Geographical Focus Research Articles

Review: Ireland’s Farthest Shores: Mobility, Migration, and Settlement in the Pacific World, by Malcolm Campbell

Ireland’s Farthest Shores: Mobility, Migration, and Settlement in the Pacific World is a superb piece of transnational history. For the last two decades, Malcolm Campbell’s work has stood at the vanguard of a historiographical movement to expand the focus of Irish diasporic history beyond the dominant case of the United States to consider other locations around the globe. Ireland’s Farthest Shores marks a fitting culmination to this research project.In his previous work, especially Ireland’s New Worlds: Immigrants, Politics, and Society in the United States, 1815–1992 (2008), Professor Campbell questioned a prevailing framework among Americanists that traced the social problems of Irish people abroad to their pre-migration culture, in particular a deeply rooted predisposition to see departure from Ireland as exile rather than opportunity. Irish immigrants struggled economically and encountered considerable animosity in the American Northeast, to be sure, yet Professor Campbell found little evidence that they did so in Australia, or for that matter in the American Midwest and West. Using tightly focused trans-regional comparative analysis, he emphasized networks of chain migration, the timing of Irish immigrants’ arrival in settler-colonial societies, the fluid and dynamic character of these societies, patterns of rural settlement, and racism against Chinese immigrants as the dominant themes in Irish American history beyond the Northeast. Exchanges of people and information between California, Australia, and New Zealand, Professor Campbell concluded, took place in the context of a Pacific Irish culture that could be analyzed through cross-regional comparisons as well as transnational interactions. This insight led to Ireland’s Farthest Shores, his broadest and most ambitious work to date.In Ireland’s Farthest Shores, Professor Campbell sets out to explain how Irish migrants shaped the Pacific World and how that world shaped them. Historians have been asking similar questions about the Atlantic World for many decades, but Professor Campbell’s geographical focus is new. He is careful and sensitive in avoiding Eurocentric myopia and bias in defining the Pacific World. Whose world was it, who defined it, and how? He is equally careful in establishing his chronological boundaries so that they do not coincide simply with the age of European incursions, even if Irish migrants were both products and agents of that process. Breaking, like his earlier work, from the nation-state paradigm that shapes many studies of immigration and ethnicity, Ireland’s Farthest Shores places its subject within the dual context of expanding empires and specific regions in the Pacific World, especially in the American West and present-day Australia and New Zealand. The first half of the book examines the process of migration, arrival, and settlement from the early sixteenth century through the late nineteenth century. The second half analyzes how Irish migrants and their descendants engaged with the host societies—principally in Anglo-Pacific regions, as that is where most of them settled—with a focus on religion, radicalism, ethnic nationalism, dispossession of Indigenous populations, and eventual integration into the host societies, in forms notably different from the dominant pattern in Irish America.Thoughtful, deeply researched, and elegantly written, Ireland’s Farthest Shores is not only a powerful and original study of an important and neglected topic, it will be recognized as a landmark work in Irish diaspora history and in transnational migration history more generally.

A Report from LGBTI Philanthropy

A Report from LGBTI Philanthropy

Forecasting seasonal sargassum events across the tropical Atlantic: Overview and challenges

Proliferation of sargassum across the tropical Atlantic since 2011 has motivated a range of forecasting methods. Statistical methods based on basin-scale satellite data are used to address seasonal timescales. Other methods involve explicit Lagrangian calculations of trajectories for particles that are representative of drifting sargassum over days-months. This computed sargassum drift is attributed to the combined action of surface currents, winds and waves, individually or in various combinations. Such calculations are undertaken with both observed surface drift and simulated currents, each involving strengths and weaknesses. Observed drift implicitly includes the action on sargassum of winds and waves, assumed equivalent between drifters and sargassum mats. Simulated currents provide large gridded datasets that facilitate computation of ensembles, enabling some quantification of the uncertainty inherent in an eddy-rich ocean, further subject to interannual variability. A more limited number of forecasts account for in situ growth or loss of sargassum biomass, subject to considerable uncertainty. Forecasts provide either non-dimensional indices or quantities of sargassum, accumulated in specified areas or counted across specified transects over a given time interval. Proliferation of different forecast methodologies may reduce uncertainty, if predictions for given seasons are consistent in broad terms, but there is scope to coordinate different approaches with common geographical foci and predicted variables, to facilitate direct inter-comparisons. In an example of forecasting westward sargassum flux into the Caribbean during the first half of 2022, challenges and opportunities are highlighted. In conclusion, prospects for closer alignment of complementary forecasting methods, and implications for sargassum management, are identified.

Think global, cube local: an Earth Observation Data Cube’s contribution to the Digital Earth vision

ABSTRACT The technological landscape for managing big Earth observation (EO) data ranges from global solutions on large cloud infrastructures with web-based access to self-hosted implementations. EO data cubes are a leading technology for facilitating big EO data analysis and can be deployed on different spatial scales: local, national, regional, or global. Several EO data cubes with a geographic focus (“local EO data cubes”) have been implemented. However, their alignment with the Digital Earth (DE) vision and the benefits and trade-offs in creating and maintaining them ought to be further examined. We investigate local EO data cubes from five perspectives (science, business and industry, government and policy, education, communities and citizens) and illustrate four examples covering three continents at different geographic scales (Swiss Data Cube, semantic EO data cube for Austria, DE Africa, Virginia Data Cube). A local EO data cube can benefit many stakeholders and players but requires several technical developments. These developments include enabling local EO data cubes based on public, global, and cloud-native EO data streaming and interoperability between local EO data cubes. We argue that blurring the dichotomy between global and local aligns with the DE vision to access the world’s knowledge and explore information about the planet.

The Other Archaeologists: The Ignorant Villagers and the Colonial Archaeology of Taxila in the Late Nineteenth Century

This paper investigates the role ordinary people have played in archaeological field research during the late nineteenth century. Its geographical focus is on the Taxila valley in Pakistan. It was in the early later nineteenth century that Alexander Cunningham carried out extensive explorations in the area. He engaged local people during the course of his explorations aiming at gathering information about the valley’s archaeological landscape and previous diggings at many sites. Of particular importance was a resident of Shah-dheri village, called Nur. Notwithstanding their potential contribution during the surveys, Cunningham still failed to credit them for it. He rather maligned his local informants and guides as ignorant and destroyers. This paper argues that we need a discovery as well as reappraisal of the role ordinary local people have played in archaeological investigations in the subcontinent. The category of ordinary people under discussion here is different from what native scholarship embodies, viz. scholars, pundits and learned informants. It includes people who are imperceptible, or even absent, in the margins and bottoms of the pages of colonial knowledge. Such researches would not only reveal novel aspects of colonial archaeology but would, at the same time, lead to devise ways for potential engagements between archaeologists and local populations in present-day South Asian archaeology.

Fifty Years of Prison Library Scholarly Publishing: A Literature Analysis

Although the existence and importance of prison libraries is noted in United Nations declarations and guidelines from correctional and library associations around the world, no attempt has been made to provide a bibliographic analysis of scholarly literature pertaining to prison library research. This article reports on an analysis of 141 scholarly journal articles published on the topic from 1970 to 2020, focusing on five areas: publication patterns over time, authorship characteristics, subject and geographic focus, publication sources, and languages of publication. The outcome of this analysis revealed that scholarly publishing on prison library–related topics is a slowly growing field, but one dominated by scholars from the United States. Authors are very likely to be publishing about issues local to themselves, in the English language, and in library-related journals. They are very likely to publish only once on the topic rather than building a thematic program of research in the area.

Social data governance: From reflective practices to comparative synthesis

This special theme brings together reflections and deliberations regarding the design, implementation, and development of data governance. By addressing “social data governance” as the keyword of the special theme, we aim to further the discussion on a contextual understanding of both the governing foundations and effects of data, dataism, and datafication in different societies. Such a discussion reminds us to pay particular attention to—and thus account for—the social dynamics that underpin and contextualize the design, operation, and promotion of quantified governing mechanisms in which information on social behaviors is collected, datafied, manipulated, and represented. Essentially, the social dynamics of data governance have existed for a long time and in many forms, ranging from credit bureaus’ scrutiny, evaluation, and labeling of their customers to internet-enabled massive data collection and scoring systems used by governments, and to automated contact tracing techniques as a centerpiece of dataveillance and infection control amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, scholarly work from a wide range of disciplines like law, mathematics, and business and with diverse geographical foci has not yet been comparatively and reflectively articulated. Being rich and diverse, the special theme advances such a requisite understanding of the status and relevance of social dynamics of data governance mechanisms based on a wide range of empirical cases around the globe. To scrutinize the social dynamics helps illuminate and contrast divergent manifestations of data governance and their underlying mechanisms.

New geographies of platform capitalism: The case of digital monopolization in Turkey

The rise of digital platforms is growingly acknowledged as a pivotal characteristic of contemporary capitalism. A subset of the literature on digital platforms scrutinized the political economy of platform companies, their data-driven business models along with the economic, social, and political consequences of platformization. Yet, this strand has been overwhelmingly interested in Big Tech companies in the United States and China. In this article, I aim to expand the geographical span of this emerging literature by scrutinizing platformization dynamics in Turkey, a middle-income country that has not been systematically examined so far along these lines. To this end, I present an assessment on the overall platform landscape in Turkey by focusing on three highlight digital platforms (Trendyol, Hepsiburada, and Getir). My analysis on the trajectory of these three platforms indicates the following. First, these platforms have exhibited meteoric growth rates and have risen among the most valuable companies in Turkey in a tremendously short period of time. Second, their aggressive growth strategies based on data extraction and network externalities have led to a strong monopolization drive. Third, they have rapidly expanded into adjacent business areas, transforming themselves into infrastructural components of the domestic economy, with profound impacts on production, trade, and labor relations. Fourth, they remain dependent on the infrastructure laid by Big Techs. These findings suggest that platformization is rapidly transforming economic landscapes other than the United States and China as well, yet in an uneven and dependent form, underlining the need to broaden the geographical focus of the concerned literature.

GIS Integrated System for Internal Medicine and Transport Network: A Conceptual Framework of Control Spread of Emerging Infectious Diseases

Introduction: The spread of infectious disease in Africa is a major issue that demands the use for the most effective technology for its control and prevention. Geographical Information System (GIS) is an emerging technology with proven capacity to chart the spatial occurrence social phenomena, both statically and dynamically. GIS offers considerable advantages over the traditional cartographic methods from which it emerged. The purpose of this research paper is to explore and demonstrate the capability of GIS in measuring the spread and predicting infectious disease in developing countries and assisting (government) decision-makers in understanding and controlling the spread of communicable disease. Specifically, the aim is to establish an integrated framework for using GIS in epidemiological studies at the grassroots level. Methods: The paper based on the author previous published papers and review of the existing literature. Result: The data collection will center on the virus that has reached Lagos along the coast road from Accra in Ghana; Calabar from infected Cameroon to the east and arrived in the north via a "right hook" of long-distance trucking to Maiduguri. Thus, there is a need for the establishment of GPS base station in Lagos, Nigeria to improve accuracy and precision of satellite data collection through use of differential corrections. There is also a need to link clinical and HIV/AIDS databases to GPS database. The information required to support HIV/AIDS spread analysis can be generally classified into the following three categories :(a) transportation network (i.e. distance; average daily traffic; number of stops; etc.) (b) social/demographic factors (i.e. population; characteristics of HIV carriers/AIDS sufferers; the distance to school, hospitals, and other sensitive areas) (c) other geographical considerations (i.e. tribal affiliation; neighboring country.). The principal social/demographic factor that is operational in the referenced HIV/AIDS spread model is population. This is a GIS database of enumeration district centroids with attribute information, available through the National Population Centre and African AIDS Network. The enumeration district boundary file for each district will be established by drawing lines that bisect each adjacent enumeration district centroid. Through recursive use of this process, enumeration district borders will be shaped such that every district occupies a unique area surrounding its centroid, and collectively the district occupies the entire suburb area. Conclusions: The paper concludes that direct the nature and the geographical focus of control efforts carried out at the state or local government level, where these decisions are constrained by the limited resources for control programs, which are always a reality in developing countries. This integrated GIS is significance because it will provide an important opportunity for improved decision support for the educational interventions, health care delivery systems and management of infectious disease spread at the local, regional and national levels.

Nordic treatment guidelines for rare epileptic conditions: A literature review.

IntroductionThe onset of severe, drug‐resistant seizures in early childhood is characteristic of the rare epileptic disorders Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS), Dravet syndrome (DS), and CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) and is frequently observed in the rare genetic conditions tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and Rett syndrome (RTT). High‐quality treatment guidelines are needed for optimal management of these conditions. This review aimed to assess content, availability, and development of treatment guidelines for these disorders in the Nordics region (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).MethodsA targeted literature review (TLR) was therefore conducted in November/December 2020 by manually searching online rare disease and guideline databases in addition to relevant health technology assessment and regulatory agency websites to identify pharmacological treatment guidelines for DS, LGS, TSC, RTT, and CDD. Search terms for each disorder were translated to identify country‐specific guidelines. Treatment recommendations, geographical focus, and guideline development methodology was extracted into a predetermined extraction grid.ResultsMost of the 24 eligible guidelines identified (16/24; 66%) were specific to particular countries; Sweden was the most represented (7/24 [29%] guidelines), while no guidelines were identified for Iceland. Guideline development methodologies were heterogeneous, including systematic literature reviews/TLRs and expert consultation; several methodologies did not report details on the evidence sources used (7/24 [29%] guidelines). Treatment recommendation availability was variable across disorders, ranging from 126 treatment recommendations (LGS) to none (RTT, CDD).ConclusionComprehensive, consensus‐based treatment guidance developed via international collaboration within the Nordics region is necessary to optimize patient care in these five rare epileptic conditions.

Historical perspectives on the International Labour Review 1921–2021: A century of research on the world of work1

AbstractThis article analyses the history of the International Labour Review (ILR), which was created in 1921, based on the provisions of Article 396 of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, as a major periodical publication of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The article reviews, from various perspectives, the ILR's transformation from an institutional multipurpose periodical to today's modern academic journal, including its institutional journey, the role of the editors in charge and the professional and academic profiles of the ILR's authors. It studies the ILR's contribution to important academic and policy debates and its role for the ILO by examining from a historical perspective the contents, topics and geographical focus of the almost 3,000 signed articles published to date.

Authorship trends in infectious diseases society of America affiliated journal articles conducted in low-income countries, 1998-2018.

An increasing amount of infectious diseases research is conducted in low-income countries (LIC) given their high burden of disease; however, the contribution of LIC investigators as measured by authorship metrics, specifically to infectious diseases research, has not been thoroughly studied. We performed a literature search for primary research conducted either within LICs or using samples from LIC participants published between 1998-2017 in the Infectious Disease Society of America-affiliated journals Clinical Infectious Diseases, Journal of Infectious Diseases, and Open Forum Infectious Diseases. Primary outcomes included proportion of LIC-affiliated first and last authors (i.e. lead authors) per year and authorship trends over time. Secondary outcomes included proportion of LIC-affiliated authorship by geographic distribution and disease focus. Among 1308 publications identified, 50% had either a first or last LIC-affiliated author. Among these authors, 48% of LIC-affiliated first authors and 52% of LIC-affiliated last authors also reported a non-LIC institutional affiliation. While the absolute number of articles by LIC-affiliated lead authors increased over the 20-year period, the proportion of articles with LIC-affiliated lead authors decreased. There is a growing literature for infectious disease research conducted in LICs yet authorship trends in a small subset of these publications demonstrate a pronounced and worsening exclusion of LIC-affiliated investigators from publishing as lead authors.

The Never-Ending Poxes of Syphilis, AIDS, and Measles

In this article, I address some infectious diseases that never really “ended,” even though their morbidity, their social impact, and their public visibility have faded away: AIDS, syphilis, and measles. I will use data from different projects I have conducted on each of those epidemics: HIV/AIDS at the doctoral training level in the 1990s, with a geographical focus on Brazil and the United States; syphilis in the context of a 2010 project on the social history of health in Lisbon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; and measles as part of my current project on labor migration in the 19th century, with a focus on epidemic outbreaks in migrant ships from Madeira to Hawaii.

Gender-based violence as a sustainability problem

The connection between gender-based violence and sustainable development remains under-researched, despite the fact that more than 30 percent of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence. This article aims to address this research gap by foregrounding the connection between gender-based violence and sus-tainable development by examining a body of literature with a geographical focus on the Global South. To this end, it draws on two different approaches: the three dimen-sions of sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals. Both approaches demonstrate, directly or indirectly, that gender-based violence negatively affects the path to sustainability by reducing a person’s potential, capabilities and well-being, thus hindering sustainable development.

Introduction

Introduction Joseph Hellweg, Special Feature Editor Since the Mande Studies Association (MANSA) held its 2017 triennial meeting in Grand Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire, various members, including the authors of this special feature, have been reassessing the relationship between MANSA’s name and its mission. The contributors to this collection believe that the very notions of “Mande” and “Mandeness” risk restricting MANSA’s recent expansion. Whereas that growth seems to have occurred in response to an openness to research on topics beyond the realm of Mande, a nostalgia for Mandeness in our work may occlude a well-documented tendency toward adaptation and diversity within both the Mande world and the field of Mande Studies. We believe that our concerns mirror those of our colleagues in African Studies, anthropology, art history, the arts, education, history, literary studies, and other disciplines, who have, for some time, been critiquing notions of ethnicity as definitive of their research-related concerns. This special feature therefore aims to generate an association-wide, multidisciplinary, trans-Atlantic conversation about the fit between our field of study and how we conceptualize it. In this introduction, I want both to explain how the contributors came to feel the need for this discussion and to summarize the content of our contributions. How We Arrived Here Before the Grand Bassam conference, MANSA had held previous African conferences in Bamako, Mali in 1993 and 2011; Serrekunda, Gambia in 1998; Kankan and Conakry, Guinea in 2005; and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso in 2014, all in majority Mande-speaking areas. Grand Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire was the exception, since Mande-speaking peoples constitute a minority population in that country. Barbara Hoffman, MANSA’s president at the time, had chosen Côte d’Ivoire as the conference site, and Jeanne Toungara, longtime friend and colleague of Sam Koffi, the chief operating officer of the International University of Grand Bassam, secured the university as our venue. As president-elect then, I asked my Ivorian colleague, Patrick Zadi Zadi, in the summer of 2016, about [End Page 155] how best to publicize plans for the conference. He kindly held a meeting at his home in Abidjan and invited colleagues of his from Ivorian research institutes and universities to meet and talk with Barbara and me. Yao Marcel Kouakou, now MANSA’s West Africa coordinator, then spread the word through his networks in Côte d’Ivoire. As a result, the Grand Bassam conference hosted a greater number, and more diverse group, of African-based researchers—and in particular Ivorian colleagues, many working beyond the bounds of “Mande”— than had any previous MANSA triennial conference. The number of European participants was also heartening. The conference signaled a potential sea change in the topical orientations and geographical focus of our members, calling us to reconsider the potential limits of our focus on Mande. Some four years later, on October 10, 2021, while Maria Grosz-Ngaté was visiting the United States, she, Rosa de Jorio, Renata Serra, Alioune Sow, and I met together in Lake City, Florida to discuss the roundtable that Rosa and I were preparing on the future of Mande Studies for the online meeting that fall of the African Studies Association (ASA). Alioune, Maria, Rosa, Baba Coulibaly, Sten Hagberg, and I then met virtually on October 30 and November 13 to discuss our presentations. We held our roundtable on Thursday, November 18, 2021, under the title, “Renewing Mande Studies: Resisting Stasis, Recentering Places,” to reflect the conference theme, “Re-Centering Africa: Resistance and Renewal in a World beyond COVID-19.” In the months following the conference, all of us, save Sten, who needed to attend to other obligations, revised and expanded our presentations for publication here, in the order in which I introduce each essay below. An Overview of the Contributions Maria Grosz-Ngaté (Indiana University and former ASA president) interrogates the risks of organizing our association so exclusively around Mande identity. She does so in light of scholarly critiques of ethnicity by Mande specialists, the trajectory of MANSA’s own historical development, Mali’s recent political history, and the geographical, rather than ethnic, orientations of contemporary West African intellectuals. She ends by asking if MANSA...

Genome Size Variation in Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen sensu lato (Caryophyllaceae).

Genome size (GS) is an important characteristic that may be helpful in delimitation of taxa, and multiple studies have shown correlations between intraspecific GS variation and morphological or environmental factors, as well as its geographical segregation. We estimated a relative GS (RGS) of 707 individuals from 162 populations of Dianthus sylvestris with a geographic focus on the Balkan Peninsula, but also including several populations from the European Alps. Dianthus sylvestris is morphologically variable species thriving in various habitats and six subspecies have been recognized from the Balkan Peninsula. Our RGS data backed-up with chromosome counts revealed that the majority of populations were diploid (2n = 30), but ten tetraploid populations have been recorded in D. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris from Istria (Croatia, Italy). Their monoploid RGS is significantly lower than that of the diploids, indicating genome downsizing. In addition, the tetraploids significantly differ from their diploid counterparts in an array of morphological and environmental characteristics. Within the diploid populations, the RGS is geographically and only partly taxonomically correlated, with the highest RGS inferred in the southern Balkan Peninsula and the Alps. We demonstrate greater RGS variation among the Balkan populations compared to the Alps, which is likely a result of more pronounced evolutionary differentiation within the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, a deep RGS divergence within the Alps likely points to persistence of the alpine populations in different Pleistocene refugia.

People and nature: The emerging signature of a relational journal

People and nature: The emerging signature of a relational journal

Equitable community resilience: The case of Winter Storm Uri in Texas

Community resilience in the face of natural hazards involves both a community's sensitivity to disaster and its potential to bounce back. A failure to integrate equity into resilience considerations results in unequal recovery and disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations, which has long been a concern in the United States. This research investigated aspects of equity related to community resilience in the aftermath of Winter Storm Uri in Texas which led to extended power outages for more than 4 million households. County-level outage/recovery data was analyzed to explore potential significant links between various county attributes and their share of the outages during the recovery/restoration phase. Next, satellite imagery was used to examine data at a much higher geographical resolution focusing on census tracts in the city of Houston. The goal was to use computer vision to extract the extent of outages within census tracts and investigate their linkages to census tracts attributes. Results from various statistical procedures revealed statistically significant negative associations between counties' percentage of non-Hispanic whites and median household income with the ratio of outages. Additionally, at census tract level, variables including percentages of linguistically isolated population and public transport users exhibited positive associations with the group of census tracts that were affected by the outage as detected by computer vision analysis. Informed by these results, engineering solutions such as the applicability of grid modernization technologies, together with distributed and renewable energy resources, when controlled for the region's topographical characteristics, are proposed to enhance equitable power grid resiliency in the face of natural hazards.

Selective inclusion in cash transfer programs: Unintended consequences for social cohesion

Debates over universal versus selective or targeted provision of benefits in social protection programming have gained traction in recent years. In some cases, poverty targeting has been found to benefit communities, creating positive economic spillover effects even for non-recipients. However, targeted programs can also reconfigure social relations, carrying a social stigma that bifurcates communities. Drawing from rich qualitative data from a cash transfer program in Chad, we explore both the economic and social implications of targeting in cash transfer programs in contexts with widespread poverty. We find significant positive economic effects on non-beneficiaries. At the same time, not only does participation engender considerable social costs, but several punitive and economic costs arise for recipients as a result of their inclusion in the program, with repercussions for the transfer’s productivity. We conclude that in contexts where everyone is poor, targeting can create new fissures within a community, stemming from a combination of jealousy and skepticism with regard to the perceived deservingness of transfer recipients vis-à-vis other village inhabitants. When budgets are insufficient to cover all poor, the positive effects of cash transfer programs may be enhanced by reducing the geographic focus of social safety net programs to ensure all inhabitants can access benefits.

The Origin, Epidemiology, and Phylodynamics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 CRF47_BF.

CRF47_BF is a circulating recombinant form (CRF) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiological agent of AIDS. CRF47_BF represents one of 19 CRFx_BFs and has a geographic focus in Spain, where it was first identified in 2010. Since its discovery, CRF47_BF has expanded considerably in Spain, predominantly through heterosexual contact (∼56% of the infections). Little is known, however, about the origin and diversity of this CRF or its epidemiological correlates, as very few samples have been available so far. This study conducts a phylogenetic analysis with representatives of all CRFx_BF sequence types along with HIV-1 M Group subtypes to validate that the CRF47_BF sequences share a unique evolutionary history. The CRFx_BF sequences cluster into a single, not well supported, clade that includes their dominant parent subtypes (B and F). This clade also includes subtype D and excludes sub-subtype F2. However, the CRF47_BF sequences all share a most recent common ancestor. Further analysis of this clade couples CRF47_BF protease-reverse transcriptase sequences and epidemiological data from an additional 87 samples collected throughout Spain, as well as additional CRF47_BF database sequences from Brazil and Spain to investigate the origin and phylodynamics of CRF47_BF. The Spanish region with the highest proportion of CRF47_BF samples in the data set was the Basque Country (43.7%) with Navarre next highest at 19.5%. We include in our analysis epidemiological data on host sex, mode of transmission, time of collection, and geographic region. The phylodynamic analysis indicates that CRF47_BF originated in Brazil around 1999–2000 and spread to Spain from Brazil in 2002–2003. The virus spread rapidly throughout Spain with an increase in population size from 2011 to 2015 and leveling off more recently. Three strongly supported clusters associated with Spanish regions (Basque Country, Navarre, and Aragon), together comprising 60.8% of the Spanish samples, were identified, one of which was also associated with transmission among men who have sex with men. The expansion in Spain of CRF47_BF, together with that of other CRFs and subtype variants of South American origin, previously reported, reflects the increasing relationship between the South American and European HIV-1 epidemics.