Geo-information Services Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ДОСТУПНОСТИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОМОЩИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article considers the issues of availability of reserves of medicinal products intended to provide medicinal supplies to victims in the elimination of the medical and sanitary consequences of emergencies, taking into account the internal risks for territories with complex climatic and geographical characteristics. The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to increase the territorial availability of medicinal products in the Tomsk Region reserve in emergency situations. In the course of the research, content analysis of data from regulatory documents and scientific publications on the medicinal provision of the population in emergency situations was used; correlation analysis of geo-information, spatial-geographical and natural-climatic indicators characterizing the territorial availability of medicinal products. The typologization of the Tomsk region according to the degree of transport accessibility was performed using cluster analysis algorithms. It has been established that the main climatic and geographic factors creating the internal risks for the drug supply system of the disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region include dangerous hydrological phenomena, forest and peat fires, frosts and hurricanes. More than 85% of the territory of the Tomsk region belongs to hard-to-reach areas equated by climatic conditions to those of the Far North, which poses risks for the drug supply system. Based on the data of the geo-information services, the road accessibility of the Tomsk region districts in relation to the regional center has been considered, two directions «Eastern» and « Northern» have been identified including 5 and 11 respectively. It was established that direct interaction between the districts belonging to these areas bypassing the regional center is extremely difficult. In the process of typologization of the districts according to the degree of transport accessibility in the direction "East", one group with a high degree of transport accessibility between 3 districts that are remote from the regional center has been identified. Two groups of districts have been identified in the North direction. The first group, characterized by high transport accessibility, included 5 districts, including the regional center. The second group with low transport accessibility included 6 districts. The optimal area for the placement of an additional point of medicines of the Tomsk region reserve has been justified, taking into account the transport infrastructure of the districts, natural and climatic risks, socio-demographic factors and the standard time for the organization of drug provision in an emergency situation. With the use of geo-information technologies, a model of decentralization of the reserve has been developed to increase the availability of drug care by the regional disaster medicine service of the Tomsk region in the context of internal risks.

Geoinformation services in precision agriculture

To maintain the agricultural resources of the Earth, it is necessary to use intelligent farming methods. Precision farming is one of the areas that allow to economically use the resources of the Earth. This article describes the original method of using the geoinformation service in precision agriculture. This strategy includes the following methods of geoinformation service: geoinformation mapping of fields, space monitoring, monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned driving, agricultural machinery that allows the implementation of point application of moisture and fertilizers. A geoinformation service is understood on the one hand to be a professional activity in providing services based on spatial information, and on the other hand, a set of hardware, technical and telecommunication means for providing spatially distributed information. The authors believe that the implementation of precision farming should be based on the creation, editing and use of an intelligent digital field model. The article describes the method of functioning of such a model.

Geographic Profiling and Geographic Information Systems in the Study and Investigation of Crime

The research of a criminal’s movements and the identification of his key locations is a complex task for both criminology and criminalistics. The analysis of publications shows that geographical profiling can be viewed simultaneously as an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, as a method for obtaining orienting diagnostic information about the criminal, and as a process of corresponding analytical activity; besides, the number of geographical profiling objects grows with time: the place of residence is supplemented by other anchor points where the criminal might spend time. The author states that in some cases geographical profiling methods might be effective for identifying the criminal who committed a single crime, and not necessarily a series of crimes. The theoretical foundations of geographical profiling are examined, they include the theory of routine activities, rational choice, crime patters, circle, and also attenuation with an increase of distance. Normative and criminalistic approaches to geoinformation systems are analyzed. The author presents a description of key software complexes that have geographical profiling as their dominant or one of their dominant features, including Rigel, Dragnet, Crimestat, Predator and Gemini. Main drawbacks of these programs are examined: an orientation at a large number of similar crimes, supposed stable composition of a criminal group, a small number of different groups of criminals and a small area of the territory under analysis, region-based linking to databases. It is also possible to use non-core geoinformation services for modelling a criminal’s movements, for instance, for determining the direction of pursuit while the trail is still hot or for verifying evidence. This information includes a criminal’s access to private or public transport, characteristics of outdoor surveillance systems, the volume and weight of a criminal’s assets, including stolen assets, dirt on their face or clothes, their emotional condition. The author concludes that it is necessary to simultaneously develop state-owned geoinformation systems reflecting data on crime in general as well as specific crimes, and similar private special-purpose projects.

Real-Time Adjustment and Spatial Data Integration Algorithms Combining Total Station and GNSS Surveys with an Earth Gravity Model

During the dynamic development of modern technologies based on advanced algorithmic and instrumental solutions, it is essential to integrate geospatial data efficiently. Such an approach is applied in all geo-information services, especially mobile ones, and is helpful in, for example, precise navigation or effective risk management. One leading application is deformation monitoring (structural monitoring) and displacement control surveying. In addition, spatial data integration methods are used in modern accessibility analysis, Smart City ideas, tracing utility networks, and building information modelling (BIM). The last aforementioned technology plays a crucial role in architectural design and construction. In this context, it is crucial to develop efficient and accurate algorithms supporting data fusion, which do not strain the computing resources and operate efficiently online. This paper proposes an algorithm for real-time adjustment of integrated satellite GNSS (global navigation satellite system), total station, and Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) vertical direction data in a geocentric coordinate system based on a statistical general linear mixed model. A numerical example shows that the proposed algorithm of the online adjustment works correctly. The results of the online adjustment are the same as those of the offline adjustment. It is also shown that the GNSS measurements are necessary only at the total station points in the spatial total station traverse. There is no need to add additional merging points of the total station positions because the differences between the results of the online adjustment, including and excluding the merging points, are very small (around 1–2 mm in standard deviation).

GEOINFORMATION REPRESENTATION MODEL FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF INFORMATIZATION OF URBAN ECONOMY

The development of management informatization technologies provides an opportunity to move to complex management, which is based on the analysis of big data and complex modeling mechanisms. A number of digital smart city management services require the use of geoinformation services for their implementation. Modern technical means make it possible to obtain the exact coordinates of the location from which the signal about the problem came from, but at present adequate mathematical models have not been developed. The article considers one of the variants of geoinformation presentation models. The location of the problem is a set of geocoordinates that determine the point of the fixed problem, determined using positioning systems on the ground. The problem location set is specified using a series of sets. Depending on the category of the problem being solved, on the basis of the existing rules for the execution of the application, a specific set of statuses is selected from the set of Sets of application statuses. A set of application statuses is a set of stages for performing work on an application that configures the sequence of work execution, their composition, and the list of performers. Sets of application statuses are formed on the basis of regulations, which prescribe the procedure for performing work and providing services for a particular problem. The model provides for specifying a set of problem locations, selecting, based on existing regulations, a specific set of statuses from a set of application status sets, taking into account the type of problem, accepted and used regulations and a set of access rights. The practical implementation of the proposed model is presented – a service for receiving applications from the population on urban issues MakeOrellBetter.rf.

Halting vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation: the novel type 2 oral vaccine might not be enough

Halting vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation: the novel type 2 oral vaccine might not be enough

Study of Indicators of the Barrier-Free Environment of Museums in Irkutsk

The article reflects the mission of museums and the shift of classical museum values to realities of modern life. The study examined different typologies of museum visitors and specifics of their perception. Particular attention is paid to persons with disabilities. Museums have always declared themselves as an accessible environment, able to bring all members of society closer rather than alienate them, so special attention is paid to the universality of all expositions and events held in museums. We studied seventeen most visited museums of Irkutsk. The evaluation of the indicators of accessibility of functional areas and adjacent areas was carried out according to the following sections: adjacent area, entrance area, reception area, functional areas, exposition, methodical materials, excursion programs and events, communication with healthy visitors, technological accessibility, marketing promotion of the museum for people with disabilities. The results of the study can be integrated with geoinformation services to improve the information accessibility of the studied museums.

Геосервисное решение проблемы актуализации пространственных данных по результатам государственного топографического мониторинга

The authors reveal the informational and functional contents of the geoservice, using the example of the proposed mechanism for updating spatial data using state topographic monitoring materials. The algorithm of a geoservice functioning based on the data obtained in the process of survey, detailed topographic monitoring and its further use as geoinformation services for solving the tasks of socio-economic, environmental, defense and national security of the Russian Federation is shown. The analysis of domestic experience in this field (the national spatial data system, the geoportal of the Federal Spatial Data Fund, the Public Cadastral Map, the Roscosmos Group of Companies, the “People’s Map”, i.e. Open Street Map on the Yandex Maps geoportal, etc.) enables determining the composition of geoinformation resources requiring periodic and operational updating. Creating and actualization of digital (electronic) topographic maps and other types of digital cartographic products in real time, using continuous topographic monitoring data, and presenting them to users through the geoservice “State topographic monitoring” is a promising scientific and practical direction for development of geoinformation mapping and infrastructure designed to spread relevant spatial data.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ХМАРНИХ СЕРВІСІВ ДЛЯ ОБРОБКИ ГЕОІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ДАНИХ

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of cloud services for processing geographic data. It describes in detail the services - Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure - that provide tools for storing, processing and analyzing large amounts of geographic data. The article also describes the parameters of geoinformation services, the access algorithm, and examples of program code for processing satellite data. The article describes such opportunities and limitations of using cloud services as automation, security and scalability. The conclusions and recommendations for further development of geographic information systems based on cloud services are provided. Services. Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offer a variety of geodata storage solutions. These solutions include object storage, such as Amazon S3, Azure Blob Storage, and Google Cloud Storage, as well as geospatial databases, such as Amazon RDS, Azure Cosmos DB, and Google Cloud Firestore. In addition, each of these services provides a set of services for analyzing and processing geographic information data. For example, AWS offers services such as Amazon Athena, Amazon Redshift, and AWS Glue, which allow you to run SQL queries, conduct analytics, and integrate geodata with other services. Azure offers services such as Azure SQL Database, Azure Databricks, and HDInsight, which provide capabilities for processing and analyzing geographic data. GCP also provides services such as BigQuery, Dataflow, and Dataproc, which allow you to perform analytical operations and process large amounts of geodata. Support for integration with various geo-tools is important for analysis, such as AWS, Amazon Location Service, Amazon Ground Truth, and Amazon Rekognition, which allow you to work with geodata at different levels of complexity. Azure has Azure Maps, which provides services for geocoding, routing, and visualization of geodata. GCP also offers Google Maps Platform, which provides extensive integration with geographic technologies such as routing, geocoding, and map visualization. All these processes will allow for more efficient data processing. Keywords: cloud technologies,

Development of a method for assessing the safety of the urban environment based on the analysis of the communication practices of city residents in geoinformation services

Issues related to the safety of the urban environment are widely discussed around the world. The security factor plays a crucial role for residents of large cities when choosing a place to live, relax and work. The way a person defines comfortable places for himself is closely related to social communication. The main communication processes are currently mediated and occur in the information space of social networks through the exchange of opinions and comments. It can be said that the popularity of certain places, parks, attractions is closely related to the information image, subjective assessments of the inhabitants of these places as safe and comfortable. In this paper, we decided to focus on analyzing the communicative practice of city residents who leave reviews in geoinformation services about parks and squares in order to identify markers of safety and comfort. The study was conducted on the example of parks and squares in 19 districts of St. Petersburg. 302 objects of improvement (parks, gardens, squares) were selected, reviews were uploaded for each object. Based on a social survey, a dictionary describing the communicative field of the concept of urban environment security was prepared, and a search was conducted in the database of problems related to the safety of green spaces, which users write about. All reviews are depersonalized. Such data can be used by city authorities when planning new facilities and tracking improvement problems.

Развитие муниципальных округов Санкт-Петербурга за последнее десятилетие: экономический и пространственный анализ

The article analyses economic and spatial indicators to produce a typology of the economic development levels of St Petersburg municipal districts. To normalise the city’s development, it is vital to understand which territories have contributed more to the process and which have inhibited it. It is also essential to analyse the principal economic indicators of each municipal district and assess transport accessibility, street activity and transit. The study demonstrates the connection between the economy and space, which gives the answer to the question about the causes of economic growth. An economic analysis of the districts is carried out by ranking ten leading indicators obtained from the municipal databases and geoinformation services, whilst a spatial analysis is performed based on testing the Space Syntax methodology. The study made it possible to describe the city’s spatial development, improve the methodology and provide recommendations for municipal administrators. The findings will enhance strategic urban planning in St Petersburg.

METHODS AND MEANS OF ENSURING THE INTEROPERABILITY OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE

Interoperability is one of the key characteristics of the national geospatial data infrastructure (NSDI), on which depends the effectiveness of the interaction of holders, producers and users of geospatial data in the network of geoportals. The article substantiates the methods and means of achieving a high level of interoperability of the components of the Ukraine NSDI on the basis of ensuring the consistency of geospatial data supplied by different data producers, standardization of metadata and interfaces of geoinformation services. It is established that the bases of the legislative and organizational level of interoperability are defined in the Law of Ukraine "On the national geospatial data infrastructure " and in the "Procedure for the operation of NSDI".
 To ensure the interoperability of the components of the Ukraine NSDI at the semantic and technical levels, it is necessary to develop a set of technical regulations that define common requirements for: composition and structure of metadata, interfaces and functions of geographic information services, compatibility of geospatial data sets, classification systems, coding and unique identification of geospatial objects, open data exchange formats. These technical regulations should be based on the consistent and comprehensive implementation of the methodology of the basic international standards of the ISO 19100 Geographic Information / Geomatics series, the effectiveness of which has been confirmed by the successful implementation of NSDI in many countries of the world.

Національна інфраструктура геопросторових даних України у світовому вимірі: стан та нагальні завдання розвитку і сталого функціонування

The purpose of this paper is to summarize world experience and trends in the development of geospatial data infrastructure (SDI) in developed countries, assess the state of formation of the national geospatial data infrastructure (NSDI) in Ukraine, identify key problems and tasks to ensure its sustainable development and functioning. Methodology. Monographic method for processing scientific publications, regulations, standards and other materials for the creation of NSDI. The assessment of the state of formation of the NSDI in Ukraine was made according to the indicators that were determined by the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM). Results. The key principles, architecture and roles of producers, holders and users of data of three generations SDIs, observed in the evolution of SDIs in developed countries, are determined. Periodization of the main initiatives and projects in 1992–2020, concerning the formation of NSDI in Ukraine. The overall assessment of the state of NSDI in Ukraine according to UN-GGIM indicators at the time of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On National Geospatial Data Infrastructure” (2020) is 0.39, which corresponds to the rating of countries with a “geospatial gap”. The biggest challenges were identified in the areas of governance and institutional support, financial support, production and updating of data, ability and education, communication and partnership. The basic architecture, the composition of geoinformation services of the NSDI geoportals of Ukraine and the means of achieving interoperability of NSDI components based on the implementation of the national profile of geographic information standards harmonized with the international standards of the ISO 19100 series and the technical specifications of the Open Geospatial Consortium have been substantiated. Scientific novelty. Assessment of the state of formation of NSDI in Ukraine according to UN-GGIM indicators, substantiation of directions and technological models of ensuring interoperability of NSDI components taking into account the conditions of Ukraine. Practical significance. The key problems and urgent tasks of NSDI development in Ukraine are identified, the sequence of stages of its development is substantiated by the priority implementation of the basic network of infrastructure geoportals for access to existing geospatial data with the gradual provision of their interoperability and consistency based on the use of the unified set of basic geospatial data and the implementation of the national profile of geoinformation standards.

Spatial structure and development of settlements in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration

This article explores the spatial structure and development of settlements comprising the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. Previous studies and database sources, which were never used before (the Federal Tax Service [FTS] database and SPARK-Interfax), are analysed to reveal factors in the economic development of metropolitan areas as well as to understand how settlements develop in Russia’s second-largest city agglomeration. The borders and composition of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration are brought up to date. Examining the population size of the settlements helps locate the ‘growth belt’ of the agglomeration. Lists of major enterprises of the city and the region make it possible to identify patterns in the economic development of the study area. The SPARK-Interfax database aids in clarifying relationships between spatial elements of the agglomeration (its core and satellites) in the distribution of revenues of economic agents. Data on the location of the largest retail stores — shopping malls and hypermarkets — are used to identify the main centres of commerce in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. A map chart has been drawn using 2GIS and Yandex Maps geoinformation services. An important step in agglomeration analysis is the identification of residential development hotspots. FTS data on property tax base are the main source of relevant information. FTS reports contain data on the number of residential buildings and units covered by the database. Further, FTS statistics is employed to trace income and job distribution across the study area. The current functions of settlement in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration have been determined. According to the findings, the spatial structure of the agglomeration has three groups of ‘backbone centres’. The agglomeration includes a core, a population growth area (‘growth belt’), commuting sources and recipients, and ‘backbone centres’.

Перспективные сервисы многоспутниковых космических систем

The paper considers prospective directions of improving consumer services rendered with the help of multi-satellite space systems. Based on a study of trends in the development of thematic geoinformation services, the conclusion is made about the need to form personalized complex queries, including those containing suggestions concerning putative solutions for the mass user. The multi-satellite space infrastructure currently under development, which is considered as a single space information system, can serve as the technical means for adopting such an approach. Based on an analysis of development trends of the existing system of geoinformation support, a conclusion is made about the feasibility of the intellectualization and personalization of services, which are targeted at a specific customer, with the expansion of the range of possible consumers to a mass individual consumer. The article proposes several approaches, the further development of which can result in the creation of system-wide services that implement the “from data to solutions” concept at the level of integrated solutions.

Геопространственное веб-приложение для поддержки исследований изменения климата Казахстана

Climate change modelling data is represented by large datasets that require certain expertise and computational resources for its transformation and adjustment to user needs. Geospatial web applications and geoportals are considered as a solution to this problem in this article. Global web resources do not provide geoinformation services for research on climate change in Kazakhstan due to aggregation or low resolution of the source data coupled with limited functionality for interactive geo-visualization and data analysis. The article describes the web application “Kazakhstan Climate Change” developed by the authors, the purpose of which is aimed at supporting research on spatial-temporal patterns of climate change in Kazakhstan. The data derived from CMIP5 models served as the source data. Based on the initial indicators such as temperature and precipitation, using the developed Python scripts and R Climpact climate script packages, additional indicators such as evapotranspiration, drought indices, heat supply indices and indices of the length of the growing season were calculated in order to determine the impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture. The key advantages of the web application include time-series geo-visualization, interactive generation of diagrams and tables for analysis, in particular for selected units of water management zoning. The geospatial web application “Kazakhstan Climate Change” responds to the challenges of presenting large climate datasets in the easy-to-perceive style and in an easily comprehensible way for geospatial analysis. The functionality of the web application allows users, without GIS skills, to explore climate change scenarios on their own, this opportunity is of practical value for scientific and educational community, for policymakers in the field of climate change and water resources management.

Network Routing Issues in Global Geographic Information System

Research background: A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that gathers, manages, and disseminates different geographic (related to earth) information to provide intelligent analytics necessary for prompt decisions and actions. A GIS can aggregate data from several different streams and turn it into a smart dashboard for different users to enhance productivity. The use of intelligent technologies, remote sensing, and ad-hoc wireless networks has significantly improved GIS. In GIS, utilization of sensed data from different sources depends upon the use of efficient sensing equipment, smart mobile nodes, and network gateways and relays that can efficiently route traffic towards the sink or base station. GIS achieve attention in emergency response scenarios for their capability to collect, analyze, and process spatial-referred. Purpose of the article: Article is focused on studying and identifying suitable routing issues of wireless mobile nodes, which are the main transponders for smooth and errorless data transmission. Methods: We performed a simulation-based comparative study of three different routing protocols used in ad-hoc wireless networks, namely is to identify suitable routing protocols that can aid the GIS to improve its overall performance. We calculated and compared our results with different routing protocols. We were able, with the Random mobility model, to estimate the performance of various network parameters. Findings & Value added: We proposed a study in this work that includes geo-information services overall of routing protocols to support a team in stressful situations. The study shows that the AODV routing protocol performed better than the other two routing protocols (OLSR & TORA) under the given topology.

Global policy transfer for land administration and disaster risk management

Contemporary global policy development is increasingly shaped through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In parallel, the United Nations initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) plays a leading role in the development and diffusion of policy frameworks with regard to geospatial information. Specifically, two frameworks, the Framework for Effective Land Administration (FELA) and the Strategic Framework for Geoinformation Services for Disaster (SFGISD), are under development to tackle global issues in relation to tenure security and natural disasters. In order to harmoniously diffuse those global goals and frameworks into national laws and regulations, and to local community initiatives and policies, policy transfer is required to occur between governance layers. This paper seeks to assess ‘whether’ and ‘how’ this policy transfer occurs, focusing specifically on identifying limitations and its opportunities for its enhancement. Results reveal that the approach so far used for policy transfer is taking conventional institutional means to do this in both domains land administration and disaster risk management (DRM) domains. There appears to be an opportunity to utilize a networked approach instead of the conventional institutional for a more robust and further-reaching uptake of the policies. This could also give space to provide better mechanisms for feeding results from local level initiatives and successes into the global frameworks.

COMPLIANCE WITH LIGHTNING LOCATION SYSTEMS INDICATORS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT, LOSS PREVENTION, INVESTIGATION OF CAUSES

Introduction. Thunderstorms in general is produced by atmospherically (climatic) processes, combined with additional hazardous effects. Thus, strong wind, flash flooding and hail causes a long time consequences including damages and injuries. Lightning protection systems are designed and projected in accordance with the requirements of the normative documents, which not always included measures of personal safety and guaranteed absences of injuries. Improving the state of life safety and loss prevention are based on standards and rules, which depend on the results of risk assessment, and investigation of cause’s events.
 Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of life safety as the lightning protection.
 Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the lightning location systems properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of lightning location system in the composition of the geographical informational system, taking into account laying conditions. Also comparison of different methods for calculating positioning coordinates is given.
 Results. One of the components of the system lightning protection - the parameters of positioning coordinates of the lightning location system is investigated. The location of lightning strike points is not specified in the applicable fire safety regulations, although this criterion is often used precisely to set fire safety requirements: for buildings, utilities, fire alarm systems, and more.
 Measures are proposed for implementing test methods and means and incorporating them into standardized technical solutions. In this respect, there can be no claim to the International Electrotechnical Commission and its publications. It is suggested to take into account a number of identified gaps in regulatory documents, relationships between regulators and supervisors, user requests. The analysis of the current normative and technical requirements for the accuracy of coordinates positioning in lightning location systems. On this basis, methods of investigating the causes of events are supplemented, which simplifies the application of impact analysis and the development of protective measures.
 Conclusion. Determination of the positioning coordinates of lightning stroke is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. It is proposed to take advantage of the accuracy in determining the location using mapping geoinformation systems and services in the analysis of indicators of the system of thrust. Conducted theoretical studies of indicators of the lightning location systems have established their relevance for risk assessment methods, measures to prevent losses and to investigate the causes of death, injury to living creatures and other property damage events.

СЕТЕВОЕ ПОЗИЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ 5G И ВЕРОЯТНОСТНЫЕ МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ ЕГО ТОЧНОСТИ

The relevance of issues of network positioning in general, and methods of assessing accuracy in particular, is due to the fact that technologies for location estimation by means of infrastructure of deployed and projected mobile radio communication networks have received a new impetus for development. This is due to a number of objective factors in recent years, which are the result of ongoing evolution at the next stage of the transition to 5G networks. If in the networks of previous generations 2G-4G geolocation was an optional service, which developed mainly according to the requirements of emergency services and law enforcement, as well as in scenarios when signals from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) were unavailable, then for a promising 5G digital ecosystem, network positioning can rightfully be stated as a separate area of research and development. The arguments for this statement are at least two circumstances. First, in recent years, a wide range of geoinformation services has been developed, which are impossible and / or inappropriate to solve exclusively by GNSS systems. It is also indicative that in the latest specifications of the 3GPP partner project, among others, there were explicit requirements for the accuracy and availability of network positioning services, as well as a description of all possible geolocation scenarios with an accuracy of one meter. Secondly, the analysis of foreign sources in recent years has shown that the so-called concept of communication organization based on LAC (Location Aware Communication) positioning data has been developed, according to which location awareness can be used at different levels of the OSI model for improving the efficiency of building and operating radio stations as part of ultra-dense 5G radio access networks. In this paper, positioning scenarios in 5G networks are systematized, as well as probabilistic models and methods for assessing the accuracy of geolocation in relation to the problems of location estimation in 5G networks. In the first part of this paper, scenarios of network positioning for the 5G ecosystem are presented, in particular: specifics of organizing radio communications based on location data are presented; the development trends of positioning technologies in 5G networks are formulated; analyzes 3GPP requirements for positioning in 5G networks. In the second part of this work, the results of the development and software implementation of tools for probabilistic assessment and visualization of positioning accuracy along the scattering ellipse are presented.