Geographical Variety Research Articles

Social remarks on the history of Spanish

If one takes a birds-eye tour of the social history of the languages spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, from the Antiquity to the present, there are several key features that can be clearly perceived. Latin, for instance, stands out in this timeline for its role as protagonist during a period of 2000 years. One can also note the importance of linguistic demography, the cycles of which determine the social presence of languages as well as how we view them, since it is these cycles that affect the configuration and extension of the geographic varieties of each language. Linguistically speaking, Spanish history demonstrates the influence that France has had in different times and diverse areas: the importance of Provencal literature, the arrival of European culture by way of the Camino de Santiago and through ecclesiastical reforms, the Medieval re-population movements, or the influence of the French model in linguistic politics of the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, what stands out most clearly when considering the mosaic of languages that have come together in the Peninsula over the course of time is the naturalness and normality with which these languages have co-existed on an everyday basis, whether neighboring languages, co-offcial languages sharing the same territory, mixed languages, or languages that mutually influence each other. The case of the Basque Territory is particularly representative due to its secular bilingualism, with the co-existence of extremely different languages from Indo-European and other varieties in the Pre-Historic Age, to modern-day Basque and Castilian. We should not lose sight of the fact that it was a bilingual monk who penned what we consider some of the first testimonies of the Basque language. The aim of this article is to present some of the most important moments in the social history of the Spanish language as it relates to its neighboring languages.

Strange Likeness: The Use of Old English in Twentieth-Century Poetry (review)

Reviewed by: Strange Likeness: The Use of Old English in Twentieth-Century Poetry John Corbett Strange Likeness: The Use of Old English in Twentieth-Century Poetry. By Chris Jones. Pp. viii + 266. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Hb. £50. This vigorous and engaging volume offers a series of close readings of the poetry of Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, Edwin Morgan, and Seamus Heaney in support of an argument that the poetics of each owes a substantial debt to the Old English he was taught at university. The general survey of twentieth-century poetry that the volume's subtitle apparently implies, then, never quite materializes, though several other poets are mentioned in passing and the chapter on Edwin Morgan touches in more detail on Scots language translations of Old English poetry by Alexander Scott and Tom Scott. On the whole, though, Jones' claim that there is Anglo-Saxon DNA coursing through the blood of modern English poetry rests on the geographical variety and canonical status of these four poets – an American, Englishman, Scotsman, and Irishman – whose work spans much of the twentieth century, and indeed spills into the twenty-first. In the cases of Pound, Morgan, and Heaney the engagement with Old English poetry involves direct translation, in particular of the elegy The Seafarerand the epic Beowulf. With Auden the involvement is less direct, though the flavour of Anglo-Saxon verse suffuses works such as the early [End Page 265]play Paid on Both Sidesand the long poem The Age of Anxiety. Jones' discussions of all four poets, however, travel beyond straight translation and into the broader realm of poetic technique and subject matter. Thus, what Pound learns from his eccentric, foreignizing translation of The Seafarerserves him well when he comes to write the Cantos, Morgan's Anglo-Saxon translations lead us startlingly towards science fiction poems such as 'Off Course', and Heaney's fascination with Old English seeps into 'North' as much as it does into his much applauded (and also criticized) version of Beowulf. Jones' main thesis is that modern poetry is founded on and sustained by a philologically inspired poetics. These four influential figures were themselves influenced by the discovery, in Old English classes at university, of a set of rhetorical techniques that promised an alternative to the seemingly tired tradition of stress-syllabic rhyming verse. It is this that distinguishes the modern OE-translating poet from his Victorian and Edwardian predecessors. Generally speaking, nineteenth-century translators such as H. W. Lumsden, William Morris, and A. J. Wyatt sought through translation to reinscribe Old English verse into the anglophone canon – Lumsden by adopting the rollicking ballad metre thought suitable for a folk epic like Beowulf, Morris and Wyatt by fashioning a more overtly archaizing blank verse based on heavily alliterative anapaestic trimeter. From Pound onwards, however, Old English is used as a resource to refashion the contemporary canon – Jones links Pound's groundbreaking translation of The Seafarerto line 532 of the Cantos: 'to break the pentameter, that was the first heave'. One of the major strengths of Jones' book is the detail with which he supports Pound's claim that the forging of a new tradition lay in the reworking of an old one. As well as reviewing the case in favour of Pound's early familiarity and lifelong fascination with Old English verse, Jones painstakingly unpicks the cadences of the Cantos, showing how they echo Old English rhythms even when they break free of alliterative constraints: 'Hoping to effect a new, American-led renaissance, Pound's language for the Neukuiais not the mock-Old English of The Seafarerbut a modern version of it.' Jones argues that to the twentieth-century poets Old Engish did not signify an Ango-Saxon ethnic authenticity so much as a latent energy that could be tapped into to revive poetry in the modern idiom. He frequently returns, with variation, to the titular phrase 'strange likeness': since Old English is both foreign to and identical with present-day English, it functions as an ideal tool to defamiliarize and refresh contemporary poetry while linking it to an ancient tradition. In the case of Auden there is the...

Heterosis of haemolymph analytes of two geographic populations in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Fenneropenaeus chinensis is distributed along the coasts of the northern seacoast of China and the Korean Peninsula. According to their migration routes, spawning and overwintering places, F. chinensis is divided mainly into three geographic variety populations. These populations represent potentially different genetic resources important to hybridisation breeding programs. To evaluate heterosis of the total protein concentration (PC), haemocyanin concentration (HC), penoloxidase (PO) activity, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and antimicrobial activity (Ua) mating was produced between and within Yellow and Bo sea (YB) population and southern seacoast of Korean Peninsula (SK) population, and the offspring of 49 families was reared to 7.64 g in the controlled environment. The results showed that the content of all haemolymph analytes of SK population was higher than that of YB population, and the immunocompetence in all hybridisations were higher than that in YB♂ × YB♀ except of HC in YB♂ × SK♀. Nine of 12 hybridisations had manifested positive heterosis in six haemolymph analytes. Heterosis of SK × YB was all-positive, and this hybridisation was better than YB × SK in HC, PO, ALP activity and Ua. The results suggested that the haemolymph analytes of YB and SK populations had many genetic differences, and hybridisation was an important tool to increase immune reaction and adverse resistance.

The colleflaccinosides, two chiral bianthraquinone glycosides with antitumor activity from the lichen Collema flaccidum collected in Israel and Russia

Colleflaccinosides A and B, two chiral bianthraquinone glycosides from the two geographical varieties of lichen Collema flaccidum collected in Russia and Israel have been isolated as new natural products. Their structures were elucidated using UV, CD, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, and chemical degradation. The colleflaccinosides B had significant antitumor activity in the crown gall tumor inhibition test.

Plazas and Barrios: Heritage Tourism and Globalization in the Latin American Centro Historico

Review: Plazas and Barrios: Heritage Tourism and Globalization in the Latin American Centro Historico By Joseph L. Scarpaci Reviewed by Robert D. Hook University of Idaho, USA Joseph L. Scarpaci. Plazas and Barrios: Heritage Tourism and Globalization in the Latin American Centro Historico. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 2005. 267pp. ISBN 0-8165-1631-6 (cloth) US$45.00. Alkaline paper. When we travel in Latin America, one of the main points of interest is the plaza or historical center of the cities. We marvel at the architecture of these centers and are amazed at the variety of life, shops and hotels. We see glimpses of their history collaged with the present and wonder how they developed. Scarpaci, a Professor of Geography at Virginia Tech University, is well qualified to guide us through an exploration of this topic. In 2002 he won the Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award for Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis which he co-authored with Cuban architect Mario Coyula and Roberto Serge. In Plazas and Barrios, he analyzes the urban cores of nine Latin American cities and their eventual transformations from town plazas to historic centers. He discusses the political, economic and social forces that formed the barrios and continue to shape them. He explores the history, settlement, and economy of each city, and then examines contemporary planning issues. The cities are Bogota and Cartagena, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cuenca and Quito, Ecuador; Havana and Trinidad, Cuba; Montevideo, Uruguay; and Puebla, Mexico. They were selected in order to represent “geographic variety: agricultural versus mining and manufacturing centers, ports versus inland locations, and large versus small cities” (p. 220). Scarpaci has provided insightful information about each of the cities and what has happened to make their historical centers and barrios what they are today. He “explores how heritage tourism and globalization reshape the Latin American historic district (p 32). “Latin American tourism is increasingly becoming a major source of economic development. It is vying for nearly US$476 billion spent in 2000 by 689 million international tourists” (p. 31). Latin American cities have no shortage of heritage tourism opportunities both new and more traditional, such as gastronomic heritage tours, military heritage tours and host-guest relationships (p 20). Scarpaci then provides in-depth case studies of four cities: Havana, Trinidad, Cuenca and Cartagena. In these case studies he shows insights into the differences made by governmental organization alone. In Cuenca and

Emu Enlargement Towards Ceec'S: Risks of Sector-Based and Geographic Asymmetric Shocks

The future membership of CEECs in the eurozone involves the risk of external asymmetric shocks, due to too strong a dependence on one sector or one customer country. By defining two indicators - sector-based and geographic - of exposure to shocks, taking into account the symmetry of the export structures of a candidate state with the EMU and the opening rate of the candidate state, we are able to draw up a classification of countries according to the fulfillment of Kenen's criterion, revised and transposed to the geographic variety of exports. The results, compared with those of the two countries of the EMU which are most sensitive to sector-based and geographic shocks (Finland and Ireland), testify to a generally pronounced exposure to shocks. An inventory of the pairs country / branch and country / destination at the origin of shocks with strong macroeconomic impact shows that Bulgaria and Slovakia, and even more Estonia and Latvia, are exposed to major risks. Thus, these two small economies would be well advised to create a cyclical stabilization fund before envisaging joining the EMU. Against the thesis of the endogeneity of the OCAs (optimum currency areas), this recommendation remains valid, insofar as the increase in the share of intra-industry trade between the EMU and a candidate state does not necessarily entail a convergence of multilateral sector-based export structures.

Implementation of Quality Control Methods in Conjunction with Chemometrics Toward Authentication of Dairy Products

The implementation of novel and accurate quality and safety control methods in conjunction with chemometrics in various fields of science, particularly in food science, showed that this combination stands for a very powerful tool for detecting food authenticity. The latter reflects both geographic origin and variety. Dairy products, in particular, have repeatedly worried the public authorities in terms of authentication regarding origin and in view of the many illnesses occasionally due to products of specific origin. Therefore, the development of a robust and reliable system endowed with this discriminatory power (varietal and/or geographic) is of great importance, both in terms of public health and consumer protection.

EMU Enlargement to Include CEE Countries: Risks of Sector-based and Geographical Asymmetric Shocks

Future membership of CEE countries in the euro zone highlights the risk of external asymmetric demand shocks due to too strong a dependence on one sector or one customer country. The purpose of this article is to build two indicators of exposure to shocks—sector-based and geographical—taking into account the symmetry of the export structures of a future member with the EMU and the trade openness of the future member. This enables us to draw up a classification of the CEE countries according to fulfillment of the Kenen criterion, revised and then transposed to the geographical variety of exports. The results, compared with those of the two countries in the EMU which are most sensitive to sector-based and geographical shocks (Finland and Ireland), testify to a generally pronounced exposure to shocks. An inventory of the pairs ‘country/branch’ and ‘country/destination’ liable to be at the origin of shocks with strong macroeconomic impact shows that Bulgaria and Slovakia, and to an even greater extent Estonia and Latvia, are exposed to major risks. In so far as Bulgaria and Latvia's real convergence process with the euro zone seems scarcely to have started, these two economies might consider postponing EMU membership or creating a cyclical stabilisation fund on joining. This recommendation contradicts the endogenous OCA theory, which is put forward when intra-industry trade intensifies. However, an increase in the share of intra-industry trade between a CEE country and the EMU does not necessarily entail less exposure to the shocks studied.

Determinants of Grammatical Variation in English (review)

Reviewed by: Determinants of grammatical variation in English ed. by Güter Rohdenburg, Britta Mondorf Alexander Bergs Determinants of grammatical variation in English. Ed. by Güter Rohdenburg and Britta Mondorf. (Topics in English linguistics 43.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. Pp. 564. ISBN 3110176475. $101 (Hb). This book contains sixteen thematically arranged empirical studies that deal with various determinants of grammatical variation in English, including the question of constraint interaction, that is, reinforcing versus conflicting factors. Manfred Krug investigates the role of string frequency and transitional probability in grammatical variation and change, and discusses their promoting and retarding effects. Julia Schlüer looks at clashes between the phonology and morphosyntax in four different variables. She argues that grammatical variation might be (co)determined by phonological factors. The complex interplay of factors influencing the behavior and ordering of postverbal constituents lies at the heart of Thomas Wasow’s and Jennifer Arnold’s paper. They argue against categorical factors and in favor of language-processing models based on interacting defeasible constraints. Thomas Gries deals with the more abstract question of ‘structure’ versus ‘function’. In his study on particle placement, he points to the importance of corpus data and multifactorial analyses, as well as the combination of functional and formal aspects. John Hawkins also looks at variability in head-modifier relationships and asks why zero-marked phrases are closer to their heads than those with more complex morphological marking. The issue of cognitive complexity and the horror aequi principle, that is, the avoidance of (semantically unmotivated) identity effects, play a role in Günter Rohdenburg’s paper. He evaluates these two factors in the use of interrogative clause linkers in English. Horror aequi also figures in Uwe Vosberg’s paper on the development of -ing complements in Modern English. Christian Mair also investigates -ing gerunds versus to infinitivals, discussing both grammatical and sociolinguistic factors in the complementation patterns of start and begin. He shows on the basis of extensive corpus data that a successful account needs to invoke both internal and external, synchronic and diachronic factors. The age-old problem of periphrastic versus inflectional comparative forms in English is seen in a new light in Britta Mondorf’s paper on ‘Support for more- support’. She suggests that greater explicitness facilitates processing on all linguistic levels. Dirk Noél compares AcI (accusative infinitive) versus that complement clauses and finds there is much more pragmatics in the sense of text-building practice involved than would appear at first sight. Anette Rosenbach explores iconicity and economy as influential factors in grammatical variation. In her diachronic study on the two possessive structures of English, she concludes that iconicity and economy start off as joined forces and only later become oppositions. Anatol Stefanowitsch also investigates the two genitives of English. From the viewpoint of construction grammar he argues that the observed variation patterns do not stem from animacy, givenness, or syntactic weight, but from distinct role constructions and relations. For Stefanowitsch, the aforementioned factors only figure in subordinate cases of specification and stylistic influences. Olga Fischer investigates the idea of grammaticalization in its relation to linguistic reality. She is interested in what Determination involves and how synchronous factors may have long-term repercussions in linguistic structures. Peter Siemund takes a crosslinguistic perspective in his paper on intensifiers and reflexives. On the basis of data from varieties of English, German, Swedish, Mandarin, and many other languages, he suggests that the variability observed in English and its varieties is not language specific, but reflects general and typologically attested principles. Lieselotte Anderwald also employs a comparative perspective in her paper on negation in nonstandard English. Her detailed description of varietal negation patterns emphasizes markedness and constructional iconicity as typologically valid factors. Sali Tagliamonte investigates have versus have got and got in three geographical varieties of British English. She finds a similar directionality of change and consistent patterning in all [End Page 288] three varieties and concludes that this is a case of syntactic persistence and of...

Humans

Humans

Population genetics of Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales): biogeographical and evolutionary implications

Dioon edule Lindl. (Zamiaceae) is a cycad endemic to Mexico, that occurs as one species D. edule and the geographical variety D. edule var. angustifolium (Miq.) Miq. Dioon edule has a north to south distribution in eastern Mexico. In this study, we analysed 14 allozymic loci in eight populations of D. edule from its total distribution range by sampling all known populations. Patterns of diversity and genetic variability, within and among populations, were obtained. The mean number of alleles per locus ( A ) was 1.44 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was relatively high ( P = 54.78). The mean observed ( HO ) and expected heterozygosity ( HE ) were 0.27 and 0.24, respectively. F -statistics revealed an excess of heterozygous genotypes, locally and globally ( F = −0.17 and f = −0.27, respectively). The genetic variation explained by differences among populations was only 7.5%. We also detected a negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude. On average, the gene flow between population pairs was relatively high ( Nm = 2.98); furthermore, gene flow between population pairs was significantly correlated with geographical distances ( r = −0.38, P = 0.025). Therefore, patterns of genetic diversity in D. edule appear to be associated with the post-Pleistocene spread of the species, from its southerly (origin) to its northerly range (derived populations, including its central distribution). The biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of the results of this study are discussed. We recognize Dioon angustifolium Miq. for the northernmost disjunct populations. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80 , 457–467

Recent Archaeological Work in Roman Iberia (1990–2002)

The Iberian peninsula is a key region that has the potential to transform fundamentally our understanding of the Roman Empire. The longevity of the Roman presence in Iberia, the huge geographical variety of its regions, and the cultural differences between its peoples make it ideal for understanding the genesis, development, and disintegration of the Roman Empire as a whole. The transformation of regional infrastructure in Spain and Portugal during the 1980s and 1990s has generated much new archaeological information. This is particularly true of the major cities, where intensive urban development has greatly enhanced our understanding of their layout and development during the historic periods. In the countryside too, the expansion of the road networks, EU-inspired changes in crop quotas, and the intensification of mechanized farming have all had a major impact and substantially increased the number of known villas and rural settlements.

Recent Archaeological Work in Roman Iberia (1990–2002)

The Iberian peninsula is a key region that has the potential to transform fundamentally our understanding of the Roman Empire. The longevity of the Roman presence in Iberia, the huge geographical variety of its regions, and the cultural differences between its peoples make it ideal for understanding the genesis, development, and disintegration of the Roman Empire as a whole. The transformation of regional infrastructure in Spain and Portugal during the 1980s and 1990s has generated much new archaeological information. This is particularly true of the major cities, where intensive urban development has greatly enhanced our understanding of their layout and development during the historic periods. In the countryside too, the expansion of the road networks, EU-inspired changes in crop quotas, and the intensification of mechanized farming have all had a major impact and substantially increased the number of known villas and rural settlements.

Is there political Islam in Ukraine?

This article summarizes the main demographic and statistical data, and gives a preliminary analysis, of some important trends characteristic of Ukrainian Islam. A typology of Islamic communities has been attempted based mainly on the criteria of geographic distribution and ethnic variety. The complex phenomenon of Islamic revival is looked at mainly from a political and social angle with a specific focus on how religious affiliation interplays with other group identities and competing ideologies. The general European context has been taken into account whenever appropriate.

English in a historical perspective – a neglected inheritance?

PAUL RASTALL assesses current issues and possibilities in studying the history of English“…often…in words contemplated singly, there are boundless stores of moral and historic truth, and no less of passion and imagination are laid up – that from these lessons of infinite worth may be derived…”(Richard C. Trench, 1851, 1)When we think of “English today”, a range of issues naturally springs to mind. Principally, they are “synchronic” issues. They can be matters “internal” to linguistic systems, or viewpoints “external” to English considered as a communication system. Externally, we might consider, for example, the diversity of geographical, generational or sociolinguistic varieties, teaching and learning conditions and problems, the political and economic issues arising from the enormous spread of English worldwide. Internally, there are the many questions of phonology, grammar, lexicon, usage and textual practices, which are more directly “linguistic” in the narrow sense. A little less obviously, we can consider issues of the future of English both from the “external” point of view, looking at – for example – the selection of varieties for teaching or international communication purposes, and from the “internal” viewpoint, the “synchronic dynamics” of English, looking at the ways in which English is currently changing or tending to change. All of those matters and others are well covered in English Today.

Morphology and systematics in mesopsammic nemerteans of the genus Ototyphlonemertes (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea, Ototyphlonemertidae)

Interstitial nemerteans of the genus Ototyphlonemertes are difficult to organize into traditional morphospecies. They occur in a multitude of slightly different local varieties that form a seemingly continuous morphological cline. In this paper, we summarize most published morphological data on the group, plus 73 new records of geographic varieties from the Mediterranean Sea in the East to the Sea of Japan in the West. We summarize morphological variation, partition traits into character and character states, propose a standardized protocol for examination of live specimens and discuss the phylogenetic structure of the group. The phylogenetic discussion leads to a hypothesis that partitions all varieties (including the established species) into six groups. These are the smallest morphologically homogenous sets of varieties (corresponding to traditional morphospecies) we can diagnose on phylogenetically reliable traits. Variation within the groups appears to be unreliable phylogenetic markers that may distinguish ecological forms rather than relatedness. However, we distinguish four of the groups by combinations of two traits, one apomorphy for a more inclusive group and one plesiomorphy, and the remaining two by one trait each that may be either a unique plesiomorphy or an apomorphy depending on the rooting, and most of them may thus join paraphyletic groups of cryptic monophyletic units. We call this kind of group phylomorph and name them the Duplex-, Pallida-, Cirrula-, Fila-, Lactea- and Macintoshi-morph (referring to the first established species within each group, i.e. Ototyphlonemertes duplex, O. pallida, O. cirrula, O. fila, O. lactea and O. macintoshi respectively). The phylogenetic scheme provides a simple tool to allocate geographical varieties to a group of possible `species' and a phylogenetic null-hypothesis for further tests with genetic data.

Trace metals in soft and durum wheat from Italy

A survey was carried out with the aim to assess the levels of some toxic (cadmium, lead) and essential (copper, zinc) trace metals in wheat grown in Italy. A total of 178 samples of soft wheat grain and 239 samples of durum wheat grain from all the Italian wheat-growing regions were pooled into 35 and 38 representative samples respectively. After dry ashing, cadmium and lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), whereas copper and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In soft wheat the mean and median contents of all samples were (on a dry weight basis) 40 and 33 µg kg-1 for cadmium, 16 and 14 µg kg-1 for lead, 3.4 and 3.2 mg kg-1 for copper, 33 and 32 mg kg-1 for zinc. Similar levels were found in durum wheat. In this latter case the mean and median were 42 and 39 µg kg-1 for cadmium, 15 and 14 µg kg-1 for lead, 3.5 and 3.2 mg kg-1 for copper, 34 and 34 mg kg-1 for zinc. Significant differences were detected for some metals in relation to geographical provenance and variety. The average intake of the four selected elements from wheat-based products was estimated for the Italian population.

Purism and Fashion

The present article investigates the effects of a purist reaction against French loans in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch: is the diachronic development of French influence different in Belgian Dutch compared to Netherlandic Dutch? On the basis of the onomasiological profile of a concept (i.e. the synonyms with which the concept may be designated, distinguished by their relative frequencies), the proportion of French items in the corpus (which consists of non-elicited data from the field of clothing terms) is calculated. The evolution of this proportion exhibits a different pattern in the two varieties. On the one hand, the decrease of the ratio of French words in the Belgian subset of the corpus can be explained as a manifest purist reaction against French influence. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, the appreciation of French words seems to be subject to changing fashions, resulting in an inconsistent diachronic pattern of French influence. Yet, these different attitudes towards French influence in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch do not imply a global divergence between the vocabularies of both geographic varieties: there appears to be an overall pattern of convergence that is not disrupted by the difference in attitude towards French loans.

Poles apart: biodiversity and biogeography of sea ice bacteria.

This review introduces the subjects of bacterial biodiversity and biogeography. Studies of biogeography are important for understanding biodiversity, the occurrence of threatened species, and the ecological role of free-living and symbiotic prokaryotes. A set of postulates is proposed for biogeography as a guide to determining whether prokaryotes are "cosmopolitan" (found in more than one geographic location on Earth) or candidate endemic species. The term "geovar" is coined to define a geographical variety of prokaryote that is restricted to one area on Earth or one host species. This review discusses sea ice bacteriology as a test case for examining bacterial diversity and biogeography. Approximately 7% of Earth's surface is covered by sea ice, which is colonized principally by psychrophilic microorganisms. This extensive community of microorganisms, referred to as the sea ice microbial community (SIMCO), contains algae (mostly diatoms), protozoa, and bacteria. Recent investigations indicate that the sea ice bacteria fall into four major phylogenetic groups: the proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group, and the high and low mol percent gram-positive bacteria. Archaea associated with sea ice communities have also been reported. Several novel bacterial genera and species have been discovered, including Polaromonas, Polaribacter, Psychroflexus, Gelidibacter, and Octadecabacter; many others await study. Some of the gram-negative sea ice bacteria have among the lowest maximum temperatures for growth known, < 10 degrees C for some strains. The polar sea ice environment is an ideal habitat for studying microbial biogeography because of the dispersal issues involved. Dispersal between poles is problematic because of the long distances and the difficulty of transporting psychrophilic bacteria across the equator. Studies to date indicate that members of some genera occur at both poles; however, cosmopolitan species have not yet been discovered. Additional research on polar sea ice bacteria is needed to resolve this issue and extend our understanding of its microbial diversity.

The linguistic shaping of accounting By Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui (review)

428 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 74, NUMBER 2 (1998) compilers have adopted the good practice ofdirecting the reader to a Batad Ifugao entry, i.e. indexing a simple Batad Ifugao form in whose extended commentary the equivalent to the English expression will be found. This dictionary is well organized and easy to use. It is an admirable addition to the other dictionaries ofPhilippine languages. It is a pleasurejust to browse through it. In the United States, the dictionary is available only through the International Academic Bookstore, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TX 75236. [Philip W. Davis, Rice University.] Themes in Greek linguistics: Papers from the First International Conference on Greek Linguistics, Reading, September 1993. Ed. by Irene PhilippakiWarburton , Katerina Nicolaidis, and Maria Sifianou (Current issues in linguistic theory, 117.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1994. Pp. xvii, 534. The First International Conference on Greek Linguistics (ICGL) was organized by Irene PhihppakiWarburton and Katerina Nicolaidis who, together with Maria Sifianou, are also responsible for the publication of the papers presented at the conference. The main title ofthe volume is somewhat misleading in that the vast majority of the papers deals with Modern Greek (MG). The papers are organized thematically into six sections . Section I contains the papers ofthe four invited speakers: George Babiniotis on the contribution of contemporary linguistics to the teaching ofMG, Dimitra Theophanopoulou-Kontou on the application of generative grammar to MG syntax, Brian Joseph on weak subjects and the pro-drop parameter in MG, and Angeliki Malikouti-Drachman on recent approaches to some problems of MG phonology. Section II consists of twenty papers dealing with particular theoretical and descriptive issues in the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of MG such as aspect, case, clitics, mood, and verb movement, within current models such as principles and parameters , head-driven phrase structure grammar, lexical functional grammar, and relevance theory. Section III contains six papers dealing with various issues in the phonology and phonetics of MG such as intonation , lingual articulation, and the phonology-morphology interface. Section IV contains ten papers on discourse and style dealing with such issues as linguistic attitudes, metaphor, miscommunication, and politeness. Section V brings together twenty papers on Ancient and MG dialects such as Macedonian, Cappadocian, Cypriot, and Pontic, and on social and geographical varieties, diglossia, and language acquisition . Section VI contains six papers on the use of computers for the analysis, translation, and teaching of MG. An index of authors and an extremely useful index of topics and languages rounds off this well-produced volume. As is often the case with unrefereed conference proceedings, the quality of the contributions varies considerably. At the same time, however, it is clear that MG linguistics enjoys a healthy interaction between linguistic theory and description, including a commendable attention to social and geographical variation. The Greek language, with its long and amply documented history and its many, often radically diverging dialects, has many important insights to offer to theoretical linguists of all persuasions. The behavior of the Greek clitic pronouns is a case in point. Whereas the stress behavior of clitic groups is fairly straightforward in Standard MG, dialects such as Cappadocian evince a remarkable variation in this respect. The same holds, mutatis mutandis, for the distribution of object clitic pronouns in Standard MG vis-à-vis such dialects as Rhodian, Chian, and, again, Cappadocian. In Pontic, probably the most deviant dialect of MG, the erstwhile object clitic pronouns have become full-fledged affixes resulting in a dramatic reinterpretation of the trisyllabic constraint typical of Standard MG. The present collection of papers is a welcome addition to the literature in both Greek and general linguistics . [Mark Janse, Linguistic Bibliography, The Hague/University of Ghent.] The linguistic shaping ofaccounting. By Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1995. Pp. x, 171. This book is aimed at 'those interested in accounting issues, including professional accountants, business executives, teachers and researchers, and students'. Not evidently linguists; hence perhaps the linguist has only himself to blame if he looks for something interesting here. The author, however, is not simply toying with the word 'linguistic' in his title. Each chapter of this short book applies some more or less technical notion from linguistics as a sort of heuristic...