtained. The field test is carried out in the bottom drainage roadway of 32141 in Lugou Mine. The application effect is as follows: the gas concentration of hydraulic punching with a coal output of 3 m3 is twice that of ordinary drilling, and the coal output of hydraulic punching with a coal output of 6 m3 is four times that of ordinary drilling. The extraction concentration is four times that of ordinary drilling, and the extraction concentration of hydraulic punching with a coal output of 9 m3 is 6.4 times that of ordinary drilling. Combining the results of the numerical simulation and taking into account the actual construction situation on site, the coal output of water jetting from the borehole is 9 m3, and the fracture radius is 5.5 m. This outcome means that the effective half radius is 5.5 m, and the borehole spacing is 7.7 m. These values are the construction parameters for large‐scale applications. This proposal provides effective technology and equipment for gas drainage in the deep three‐soft coal seam. Consequently, it has promotion and reference significance for gas drainage in coal seam of the same geological type.

Predictively modelling the distribution of the threatened brush-tailed rock-wallaby (

Abstract Context Species Distribution Models (SDM) can be used to investigate and understand relationships between species occurrence and environmental variables, so as to predict potential distribution. These predictions can facilitate conservation actions and management decisions. Oxley Wild Rivers National Park (OWRNP) is regarded as an important stronghold for the threatened brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata), on the basis of the presence of the largest known metapopulation of the species. Adequate knowledge of the species’ ecology and distribution in OWRNP is a key objective in the national recovery plan for the species occurring in the Park. Aims To model distribution using key GIS-derived environmental factors for the brush-tailed rock-wallaby in OWRNP and to ground-truth its presence through field surveys in areas of high habitat suitability. Methods We used Maxent to model the distribution of the brush-tailed rock-wallaby within OWRNP on the basis of 282 occurrence records collected from an online database, elicitation of informal records from experts, helicopter surveys and historic records. Environmental variables used in the analysis were aspect, distance to water, elevation, geology type, slope and vegetation type. Key results Vegetation type (37.9%) was the highest contributing predictor of suitable habitat, whereas aspect (4.8%) contributed the least. The model produced an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.780. The model was able to discriminate between suitable and non-suitable habitat for brush-tailed rock-wallabies. Areas identified in our model as being highly suitable yielded eight new occurrence records during subsequent ground-truthing field surveys. Conclusions Brush-tailed rock-wallaby distribution in OWRNP is primarily associated with vegetation type, followed by distance to water, elevation, geology, slope and aspect. Field surveys indicated that the model was able to identify areas of high habitat suitability. Implications This model represents the first predicted distribution of brush-tailed rock-wallaby in OWRNP. By identifying areas of high habitat suitability, it can be used to survey and monitor the species in OWRNP, and, thus, contribute to its management and conservation within the Park.

TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE KARANGSAMBUNG AREA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Karangsambung, located in Central Java, Indonesia has complex geological conditions of the tectonic evolution of Java Island due to the subduction process of the India-Australia plate with the Eurasian plate in the Cretaceous-Paleocene. The tectonic movements in the subduction zone have resulted in diverse geological structures and rock types and impact the morphological shape of the study area. The level of tectonic activity in the study area can be determined using a tectonic geomorphological approach. A digital elevation model and geographic information systems are used for geomorphic data processing. Geological data observations were also carried out in the form of river terraces. Seven geomorphic index parameters have been calculated to determine the youngest tectonic activity through the relative tectonic activity index (IAT) of the study area: the ratio of the valley floor width to the valley height, the drainage basin asymmetry, the river gradient-length index, the basin shape index, mountain front sinuosity, drainage density, and the hypsometric integral/hypsometric curve. The IAT score is divided into four classes which are class 1 (0%) very highly, class 2 (13%) highly, class 3 (56%) moderately, and class 4 (31%) low. The IAT shows that the research area is categorized as an active tectonic area so that the morphology formed is more influenced by tectonic activity than erosion. Geological data analysis on uplifted and deformed river terrace outcrops shows that the study area is affected by neotectonic activity.

The practice of geological mapping of the Zhdanov deposit ores in the Kola peninsula

Geological mapping is included in each stage of geological prospecting. How detailed and consistent the obtained data are directly depends on how thoroughly an object has been studied. The main purpose of geological mapping is to identify areas with uniform ore and to give recovery projections. Gipronikel Institute has been engaged in such work for 30 years and has accumulated a great number of successful practices. As an example, this paper describes the results of geological mapping that was done for the Zhdanov deposit of copper-nickel sulphide ores in the Kola Peninsula. This study resulted in identifying geological types of ores (such as raw, refractory and talcose ores), which can be processed following the same process sequence but with different performance. The key differentiation criteria included the concentration of valuable components, the share of coarsely disseminated sulphides in the total amount of sulphides contained in a sample, the concentration of the easily floatable mineral — i.e. talc. Due to high variability in the material composition of striking and dipping ore bodies, the deposit has seen geological mapping conducted continuously for more than 10 years. Over that period, a database was created showing the distribution of different geological types of ore and the variability in the estimated recovery of nickel and copper, which is used for concentrator plant operations planning based on prospecting data.

Tunneling parameters optimization based on multi-objective differential evolution algorithm

This paper focuses on the geological adaptive control of tunneling boring machine (TBM). To deal with the issue that the geological condition is uncertain, clustering analysis is used to identify geological types based on two important indices indicating the strength of rock. Based on the results from above, the principles of variation and range of tunneling parameters under different rock condition are determined. Furthermore, considering several vital performances of TBM during tunneling operation, a multi-objective optimization problem is proposed. In the light of non-dominated sorting and crowded distance evaluation concepts in non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II, the proposed multi-objective optimization problem is solved by using differential evolution algorithm. Based on the practical construction data, the simulation results show that the proposed method is effective in improving the performance of tunneling operation of TBM, compared with unoptimized operating actions from current systems.

The bio-availability and accumulation of the trace elements in rock-soil-fruit system in carbonatite regions of different stratums: Critical soil factors and transfer models

For exploring the key factors affecting trace element accumulation in crops in limestone soil derived from limestone area of different stratums, the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) orchard of three limestone units (Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Middle Cambrian) in Mengzi city of Yunnan Province, China were investigated. Loquat fruits grown on soil from Middle Devonian limestone exhibited significantly higher bio-enrichment in cadmium. The Middle Devonian (Chemical Index of Alteration [CIA] = 86.07) and Upper Devonian (CIA = 84.84) soils were more weathered than those derived from Middle Cambrian rocks (CIA = 74.42). In the Middle Devonian limestone area, Fe element (for As uptake into fruit), Al element (for Cu and Zn) and metal speciation (for Cd, extracted by diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) in the soil were the important influencing factors. For the Upper Devonian, soil weathering was found to be the key factors controlling fruit Cu uptake, respectively. For the Middle-Cambrian-derived soils, soil Ca concentration and pH played a critical role in Cd accumulation in fruit. In conclusion, under acidic soil conditions derived from limestone, the Ca concentration and metal fraction in the soil are the pivotal factors affecting Cd accumulation of fruit, whereas the soil Fe element content control the fruit As and Pb uptake. These results are helpful to further understand the migration regularity of trace elements into fruit in different limestone geology types.

LOGICAL RECOGNITION TREE CONSTRUCTION ON THE BASIS OF A STEP-TO-STEP ELEMENTARY ATTRIBUTE SELECTION

Context. A general problem of constructing logical recognition/classification trees has been analyzed. Logical classification trees are the object of the present study. The subject of the study are the relevant methods and algorithms of logical classification trees. Objective. The goal of this work is to develop a simple and efficient method of constructing logical tree-like models on the basis of classification trees for training discrete information selection characterized by a structure of constructed logical classification trees from elementary attributes estimated on the basis of their informativeness calculation functional. Method. A general method of constructing logical classification trees is suggested that constructs a tree-like structure for a given initial training selection comprising a set of elementary attributes estimated at each step of constructing a model according to the above selection. In other words, a method of constructing logical classification trees is suggested with the main idea of approximating the initial selection of an arbitrary volume by the elementary attribute set. This method during the current logical tree (node) vertex formation provides selecting the most informative (high-quality) elementary attributes from the initial set. Such approach at constructing the resulting classification tree allows one to reduce essentially the tree size and complexity (i.e. the total number of branches and structural layers) and increase the quality of its further analysis (interpretability). The method of constructing logical classification trees suggested by us enables one to construct the tree-like models for a wide class of artificial intellect theory problems. Results. The method developed and presented in this work has received a software realization and was studied when solving a problem of classifying the geological type data characterized by a large-dimension attribute space. Conclusions. Experiments carried out in this work have confirmed the efficiency of the software suggested and demonstrate the possibility of its use for solving a wide spectrum of applied recognition and classification problems. The outlook of the further studies may be related to creating a limited method of logical classification tree by introducing the stopping criterion for the logical tree construction procedure according to the structure depth, its program realization optimization, as well as to the experimental study of this method in a wider circle of applied problems.

Geological distribution of exudation and storage area of Tibetan medicine Zha-xun in Sichuan province based on GIS

Zha-xun is widely used in Tibetan medicine and is also an international traditional medicine. This study believes that the black organic matter constituting Zha-xun is mainly stored in the rocks. The exudation points of Zha-xun mostly distribute on the cliffs of high mountains, which makes it difficult to evaluate its resource distribution and storage area. This paper was aimed at the exudation environment of Tibetan medicine Zha-xun in Sichuan province and 6 ecological environmental factors of the Zha-xun were determined via the field investigation. Combining with these 6 factors as well as the GIS data of Sichuan province, ArcGIS software was used to extract ideal environmental factors which are suitable for exudation of Zha-xun, including geology types, geomorphological types, altitude, slope, vegetation types, and mean annual temperature. The spatial overlay analyses on the extracted environmental factors were carried out to predict the distribution area of Zha-xun in Sichuan province. Afterwards, field investigation was conducted to verify the prediction. The prediction showed that the exudation spots of Zha-xun in Sichuan province mainly located in 29 counties including 12 in Aba Prefecture, 15 in Ganzi Prefecture, and Muli County and Dechang County in Liangshan Prefecture. The deposit areas of Zha-xun were located in the Triassic, Devonian and Silurian strata and were basically distributed in 9 basins, including Dingqu River, Yalong River, Xianshui River, Dadu River, Suomo River, Minjiang River and Baishui River, characterized by a fragmented patch-like distribution along the mountain ranges, and the exudation spots of Zha-xun were mainly scattered among the rain-free cliffs' concavities of river valleys at a certain altitude. The prediction was consistent with the field investigation results, which suggested that it is possible and feasible to predict distribution of Zha-xun resources based on GIS-analysis. The study may provide a scientific basis for comprehensive investigations into Zha-xun's distribution and formation mechanism, thus promoting rational development and utilization of Zha-xun resources.

Potential dam sites selection using integrated techniques of remote sensing and GIS in Imo State, Southeastern, Nigeria

Water is an essential natural resource that is vital for sustaining every form of life existence. Availability of groundwater is spatially and temporally dependent upon the terrain of an area. In order to improve efficiency and effectiveness in water availability, supply and use, the construction of water harvesting structures across streams/watersheds is gaining drive in recent years. The increase in demand for water has led to the construction of water storage dams for various purposes such as community and industrial use, irrigation, flood control, hydropower and river canalization. Safety is the key consideration than cost and capacity as the failure of a dam often results to severe loss of lives and properties, hence the need to consider some important criteria for suitable dam siting. In this study, potential sites for construction of dams in Imo State, Nigeria, have been identified by using geographical information system and remote sensing techniques which were integrated with fuzzy logic to achieve the study objectives. Climatic and geophysical factors such as rainfall, runoff, stream order, soil type, geology type and land use were considered. These factors assigned fuzzy membership classes according to their contribution in locating suitable dam sites. The fuzzy members for all the factors were combined using the fuzzy overlay technique to produce the suitable dam site selection map. Majority of the selected sites were located in the northwestern part of Imo State which is characterized by high elevation and gentle slope.

Geological Type Recognition by Machine Learning on In-Situ Data of EPB Tunnel Boring Machines

At present, many large-scale engineering equipment can obtain massive in-situ data at runtime. In-depth data mining is conducive to the real-time understanding of equipment operation status or recognition of service environment. This paper proposes a geological type recognition system by the analysis of in-situ data recorded during TBM tunneling to address geological information acquisition during TBM construction. Owing to high dimensionality and nonlinear coupling between parameters of TBM in-situ data, the dimensionality reduction feature engineering and machine learning methods are introduced into TBM in-situ data analysis. The chi-square test is used to screen for sensitive features due to the disobedience to common distributions of TBM parameters. Considering complex relationships, ANN, SVM, KNN, and CART algorithms are used to construct a geology recognition classifier. A case study of a subway tunnel project constructed using an earth pressure balance tunnel boring machine (EPB-TBM) in China is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed geological recognition method. The result shows that the recognition accuracy gradually increases to a stable level with the increase of input features, and the accuracy of all algorithms is higher than 97%. Seven features are considered as the best selection strategy among SVM, KNN, and ANN, while feature selection is an inherent part of the CART method which shows a good recognition performance. This work provides an intelligent path for obtaining geological information for underground excavation TBM projects and a possibility for solving the problem of engineering recognition of more complex geological conditions.

The geographical diversification in varanid lizards: the role of mainland versus island in driving species evolution.

Monitor lizards (Varanidae) inhabit both the mainland and islands of all geological types and have diversified into an exceptionally wide range of body sizes, thus providing an ideal model for examining the role of mainland versus island in driving species evolution. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine whether a link exists between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions in varanid lizards and to test the hypothesis that island lizards differ from mainland species in evolutionary processes, body size, and life-history traits (offspring number and size). We predict that: 1) since body size drives rapid diversification in groups, a link exists between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions; 2) because of various environments on island, island species will have higher speciation, extinction, and dispersal rates, compared with mainland species; 3) as a response to stronger intraspecific competition, island species will maximize individual ability associated with body size to outcompete closely-related species, and island species will produce smaller clutches of larger eggs to increase offspring quality. Our results confirm that the joint effect of differential macroevolutionary rates shapes the species richness pattern of varanid lizards. There is a link between body size-driven diversification and body size-frequency distributions, and the speciation rate is maximized at medium body sizes. Island species will have higher speciation, equal extinction, and higher dispersal rates compared with mainland species. Smaller clutch size and larger hatchling in the island than in mainland species indicate that offspring quality is more valuable than offspring quantity for island varanids.

Прогнозная геохимия рудного золота Восточного Забайкалья

The subject of the research is the methods of forecasting the Eastern Transbaikalia - a large mining region of Russia, in which the main internal and external criteria for ore content are established by modern geological mapping at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The article considers endogenous geochemical criteria for gold concentration in the Earth’s crust of the region, which constitute a mandatory methodological method for predicting gold ore objects at any scale. The aim of the work is to clarify the achieved level of knowledge about the mineralogical and geochemical criteria for gold concentration in the course of the evolution of the Earth’s crust up to the formation of industrial deposits and the isolation of ore formations. The methodology of the study is to systematize a huge amount of factual material concerning the processes of natural concentration of gold, to analyze its representativeness, to assess the completeness and reliability of published and stock information used to clarify the mineralogical and geochemical criteria for predicting ore gold. Using the chemical properties of gold, the forms of finding gold, amount of it in the forming geological complexes and natural environments, their evolution, distribution in structural and tectonic zones, some causes of concentration and mineralogical and geochemical prediction criteria are considered. Special attention is paid to the need to study and account for nanoscale (dispersed) gold. As the main ore-formation units of gold mineralization, standardized ore formations are defined with a division into gold ore proper, complex gold-bearing and gold-bearing and geological and industrial types of deposits. There are 15 geological and industrial types, of which 13 are transbaikal deposits standards and two are attracted from other regions. These types of deposits differ in the number of objects related to them. Due to some similarity in the composition of ore matter, geological and industrial types differ in the most important classification characteristics for the forecast. Areas of distribution of direct and indirect mineralogical and geochemical features grouped into mineralogical and geochemical forecast criteria are promising for endogenous concentration of gold mineralization

UAV application for assessing rainforest structure in Ngoc Linh nature reserve, Vietnam

Classifying and evaluating the structure of tropical forest plant biomes based on up-to-date remote sensing data, remains a great challenge due to the species diversity, changes in the stages of seasonal growth. Remote sensing has long been a useful tool for classification and assessment of vegetation. For data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the ability to receive high-resolution data also partly solves this problem. The development of vegetation based on natural conditions includes: topographic, geomorphology, geologic conditions, climate, human impacts. Based on the red-green-blue colour model (RGB) obtained from UAV, analysis of VARI (visible atmospherically resistant Index) and TGI (triangulation greenness index), combined with the development characteristics of each group and type of biomes on different topography and geologic types, the researchers were able to give some characteristics of some tropical forest vegetation in Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Kon Tum province, Vietnam.

Features of choosing the schemes for selective mining of ores and justifying their rational parameters while using heap leaching schemes for processing

The article presents data from theoretical and experimental studies related to the search for a solution to an urgent geotechnological problem - selective mining of standard quality ore, substandard and diluted ores, taking into account the peculiarities of their processing by heap leaching. For complex-structural large-scale ore deposits of the stockwork morphological-structural type, multilevel heterogeneity is typical. The morphology and structure of the objects of direct extraction - ore bodies within the production blocks - vary significantly. The expediency of selective mining and separate heap leaching (or heap oxidation and leaching) of gold and copper from conditioned ores of various geological and technological types and grades is justified. In addition, it is advisable to selectively extract and separately process by heap leaching or flux in a controlled manner before it off-balance and diluted ores, as well as mineralized overburden and tailings of high-grade ores.

Macroeconomics of mining of the Far Eastern Federal District

The analysis of macroeconomic indicators of the results of solid mineral extraction (TPI) in 11 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal district (DFO) was performed. The total value of production of all types of minerals (DPI) in terms of money at DFO is about 2.4 trillion rubles (45% of total gross regional product (GRP) of the region is equal to 5 trillion rubles.). More than 63% of the volume of DPI is achieved at the expense of fuel and energy resources of the Sakhalin region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In the dynamics of the region, there is a significant increase in GRP, production and value added for the DPI in general, and the production of fuel and energy minerals, but slower growth in the production of solid minerals. Ore (metal) raw materials of the region’s subjects in its total GRP is about 21%, in value terms-500 billion rubles. The region produces 16-18 types of ore mineral raw materials, including 12 types of raw materials as the main components of production, 4-5 types-as associated components. The main one is gold production (in 2019 more than 170 tons), silver (more than 930 tons). In the Far Eastern Federal district, reserves and resources of the main TPI for the long term have been identified. It is possible to significantly support the mining industry of the region in the case of exploration of new deposits with high-quality ores. Ore mineral raw materials of the leading geological and industrial types are currently insufficiently studied. It is necessary to develop intra-regional use and processing of raw materials to final products, create metallurgical industries, this will give new incentives to the development of the region’s resources. The analysis is of practical importance for evaluating and selecting directions in the deposits of subsurface use.