Population Geography Research Articles

Mapping Evolving Population Geography in China: Spatial Redistribution, Regional Disparity, and Urban Sprawl

Mapping Evolving Population Geography in China: Spatial Redistribution, Regional Disparity, and Urban Sprawl

A Geographical Study of Rural Out migration and Demographic Changes in Hilly State Uttarakhand

Migration and demographic changes are the major concerns of population geography. However, in other social disciplines, different aspects of migration and demographic changes are studied based on the subject's basic principles. The present study examines linkages between rural out-migration and demographic patterns (changes) in Himalayan State Uttarakhand where subsistence agriculture constitutes the main source of food and rural livelihoods although the availability of arable land is severely limited and crop productivity is very low. The constraints of the subsistence economy and basic facilities compel a large proportion of the adult male population to out migrate from the mountain region in search of livelihoods, employment and basic requirements. Hilly region of Uttarakhand has approximately 48% population with 86.08 km2 geographical area while 52 % population of the State resides in very low geographical area which is 13.93 km2.Also, the lack of basic facilities (communication, transportation, healthcare facilities, educational and recreational facilities), changing climatic conditions and natural disasters are becoming the major reasons for outbound migration of the rural working population. As per an analysis, the rate of population growth in 11 districts of the State has rapidly increased while two regions Pauri Garhwal and Almora have noted a negative decadal growth, with Pauri Garhwal, Rudraprayag and Pithoragarh having the highest number of uninhabited villages in Uttarakhand. Generally, negative growth affects growth, the demographic composition and population distribution as well as social, cultural and economic activities.

Health Disparities and Climate Change: The Intersection of Three Disaster Events on Vulnerable Communities in Houston, Texas.

Although evidence suggests that successive climate disasters are on the rise, few studies have documented the disproportionate impacts on communities of color. Through the unique lens of successive disaster events (Hurricane Harvey and Winter Storm Uri) coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed disaster exposure in minority communities in Harris County, Texas. A mixed methods approach employing qualitative and quantitative designs was used to examine the relationships between successive disasters (and the role of climate change), population geography, race, and health disparities-related outcomes. This study identified four communities in the greater Houston area with predominantly non-Hispanic African American residents. We used data chronicling the local community and environment to build base maps and conducted spatial analyses using Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping. We complemented these data with focus groups to assess participants’ experiences in disaster planning and recovery, as well as community resilience. Thematic analysis was used to identify key patterns. Across all four communities, we observed significant Hurricane Harvey flooding and significantly greater exposure to 10 of the 11 COVID-19 risk factors examined, compared to the rest of the county. Spatial analyses reveal higher disease burden, greater social vulnerability, and significantly higher community-level risk factors for both pandemics and disaster events in the four communities, compared to all other communities in Harris County. Two themes emerged from thematic data analysis: (1) Prior disaster exposure prepared minority populations in Harris County to better handle subsequent disaster suggesting enhanced disaster resilience, and (2) social connectedness was key to disaster resiliency. Long-standing disparities make people of color at greater risk for social vulnerability. Addressing climate change offers the potential to alleviate these health disparities.

Exploring the impact of depopulation on a country's population geography: Lessons learned from Japan

AbstractThe total population of Japan reached its peak in 2008 and has since experienced population decline. This trend has had a profound effect on many of the country's spheres of activity. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the existing literature, mainly published since the peak year, through the perspective of the impact of Japan's depopulation on its population geography and to present future research issues based on the obtained findings. Consequently, three new research issues are presented as the lessons learned from the country. First, since the population decline of a country is a very serious problem, population geographers need to devote much more attention to this issue. Second, new analytical methods suitable for examining depopulation need to be developed carefully but actively. Third, population geographers should proactively state policy implications based on research findings associated with population decline. This is a great opportunity to improve the position of the sub‐discipline in the countries whose populations have already started or are about to decline.

Analyses of the Attitudes of Agricultural Holdings on the Development of Agritourism and the Impacts on the Economy, Society and Environment of Serbia

Agritourism as a special type of tourist migration is a very important link in the diversification of rural areas, connecting the geography, culture, tradition, and gastronomy of the local population, and placing products and services through the hospitality and tourism market. Thanks to this form of tourism, underdeveloped places are gaining in importance and attracting the attention of visitors who are oriented towards natural things, which in turn contributes to a better economic situation of the locality and the population. This paper aims to examine the attitudes of farm owners in the Republic of Serbia toward the impact of agritourism on the economy, living environment, social life, and culture. The data were collected by surveying the owners of agricultural holdings in the territory of the Republic of Serbia and statistically processed using factor analysis, descriptive statistics, and linear regression. Based on the obtained results, it has been established that the owners of agricultural farms are interested in the development of agritourism, and that their positive perception of the impact that agritourism has on the living environment and economy greatly contributes to that. To a lesser extent, a positive attitude was noted toward the importance of agrotourism for the local community and locals, where the positive aspects of agritourism were the education of visitors on agriculture, promotion of the local culture, agricultural and gastronomic products, and sustainable development and investment in infrastructure.

Domestic and international mobility trends in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of facebook data

BackgroundSince early March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic across the United Kingdom has led to a range of social distancing policies, which resulted in changes to mobility across different regions. An understanding of how these policies impacted travel patterns over time and at different spatial scales is important for designing effective strategies, future pandemic planning and in providing broader insights on the population geography of the country. Crowd level data on mobile phone usage can be used as a proxy for population mobility patterns and provide a way of quantifying in near-real time the impact of social distancing measures on changes in mobility.MethodsHere we explore patterns of change in densities, domestic and international flows and co-location of Facebook users in the UK from March 2020 to March 2021.ResultsWe find substantial heterogeneities across time and region, with large changes observed compared to pre-pademic patterns. The impacts of periods of lockdown on distances travelled and flow volumes are evident, with each showing variations, but some significant reductions in co-location rates. Clear differences in multiple metrics of mobility are seen in central London compared to the rest of the UK, with each of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland showing significant deviations from England at times. Moreover, the impacts of rapid changes in rules on international travel to and from the UK are seen in substantial fluctuations in traveller volumes by destination.ConclusionsWhile questions remain about the representativeness of the Facebook data, previous studies have shown strong correspondence with census-based data and alternative mobility measures, suggesting that findings here are valuable for guiding strategies.

Reflections on a Golden Jubilee: Celebrating 50 years of Population Geography within the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)’s journals

AbstractThis commentary celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Population Geography Research Group (PGRG) of the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers (RGS‐IBG) by drawing on journal papers within Area, The Geographical Journal and Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers presented in the virtual issue by the same name (https://rgs‐ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1111/(ISSN)9999‐0017.50yrs‐pop‐geography). It presents an introduction to the core research threads within Population Geography over the past half‐century. The celebratory issue and the editorial guide readers through diverse and prolific contributions to Population Geography scholarship within the RGS‐IBG journals across three core themes: the spatio‐demographic characteristics of populations, the mobility that connects these, and emergent characteristics of places. This introduction is only a flavour of a vast and growing body of Population Geography research. Notwithstanding, it indicates how the sub‐discipline has and will continue to shape debates on the study of population change to consider its complex nature, drivers, and consequences. Despite differences in methods and approaches, the sub‐discipline unites to explore populations in space in an applied manner. This issue also highlights fundamental challenges going forward. Calls to decolonise the academy have resulted in questions of the structures through which we work – for Population Geography this means thinking about the diversity of voices, theories, and approaches. The papers in this virtual issue thus provide a grounding backdrop of knowledge as we look forward to many more years of lively debate.

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATIONAL WORK FORCE FOR PRIMARY EDUCATION IN IRAQ

Proper planning requires in-depth population studies and a broad knowledge of all aspects related to human resources in terms of their growth, distribution and characteristics. The size of the workforce in any human society is the true indicator of its economic and production potential and the power to drive it. The research dealt with the geographical distribution of the workforce in the field of primary education in Iraq according to For the latest statistics provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Education, in light of the Population Geography approach, which is concerned with analyzing and interpreting spatial differences, distribution patterns, and the factors that explain it. The study aims to analyze the geographical distribution of the workforce in the field of primary education at the governorate level, and the descriptive analytical approach has been relied on and the statistical method is used to show the variables of the characteristics of the workforce. It was found through the research that the governorate of Baghdad led the number and percentages of the educational workforce in the primary stage, which amounted to (24.8%) for the academic year 2018/2019, followed by the governorates of Dhi Qar and Basra with close proportions amounting to (7.8%) and (7.6%) respectively, then Babil Governorate. Diyala has a similar rate of (6.4%), and the proportions of the educational workforce varied in terms of gender, as it increased for females by (67.1%) compared to (32.9%) for males. As for the distribution of the educational workforce according to the environment, the urban environment came at a high rate of ( 67%) and a low rate for the rural environment amounting to (33%), which reflects the inequality of distribution according to the environment as a result of the concentration of educational services in urban areas compared to their limitations and decline in rural areas, and it became clear that the education sector suffers from a severe shortage of educational staff for some specializations at the level of education Primary. The research recommended the necessity of equitable distribution of the workforce to match the number with the population of the governorates, as well as expanding the establishment of a greater number of primary schools outside the governorates center and in rural areas. Keywords: Geographical Analysis, Primary Education, Educational Workforce.

REMITTANCE BEHAVIOUR OF OUT-MIGRATION IN ROHTAS DISTRICT

Intact Human migration is an important area of research in Population Geography. It has been related to mankind from the very beginning of human life. During earlier days people used to move from one forest to another in search of food. The development of civilization helped people to keep animals and cultivated land. This led to the development of settlement. But at this stage also, people continued to move from one region to another in search of fertile land. In due course of time, the development of trade, industry and transport encouraged people to move from one area to another. These developments accelerated rural-urban migration which caused urbanization and industrialization. Remittances has also affected the migration level in this study remittance behaviour has been analysed. It affects the variable measuring economic development. In any economy, unbalanced regional development leads to internal migration. Moreover, globalization and liberalization generated system as well as flow of remittances. In present study remittance behaviour of out-migrants in state of Bihar and Rohtas district has been discussed. In this study age-group factor have been carved out according to remittance behaviour.

Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Responses to Stress Differ According to Population Geography in an Invasive Species.

Adaptation to rapid environmental changes must occur within a short-time scale. In this context, studies of invasive species may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of rapid adaptation as these species have repeatedly encountered and adapted to novel environmental conditions. We investigated how invasive and noninvasive genotypes of Drosophila suzukii deal with oxidative stress at the phenotypic and molecular levels. We also studied the impact of transposable element (TE) insertions on the gene expression in response to stress. Our results show that flies from invasive areas (France and the United States) live longer in natural conditions than the ones from native Japanese areas. As expected, lifespan for all genotypes was significantly reduced following exposure to paraquat, but this reduction varied among genotypes (genotype-by-environment interaction) with invasive genotypes appearing more affected by exposure than noninvasive ones. A transcriptomic analysis of genotypes upon paraquat treatment detected many genes differentially expressed (DE). Although a small core set of genes were DE in all genotypes following paraquat exposure, much of the response of each genotype was unique. Moreover, we showed that TEs were not activated after oxidative stress and DE genes were significantly depleted of TEs. In conclusion, it is likely that transcriptomic changes are involved in the rapid adaptation to local environments. We provide new evidence that in the decade since the invasion from Asia, the sampled genotypes in Europe and the United States of D. suzukii diverged from the ones from the native area regarding their phenotypic and genomic response to oxidative stress.

Actuality of teaching the course «Geoculture and geoeducation of Ukraine» in higher education

The purpose of the article is to show the relevance of teaching the discipline «Geoculture and Geoeducation of Ukraine» at higher educational establishments in the educational-professional program «Secondary education (geography)» and analyse the content of competencies, the acquisition of which ensures its listening. Main material. Introduction of a modern course «Geoculture and Geoeducation of Ukraine» in the educational process of training teachers-geographers in higher education. It is the result of rapid development of innovative educational technologies, globalization of all spheres of human life, integration of the results of advanced scientific researches to the educational process, desire to preserve and increase the national cultural and educational diversity of Ukraine. The discipline has close direct and indirect links with normative and elective courses of the general cycle and the cycle of professional and practical training, such as «Fundamentals of General Human Geography», «Population Geography», «Pedagogy», «Regional Economic and Social Geography», etc. Listening to it gives the students a system of integrated, general, professional competencies, which are the criteria for assessing the quality of knowledge from the course. The discipline covers eight main topics, combining 12 thematic lectures,five practical works and three seminars on ethnogeography of Ukraine. It also includes geography of religion and culture of Ukraine, problems of ethnographic-geographical, historicalgeocultural, integrated geocultural zoning of Ukraine, development of geoculture and geoeducation of the state, etc. Throughout the course there is the development of students` soft skills (teamwork, communication, critical thinking, time management, self-presentation, information management, etc.), which have an interprofessional nature, useful for any activity. This allows you to adapt quickly to new conditions, to practice professional mobility, solve non-standard life and professional tasks. Conclusions. Introduction of the discipline «Geoculture and Geoeducation of Ukraine» in the educational and professional training program for students 014.07 “Secondary education (geography)” is an example of integration of modern scientific developments into the educational process. It is response to the request of Ukrainian society on strengthening state principles in the study of geography in secondary school. It expands the geographical and professional horizons of students, increases competitiveness in the labor market by developing soft skills, forming professional communication and business skills.

On the role of cultures of (out-)migration in the migration decisions of young people in shrinking regions of Central Germany

Abstract. The patterns, motivations, and consequences of the outmigration of young adults from rural areas is a classic topic in population geography. In our paper, we first take a critical look at statistical analyses and cartographic representations of migration patterns of young adults in rural areas using Central Germany1 as an example, stressing the shortcomings of quantitative analyses of residential mobility. We argue that migration is a complex social process, taking place as the result of the interplay of demographic, socio-structural, political, economic, and production-related factors involving the mobile individuals, as well as other actors, discourses, and practices. Following this, we discuss the emergence of cultures of (out-)migration in rural areas characterised by heightened mobility over longer periods of time and possible approaches to analyse such regional phenomena. We hence aim at a deepening of the concept of “culture of migration” and an expansion of the debate on motives and practices of migration to include psychological approaches, as well as a complex systems perspective.

Paradigm Shifts in Geographical Research and Geospatial Applications

Geography enlightened a vast area of social sciences. It consists earth’s land and ocean surface, different landforms and their formation, evolution, sub-surface phenomena, atmosphere and related activities, environment and its attributes, environment as a habitat of living elements as well as a human being and their reciprocal relationships in a very critical and analytical approach. From the inception of geography as a separate discipline, it evolved through its versatile, comprehensive and holistic nature. Alteration and modification change its nature through space and time. And accordingly, the established paradigm always changed depending on the demand of the geographers. This paper highlighted specifically the paradigm shift in geographical research with special reference to geospatial applications. Geography has two basic aspects, Pure and Applied. Recent trend shows that most of the geographical research is focused on the applied field rather than the pure aspects of the subject itself. The most interesting fact is that the applied research is basically depends upon the Geospatial technology. A distinct paradigm shifts have been taking place in both the Geographical Research and the Geospatial Technology through Digitalization. The large growing population of the world require a logical and scientific shift in both pure and applied research in the domain of geography. Particular mention may be made in the fields of Geography such as geomorphology, population geography, urban geography, rural development and environmental geography. This paper also highlights the major paradigmn shifts in the behavioural geography, systematic geography, regional geography, medical geography, geospatial sustainability and cartography from paper map to digital map. It is now established that no discipline can survive without adopting a new strategy and technology.

Staying and immobility: new concepts in population geography? A literature review

Abstract. Immobile populations have received academic attention in recent years, following a period of focus on hypermobility and increasing migration as the main research interest. This article analyses the existing stock of literature on the topics of “immobilities” and “staying” to give insight into the importance of these concepts for rethinking contemporary population geography. It considers texts dealing with voluntary and involuntary types of immobility, as well as reasons for and factors influencing the increased observed immobility in the context of internal migration. Common theoretical frameworks used to explain immobilities and consequences for increasingly rooted societies are discussed. The paper also presents open research questions for future research. It draws the conclusion that staying and immobility are meaningful concepts for future research in the context of population and human geography, since they introduce a new perspective for research dedicated to spatial living patterns of populations. These concepts furthermore highlight the importance of different types and forms of (im)mobilities, the interconnectedness of mobile and immobile populations, and changes in aspirations and capabilities of life-course decision-making over time.

A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)

The presence of the Jewish population in Georgia and its peaceful coexistence with the local people has more than two millennia history. More or less systemic sources about the spatial aspects of their presence in Georgia exist only from the second half of the 19th century. The paper discusses the historical geography of the Jewish population in the 19th-20th century with the emphasis on their settlement pattern in the 1920s using for that purpose a detailed Population Census carried out in 1926.

A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)

The presence of the Jewish population in Georgia and its peaceful coexistence with the local people has more than two millennia history. More or less systemic sources about the spatial aspects of their presence in Georgia exist only from the second half of the 19th century. The paper discusses the historical geography of the Jewish population in the 19th-20th century with the emphasis on their settlement pattern in the 1920s using for that purpose a detailed Population Census carried out in 1926.

한국 지방소멸위험의 공간 분포 변화 분석

This study aims to search the changes in the spatial distribution of nationwide local extinction risk in a macroscopic way, and visualize that of eup and myeon with high extinction risk in a microscopic way, using the local extinction risk index. Local extinction risk indexes were calculated in 2000, 2010, and 2020 nationwide, and time-series analyses were performed based on them. According to the results of calculating the local extinction risk index in 2000, 2010, and 2020, there was no extinction risk area in 2000, but 61 in 2010 and 103 in 2020 were identified. This means that the local extinction risk has been intensified rapidly nationwide for the past 20 years. In particular, in 2020, 62.1% of the total extinction risk areas were concentrated on the Gyeongsang and Jeolla province. In addition, 25 guns including Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, had ranked on the top 10% of national extinction risks in 2000, 2010, and 2020. This suggests that the state of high extinction risk was attached to a specific area. According to the results of the analyses on the 12 high risk extinction guns by eup and myeon(the top 5% of nationwide extinction risk), all 138 eups and myeons were identified as the extinction risk areas. Most of the areas with high extinction risk were myeon that has been underdeveloped. This study will be a basis of population geography and cartography to correspond the era of the low growth and the population decrease.

Shifting residential and employment geography: Shanghai's bifurcated trajectory of spatial restructuring

Persistent influx of migrants has altered the urban landscape in China. Compounding this has been the shifting geography of local population and jobs, consequential of the physical expansion of built-up areas and restructuring of the urban economy. Nowhere is more evident of such trends as in Shanghai, the country's premier metropolis and leading business hub. How has intra-urban residential geography of migrants and local population transformed over time? How are such patterns connected with changing economic and employment distribution? These are the driving questions of our research, rooted in our long-standing observations of the city's evolving urban structure. We present patterns of spatial restructuring at two different points of time: in 2000 and 2010, and the change during the decade. Here our primary purpose is to sort out important predictors affecting the residential locations of migrants and the local population, in the context of overall demographic and employment geography. While sharing a tendency to move outward and away from the urban core, they respond to distinctive calculus – residential amenities for the locals and job opportunities for migrants, a bifurcated trajectory emblematic of intensified stratification.

О СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТИ ГРАНИЦ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ

The article investigates the intensity of social interaction between the population of different municipalities in Russian Federation. This interaction is estimated using user profile data from online social networks: a data source that grows more and more popular in population geography studies. We build a qualitative indicator of social interaction using data on the number of interregional friendship links for «VKontakte» social network users that live in different municipalities and have an open social network profile. We show that the intensity of social interaction is higher on the average for municipalities that share a common border. Social interaction intensity data is then used to characterize the permeability of municipality borders. We choose the least permeable borders among all border segments of municipalities in Russian Federation: those with the smallest transborder interaction intensity values and describe the social barriers that are revealed this way. We describe various configurations of these barriers and suggest hypotheses for the reasons why such barriers appear or do not appear. We also analyze several groups of socially insular groups of municipalities in the Khanty- Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and suggest possible reasons for their insularity.

Predicting Geographic Ranges of Marine Animal Populations Using Stable Isotopes: A Case Study of Great Hammerhead Sharks in Eastern Australia

Determining the geographic range of widely dispersed or migratory marine organisms is notoriously difficult, often requiring considerable costs and typically extensive tagging or exploration programs. While these approaches are accurate and can reveal important information on the species, they are usually conducted on only a small number of individuals and can take years to produce relevant results, so alternative approaches may be preferable. The presence of latitudinal gradients in stable carbon isotope compositions of marine phytoplankton offers a means to quickly determine likely geographic population ranges of species that rely on productivity from these resources. Across sufficiently large spatial and temporal scales, the stable carbon isotopes of large coastal or pelagic marine species should reflect broad geographic patterns of resource use, and could be used to infer geographic ranges of marine populations. Using two methods, one based on a global mechanistic model and the other on targeted low-cost latitudinal sampling of fishes, we demonstrate and compare these stable isotope approaches to determine the core population geography of an apex predator, the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran). Both methods indicated similar geographic ranges and suggested thatS. mokarranrecorded in south-eastern Australia are likely to be from more northern Australian waters. These approaches could be replicated in other areas where coastlines span predictable geographic gradients in isotope values and be used to determine the core population geography of highly mobile species to inform management decisions.