Geological Position Research Articles

Geological Position and Structural Control of Ore Mineralization in the Toupugol–Khanmeishor District (the Polar Urals) Based on the Remote Sensing Results

Large ring, arc, and radial structures have been identified by complex processing of the multispectral satellite imagery of the Landsat. These structures control the gold mineralization position in the Toupugol–Khanmeishor ore district (Novogodnenskoe ore cluster, Polar Urals). This area has been compared with the Tur’insk–Auerbakh ore district (Auerbakh ore cluster, Northern Urals). Similar geological features, regularity in the structures, and the location of gold mineralization in the system of morphostructures have been revealed. The formation depth of the magmatic chambers has been determined for the Novogodnenskoe and Auerbakh paleovolcanic structures for the first time. These chambers are located at depths of ~4 and ~20 km, respectively, in the upper and middle parts of the earth’s crust. The Novogodnenskoe structure is a monogenic structure. It was formed under the influence of one leading geological process. The Auerbakh structure is a larger and more complex structure; it is characterized by a long and multistage development. According to the paleovolcanic reconstruction results, the root (focal) part of the Auerbakh structure plunged from the southeast to the northwest during the evolution of the magmatic process. Gold mineralization within the studied areas of the Northern Urals is confined to the intersections of radial faults near the centers of large concentric morphostructures.

Structure, substance and near-surface magmatic chambers of Mutnovsky and Gorely volcanoes (Mutnovsky geothermal region, Kamchatka). I. Geological position of the volcanoes

Geological position of two close active volcanoes in Southern Kamchatka – Mutnovsky and Gorely perspective for geotechnological development as sources of energy and raw materials is presented. Multicone ridged volcanoes edifices of a general linear range are localized respectively in front and near rear zones of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc system in the zone of crust decompression with different depth of their basement. The characteristics of the volcanoes positions are considered as the reasons for the differences of compositions and evolution features of magma feeding them.

KOROLEVO II: TO THE QUESTION OF THE EPIGRAVETTIAN TECHNOCOMPLEX (LAYER 0) AND THE CULTURAL-STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF THE SITE

KOROLEVO II: TO THE QUESTION OF THE EPIGRAVETTIAN TECHNOCOMPLEX (LAYER 0) AND THE CULTURAL-STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF THE SITE

Study of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in Ex Tin Mining and Kaoline Mining in Merawang District, Bangka Regency)

Indonesia have natural resources in producing rare earth elements (REE). The abundance ofmineral resources in Bangka Island is related to the strategic geological position of BangkaIsland formed on the Southeast Asian Tin Belt (Cobbing, 2005). Geologically, the REEdeposits are associated with acid rocks (granitic) and phosphatic deposits. This studyfocuses on primary samples taken directly from ex tin mining area and ex kaolin mining inMerawang District, Bangka. The analysis of the sample uses X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) tofind out the REE content are Ce, La, Nd, Sb, Sc, Sm, Te, Th, Y, and U. The analysis resultsshow that the spread of elemental content in the sample tends to have a relatively similarpresence. But in Sample 1 shows the Ce element is the dominant element that is equal to25.19 ppm, equivalent to 0.002% of its availability in sedimentary sand in the ex tin mining.while on the ex kaoline mining area the results of the analysis showed that there wasThorium (Th) content in Sample 3 of 70.05 ppm or 0.007% and was the highest contentcompared to other elements in all samples.

Characteristics and field relation of Ulleri Augen Gneiss to country rocks in the Lesser Himalaya: A case study from Syaprubesi-Chhyamthali area, central Nepal

The distribution of Ulleri Augen Gneiss and its origin in the Lesser Nepal Himalaya adjacent to the Main Central Thrust zone is stilla debate among the geo-scientists. Geological mapping was carried out along the Syaprubesi-Chhyamthali area of central Nepal with the aim to study the field relation, distribution, deformation and metamorphism of the Ulleri Augen Gneiss. During mapping, close traverses were set to observe the field relation and a number of systematic samples were collected for analysis of composition and texture. Some preliminary findings were obtained related to its geological position and distribution. This gneiss is hosted within the Kuncha Formation, the oldest unit of the Nawakot Group in the Lesser Himalaya. It has been evolved within this unit as a tabular form in some places and lenses in other places. It shows both concordant (i.e., sill type) and discordant (i.e., dike type) relationship with the host rock. It is characterized by augen-shaped porphyroblasts of K-feldspar and S-C mylonitic texture showing top to the SW sense of shear. The S-C structures and lineated textures shown by the minerals are associated with the shearing caused by the movement along the MCT during the syn-MCT metamorphic deformation. It is characterized in different types of lithologies such as augen gneiss, banded gneiss and two-mica gneiss. An attempt is made to explain the petrological characteristics and field relation of the Ulleri Augen Gneiss with the host rocks along with structural aspects. Based on the field relation and texture analysis, the evolution of the protolith of this Ulleri Augun Gneiss can be interpreted as a multi-story emplacement within the host rocks during and immediately after the sedimentation.

Geological position and structural control of ore mineralization of the Toupugol-Khanmeyshorsky district (the Polar Urals) as a result of remote sensing

Large ring, arc and radial structures were identified based on complex processing of the multispectral satellite imagery of the Landsat apparatus. These structures control the position of gold mineralization of the Toupugol-Khanmeyshorsky ore district (Novogodnenskoe ore cluster, the Polar Urals). The comparative characteristic of this territory with the Turinsk-Auerbakh ore district (Auerbach ore cluster, the Northern Urals) was held. Similar geological features, regularity of the structures and location of gold mineralization in the system of morphostructures were revealed. For the first time, the depths of the formation of magmatic chambers were determined for the Novogodnensky and Auerbach paleovolcanic structures. These chambers were located at depths of ~4 km and ~20 km, respectively in the upper and middle parts of the earth's crust. These are sitting. The Novogodnensky structure is a monogenic structure. It formed under the influence of one leading geological process. The Auerbach structure is larger and more complex structure; it is characterized by a long and multi-stage development. The paleovolcanic reconstruction showed that the root (focal) part of the Auerbach structure plunges from the southeast to the northwest during of the magmatic process evolution. Gold mineralization within the studied areas of the Northern Urals is confined to the intersections of radial faults near the centers of large concentric morphostructures.

Новые данные о составе и возрасте долеритов оюского комплекса хр. Ямб-Пэ, Северо-Западный Пай-Хой

Research subject. This article presents data on the geological position of the Oyu hypabyssal complex. The aim of the study was to investigate the mineralogical, petrographic and petrological characteristics of dolerites deposited herein and to carry out their isotope dating. Materials and methods . The material for research was obtained during the course of geological fieldwork across. Field research and sampling of the Oyu complex was carried out in the southern part of the Yamb-Pe ridge. The subsequent investigation was performed for 21 dolerite samples (petrographic description, XRF and ICP-MS methods) and 26 zircon grains isolated from a single dolerite sample for isotopic dating (SHRIMP-II method). Results . The rocks of the Oyu complex are identified in the Lower Palaeozoic sequences of the Lemva zone of Pai-Khoi, where they form swarmof layered bodies and dykes with the thickness of the first meters–tens of meters and a length from 100 m to 1.5–2 km. The intrusions are located in the Middle-Late Ordovician sequences of the Khengur and Talbeytyvis formations and uncover in the Yamb-Pe structures and the right bank of the Bol’shaya Oyu river. The rocks of the complex have a distinct hypabyssal appearance, which is expressed in developed amygdaloidal, porphyry and glassy textures. According to petrographic data, two varieties of rocks – dolerites and leucodolerites – have been identified. Secondary changes have been described as propylitization and albitization. The rocks in the complex are enriched with SiO 2 (43.05–51.10 wt %) and correspond to the subalkaline series (sodium and potassium-sodium type of alkalinity). Oys dolerites are enriched in LILE (Rb, Ba, K, Sr), though being depleted in HFSE (Th, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf). The total content of REE (La + Sm + Yb) is established to be 21.17 (13.57–33.65) ppm, with the distribution showing a downward trend and the Eu-anomaly being not pronounced. The isotope dating of zircons (SHRIMP II) has confirmed the absolute age of dolerites in the Oyu complex to be 313.2 ± 2.6 Ma. Conclusions . The conducted comparison of the obtained data with those for gabbro and gabbrodolerites in the Khengur hypabyssal complex has revealed a paragenetic connection of the magmatic chambers of the Oyu and Khengur intrusions. A hypothesis has been proposed that links submarine hydrothermal processes with the intrusions of hypabyssal dolerite bodies. Such a hydrothermal activity is likely to have resulted in paleohydrothermal structures of white smokers and barite hydrothermal-sedimentary ore bodies, which are localized in the Lower-Middle Carbon Lemva formation.

Investigation of Seismic Reliability Index in Shallow Underground Tunnels by Combining Three Methods of Surface Response, Hasofer–Lind and Finite Element Method

The study of seismic behavior of underground tunnels is of particular importance due to the fact that they are completely enclosed in the soil or rocks and also these structures have a considerable length. Therefore, the seismic response to the tunnel lining requires special attention. Limited research data and extensive spatial variations make it difficult to describe their geological position. Therefore, the parameters governing their design are numerous and their variability cannot be ignored. One solution to this problem is designing and analyzing based on reliability. In this research, the analysis is based on the reliability of the lining system of a small underground tunnel in the soil. Examples such as describing the relationship between tunnel lining and its surrounding environment, lack of access to a function of closed form have been studied. Also, analyzes were carried out in seismic and static conditions, random variables in soil characteristics were taken into account. The seismic response of the tunnel lining is considered for axial force, bending moment and shear force. In this paper, the tunnel lining function (under static and seismic conditions) is investigated by combining the response surface method, the Hasofer–Lind reliability concept and finite element method. The results of the analyzes show that the reliability index for the response of the shear force of the tunnel lining to earthquake records is less than the axial and bending moment force. As a result, soil and tunnel strengthening is recommended against shear failure under earthquake load.

Environmental and geodynamic settings of the earliest hominin migration to the Arabian-Caucasus region: A review

Majority of researchers consider the Arabian-Caucasus region as a corridor for migration of earliest hominins from their African motherland to Eurasia. The paper is devoted to geological position of main stratified localities of the earliest Paleolithic industries in the Arabian-Caucasus region and estimation of environment of creators of these industries. The following early Paleolithic localities are analyzed: ‘Ubeidiya in Israel, middle Orontes River, Halabiyeh-Zalabiyeh area in the Euphrates River valley, and Ain al Fil in Syria, Dursunlu in Central Turkey, Sambayat, Bostancik, Eskimalatya, and Kovancilar in Eastern Turkey, Karakhach, Muradovo, Agvoric, and Jradzor in NW Armenia, Dmanisi in Southern Georgia, the Azykh cave in Nagornyi Karabakh, Muhkai II in Dagestan, and Kermek in the Taman Peninsula. The evolution of large and small mammals and palynological data on changes of vegetation from the Late Pliocene to the early Middle Pleistocene are studied to determine the age of the earliest Paleolithic industries and climatic conditions of that epoch. Combined analysis of paleontological, paleomagnetic and radio-isotopic data and geological correlation of the sections available for the Halabiyeh-Zalabiyeh, Sambayat, Kovancilar, Karakhach, Dmanisi, Muhkai II, and Kermek localities shows that their age is ranged in time interval ca. 2.0–1.7 Ma. The 1.7–1.6 Ma age of the lowest layers of ‘Ubeidiya with Oldowan-type artefacts probably marks the end of this epoch. Removal of topographic effects of the late Calabrian and younger tectonic uplifts and offsets on major strike-slip faults shows that the topography of the late Gelasian – early Calabrian was much lower and less differentiated and main river systems were more passable than in the present time. The climate of the end of Gelasian was wet and relatively warm, with meadow-steppe and forest-steppe savanna-type vegetation in basins and valleys and coniferous and coniferous–broad-leaved forests in the mountains. Abundance of vegetation was supported by water resources of numerous rivers, lakes, and springs in the intermountain basins and valleys that were controlled partly by fault activity. This stimulated abundance of herbivorous mammals. In spite of relative aridisation at the beginning of Calabrian, vegetation continued to be freely available for herbivores. Hominin dispersal into the region was supported by rich resources of herbivores during the late Gelasian – early Calabrian time.

Geological position of riebeckite-containing magnetite ores of Krivoy Rog basin

The geological position of the riebeckite metasomatites at the Pervomayskoye, Annovskoye, Gleyevatskoye, Valyavkinskoye, Inguletskoye, Petrovskoye and Artemovskoye deposits of the Krivbas is controlled by faults serving as channels for metasomatizing solution filtrations. This is confirmed by a significant loss of riebeckite metasomatites abundance moving south and north of the central part of the Pervomayskoye deposit, the position of which corresponds to the intersection of two deep faults that are: the submeridional Krivoy RogKremenchug and the sublatitudinal Devladovo ones. In the productive strata of other deposits, the distribution of riebeckite metasomatites is much lower in comparison with the Pervomayskoye deposit, but their position is also determined by faults position.The fifth and sixth ferruginous horizons are characterized by the maximum distribution of riebeckite metasomatites within the Pervomayskoye deposit and form the productive iron ore rock mass. They contain ferruginous quartzites with the highest iron content, composition of which is optimal for active manifestation of riebeckite metasomatism.The process of riebeckitization occurred to much lesser extentin the stratigraphic horizons that underlie and overlay the productive rock mass and which are composed of schists and low-iron magnetite-silicate quartzites.Silicateless (micaceous hematite-magnetite, magnetite) quartzites were subjected to the most intensive riebeckitization in the ferruginous horizons: the content of riebeckite metasomatites here makesup 60-80% of the volume of ore layers. The composition of the sodium amphibole is close to stoichiometric one here. In the layers composed of cummingtonite-magnetite and magnetite-cummingtonite quartzites, the amount of riebeckite metasomatites is much lower and makes up 10-30% of their total volume. The sodium amphibole is represented here by magnesioriebeckite. Similar regularities in the distribution of riebeckite metasomatites are also typical for ferruginous horizons of all iron ore deposits in the Krivoy Rog basin.

Early Paleozoic Granitoid Magmatism in the East Tannu-Ola Sector of the Tuvinian Magmatic Belt: Geodynamic Setting, Age, and Metallogeny

Abstract —The East Tannu-Ola sector of the Tuvinian magmatic belt is composed of Early Cambrian volcanosedimentary rocks of an island-arc association (Kadvoi, Serlig, and Irbitei Formations), which are intruded by granitoid massifs of different ages (from Cambrian to Devonian) of the Tannu-Ola areal pluton. We analyzed the structural and geologic position, chemical composition, metallogenic signatures, and geochronological (U/Pb) and isotope-geochemical (Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr) characteristics of Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Ungesh pluton (western part of the Tannu-Ola areal pluton). The available and our new data made it possible to establish the specific chemical parameters, age sequence, duration, intensity, and metallogeny of granitoid magmatism in the East Tannu-Ola sector of the Tuvinian magmatic belt. An early Cambrian (534–518 Ma) gabbro–plagiogranite complex similar to the Maina complex in West Sayan has been recognized in the Ungesh pluton. The age and metallogeny of the middle–late Cambrian (508–492 Ma) Tannu-Ola diorite–granodiorite–plagiogranite and Late Ordovician (451–447 Ma) Argolik granite–leucogranite complexes have been refined. Granitoids of the early Cambrian complex formed probably at the initial stage of formation of an island arc, in association with the Kadvoi–Serlig basalt–andesite–rhyolite complex. It is in these granitoids that early low-productivity gold–sulfide–quartz veins and veinlets originated. Granitoids of the Tannu-Ola complex formed at the initial stage of evolution of the accretion–collision system. Magnetite-containing skarns and numerous vein–veinlet zones of late high-productivity gold-sulfide-quartz mineralization evolved in these granitoids. Granitoid massifs of the Argolik complex formed at the final stage of evolution of the accretion–collision system and probably played a crucial role in the regeneration of ore mineralization in some areas.

Геологическое положение, геохимический и Sm-Nd-изотопный состав офиолитов Саяно-Тувинской преддуговой зоны

Геологическое положение, геохимический и Sm-Nd-изотопный состав офиолитов Саяно-Тувинской преддуговой зоны

On ore-bearing capacity of Chuya anticlinorium granitoids (Baikal fold mountain area)

The article presents the results of a petrochemical recalculation study of ore-bearing capacity of the Chuya anticlinorium granitoids in Baikal fold mountain area (BFMT). It is shown that the early Proterozoic granitoids of Kuanda and Chuya-Kodar complexes composing the anticlinorium core are not sufficiently studied in mineralogical terms and, according to the geological survey data (GSD), are identified as barren formations, while the geological maps of the research area mark the presence of different ore mineral resources, the contiguous zones being Bodaibo province (gold-bearing) and Mama province (muscovite-bearing). Based on the available chemical tests data, petrochemical ore-bearing capacity modules have been defined using the known techniques and original charts by Z.G. Karajeva and B.N. Permyakov. In the chart by Z.G. Karajeva, most of the test samples fall into the field of the modified leukocratonic granitoids being mother rocks for the molybdenum, wolfram and tin deposits of the silicate and polymetallic formations as well as for the mica-bearing and partially, rare metal pegmatites. In the classification by B.N. Permyakov, the favorable combination of the petrochemical modules observed for most of the test samples allows referring them to various types of the granitoid fields with tin-wolfram-molybdenum mineralization. The conclusion is that further study of the granitoids is necessary to evaluate the geological position of the potentially ore-bearing facies and their fraction in the examined complexes.

Geopetrological model of formation diamond-bearing fluid-explosive breccia structures (urals type)

Geopetrological model of diamond-bearing fluid-explosive breccia formations is a well-structured system of the features that are typical of several similar formations in the Cis-Ural and West Ural areas of the Perm Krai. The model reflects a number of basic common factors in these structures’ morphology, their rock composition and the conditions for their formation. Regional and local geological positions featuring diamond-bearing formations as well as the parameters common for their widespread formation areas are characterized. The necessity of mineralogical and geochemical studies of black sand, while prospecting for diamond-bearing targets is highlighted. This will help identify specific mineral associations and geochemical anomalies typical of these widespread formation areas. The description of the geological structure, which the best-studied Efimov deposit, is given in detail. The description of this deposit is used as an example of illustrating the shape of breccia bodies and their polyphase structure, as well as describing their texture and rock structure specifics. Particular attention is paid to the petrographic characteristics of all kinds of fluid-explosive breccias, which to a different extent contain clastic, protomagmatic and newly formed fluidogenic material. The paper gives the characteristics and specifics of mineral grains of various origin, many of which are abundant in gas-liquid inclusions, characterized by block extinction, while quartz possess planar elements. Brought into focus are the differences in the diamond bearing capacity of rocks belonging to different successive evolution phases of fluid breccia formations. The model considered in the paper will make it possible in the course of studies of newly discovered breccia structures with a limited number of parameters to predict their missing features and assessment criteria with respect to possible beneficial mineralization.

GPU-based Implementation of Discrete Element Method for Simulation of the Geological Fault Geometry and Position

We present an algorithm for numerical simulation of the geological fault formation. The approach is based on the discrete elements method, which allows modeling of the deformations and structural discontinuity of the Upper part of the Earth crust. In the discrete elements method, the medium is represented as an combination of discrete particles which interact as elastic or viscoelastic bodies. Additionally, external potential forces, for example gravitational forces, may be introduced. At each time step the full set of forces acting at each particle is computed, after that the position of the particle is evaluated on the base of Newtonian mechanics. We implement the algorithm using CUDA technology to simulate single statistical realization of the model, whereas MPI is used to parallelize with respect to different statistical realizations. Obtained numerical results show that for low dip angles of the tectonic displacements relatively narrow faults form, whereas high dip angles of the tectonic displacements lead to a wide V-shaped deformation zones.

Modeling of quantifying proppants for stimulation reservoir volume fracturing in a shale hydrocarbon reservoir

Massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) technology is widely used to increase the stimulation reservoir volumes in the development of shale hydrocarbon reservoirs by pumping large amounts of fracturing fluids and proppants at a high injection rate. However, fresh water dissipation and the flowback fluid pollution created by this technology brings serious environmental problems. Moreover, the post-production of MHF is uncertain and some fractured wells keep a low production level all the time. It is therefore necessary to find an economical treatment size to satisfy the actual geology position of shale reservoirs, such as mountainous and water shortage regions. The amount of proppant for MHF are a key parameter of treatment size, which also effect the volume of fracturing fluids and injection rate directly. A proppant quantifying model for MHF in a shale hydrocarbon reservoir was developed. In this model, the complex fracture network was characterized as the enhanced permeability area (EPA), and then a correlation was built between the amount of proppants and the EPA based on the Warren–Root model. When the EPA parameters were optimized by a reservoir simulator according to the post-production and net present value, the optimum volume of proppants for a specific shale well can be obtained easily. The new model has been applied at the first horizontal well in Jianghan shale oil field and three horizontal and eighteen vertical wells in Western Sichuan shale gas field successfully. Compared with the results of the early empirical design method used in Western Sichuan, this approach shows a better post-production.

Paleozoic Granitoids of the Southern Part of the Voznesenka Terrane (Southern Primorye): Age, Composition, Melt Sources, and Tectonic Settings

This paper presents data on the geological position, geochemistry, age, and isotopic characteristics of the granitoids of the southern part of the Voznesenka terrane, Southern Primorye (Muraviev–Amursky Peninsula and its vicinities). All of the studied granitoids were formed in three stages: the Ordovician, Silurian, and Permian. The Silurian and Permian ages of the granitoid intrusions have been previously determined (Ostrovorussky Massif, 432–422 Ma, and 250 ± 4 Ma, early and late associations, respectively; Sedanka massif, 261 ± 3 Ma). The granites of the Artem and Nadezhdinsky massifs define an U–Pb zircon age of 481 ± 6 and 452 ± 4 Ma, respectively. The geochemical and isotope data show mainly the crustal nature of the granitoids. Their formation was related to melting of relatively immature rocks of the continental crust (mafic–intermediate volcanic rocks). The Nd isotope composition of the granitods (TNd(DM–2) = 1.3 Ga) indicates the absence of the mature ancient crust at the basement of the southern Voznesenka terrane. The maximum contribution of mantle sources to the granite formation is recorded in the Permian associations. A comparison of the peaks of intrusive magmatism in the southern part of the Voznesenka terrane and adjacent territories suggests that the formation of the granitoids of the Muraviev–Amursky Peninsula and its vicinities was caused by the interaction of continental blocks with two oceanic basins: the Paleoasian (and its fragments) and Paleopacific ones.

Ankaramite: A New Type of High-Magnesium and High-Calcium Primitive Melt in the Magnitogorsk Island-Arc Zone (Southern Urals)

This work describes the geological position, mineral and chemical composition of high-Mg effusive ankaramites occurring as dykes and lava flows. They were found in the melange zone of the western margin of the Magnitogorsk island arc zone in the Southern Urals. Data on the liquidus association of phenocrysts and on the composition of the matrix of effusives are given. According to the data obtained, the conclusion was drawn that the ankaramites studied can be attributed to the primary island arc melts, which were not subject to essential differentiation. This type of effusives has not been distinguished previously among island arc volcanogenic formations of the Urals. It is shown that ankaramites can be considered to be primary melts parental for dunite–clinopyroxenites–gabbro complexes of Ural–Alaskan type. The occurrence of ankaramites in the Paleozoic island arc formations of the Urals indicates the wehrlite composition of the mantle as the reason for the extremely wide development of wehrlites and clinopyroxenites in different mafic–ultramafic complexes of the Urals.

Систематизація та характеристика геотуристичних об’єктів регіонального ландшафтного парку «Знесіння» (м. Львів)

Регіональний ландшафтний парк «Знесіння» розміщений майже в центрі Львова, - надзвичайно цікаве місце як у геотуристичному аспекті, так і для геологічних досліджень. Парк має унікальну геологічну і геоморфологічну позицію. Він розташований на збігу двох геоморфологічних областей - Подільської, представленої Лисогірською височиною Львівського Опілля, та Волино-Малополіської у складі Пасмового Побужжя Малого Полісся. В тектонічному відношенні цим одиницям відповідають тектонічні блоки: Львівський (Лисогірська височина) (ймовірно, Західноєвропейської платформи) і Буський (Пасмове Побужжя) Східноєвропейської платформи, які відділені один від одного різким і крутим уступом. Парк «Знесіння» - це єдиний парк м. Львів, у якому є численні геологічні об’єкти – відслонення відкладів різних геологічних періодів, джерела, техногенні форми рельєфу, доступні для спостережень. Розроблено класифікацію геологічних об’єктів парку. Вони поділені на дві групи (політипна, монотипна), чотири типи (стратиграфічний – до нього віднесено п’ять об’єктів, палеонтологічний – один, гідрогеологічніий – три, гірничо-промисловий – три). Наведено їх узагальнену стандартизовану характеристику за такими ознаками: категорія, геоморфологічне і географічне положення, стратиграфічна, літологічна, палеонтологічна характеристика, науково-пізнавальне, освітнє і геоатракційне значення тощо; і розроблено паспорти. Описані геологічні об’єкти - важлива ланка для відновлення історії Землі. Вони мають наукову, пізнавальну, культурно-естетичну цінність, розміщені недалеко від центру Львова, легкодоступні, важливі для навчального процесу і в разі їх популяризації стануть привабливими геотуристичними атракціями.

Геолого-структурное положение кварцево-жильных образований Уфалейского гнейсо-мигма­ти­тового комплекса (Южный Урал) как результат полихронного и полигенного генезиса

Геолого-структурное положение кварцево-жильных образований Уфалейского гнейсо-мигма­ти­тового комплекса (Южный Урал) как результат полихронного и полигенного генезиса