Geographical Difficulties Research Articles

Village Economic Capacity Building and Community Infrastructure Through the Village Study Fund Budget in Wawoangi Village, South Buton Regency

Village funds are one of the crucial issues in the village law, the budget calculation is based on the number of villages by taking into account the population, poverty rate, area size, and the level of geographical difficulty in order to improve welfare and equitable village development. Because of such a crucial issue, the senators assessed that the implementation of village governance requires guidance and supervision, especially the implementation of village activities. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the capacity building of the economy and infrastructure for the use of village funds in Wawoangi Village, South Buton Regency; (2) to determine the supervision of the Village Consultative Body in the use of Village Funds in Wawoangi Village, South Buton Regency. Empirical legal research methods or empirical juridical research methods. The conclusion of this research is that the management of the village fund budget in Wawoangi Village is based on the Regulation of the Sub-Regulation Number 78 of 2019, formulated in the Wawaoangi Village RPJM activity and then the implementation of the village funds is carried out with a proportional distribution in each hamlet. Lack of community participation and support with village development management is a factor that hinders the successful use of the village fund budget. The decrease in the level of community participation in the implementation of village development causes the absorption of local labor to also decrease. Village financial management starts from the planning stages, implementing business administration, reporting and mandatory accountability, presumably involving the village community.

An Opportunity amid Crises: E-Learning at the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the Lebanese University

Background: Nowadays, the internet revolutionized the way people communicate. The research was no longer limited within libraries, individuals can now obtain any information with a click of a button. With the Covid-19 and the lockdown, the Lebanese educational institutions shifted to Online Learning. Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the success of online learning implementation at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and the students’ satisfaction with online courses. Material and Method: A cross-sectional observational study is performed. An online survey is sent to 165 students of the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the Lebanese University. They answered a questionnaire prepared and adapted to the context of the study. Data was collected and analyzed using the SPSS 21.0, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA version. Results: The results are statistically significant (p< 0.0001). The majority of students who did not give essential importance to the instructor’s physical presence (# 106), considered the E-learning method (# 97). The number of students who exclusively prefer in-class courses (#71) corresponds with the number of those who find the instructor's physical presence crucial (#59). For 159 students, surrounding noises during confinement did not disturb them. The majority of the students (#153) did not encounter serious internet cuts and 24 of them weren’t enthusiastic about E-learning. Conclusion: Despite the pandemic, socioeconomic, geographic, and educational difficulties, our results showed that the majority of the students in the Lebanese University, Faculty of Dental Medicine, embraced the rapid transition to E-learning classes. Implementing the online learning mode did not influence participants’ satisfaction towards education.

Analysis of the Village Fund Utilization for Poverty Alleviation

This study aims to describe and analyze the use of village funds in poverty alleviation and the factors that influence the use of village funds sourced from the State Budget for poverty alleviation. The research used the case study method. The results showed that the utilization of village fund had been implemented in accordance with the Regent Regulation No. 6 of 2019 concerning technical instructions and procedures for the distribution and determination of details of village fund given to 142 villages in 13 sub-districts, allocated equally and fairly based on the basic allocation, affirmation allocation, and formula allocation calculated by taking into account the number of villagers, the village poverty rate, the area of the village and the level of geographical difficulty. In terms of utilization of village fund through a mechanism agreed upon in the village deliberations as the highest village forum involving village government officials, the Village Consultative Body, and elements of the village community, the use, and utilization of village fund which increase every year are more prioritized in Physical Village development (95.28%) of the total village fund, compared to the use of village fund for community development and empowerment activities (4.72%) for poverty reduction, and the use of village fund has not significantly reduced poverty rates in rural areas. Factors that influence the use of village funds are (1) conflicting regulations on the use of village funds, (2) weak supervision from both government officials and the community, (3) the low commitment of village elites in utilizing village funds to reduce poverty rates in rural areas.

After all, who has to be studied: The coronavirus, Brazilians, or their administrators?

This article discusses one of the great governmental challenges of the last centuries—universalization of access to potable water and sanitation services (WSS)—in view of the geographical difficulties for the provision of services in certain regions, and differences in ability to pay for water and sanitation services. It is necessary to reinforce the various links between social and environmental conditions. A review of the literature finds that countries work differently on the approach to universal access to water and sanitation services (Marques, 2010), addressing the problem according to their laws with variable results in how these services are defined. In order to achieve the desired universalization of water and sanitation services in Brazil, in addition to the investment of significant amounts of money, coordinated administration is necessary to leverage these investments. In addition to this challenging scenario, the present moment is worrying! At the beginning of the 21st century, a new pandemic is causing deaths at an alarming rate. Most countries around the world are combating the new coronavirus that has disrupted economies, caused panic, and raised hypotheses about political hegemonies. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID‐19) to be a Public Health Emergency of International Importance—the highest alert level of the Organization, as provided for in the International Health Regulations. This study discusses the alignment of these dual challenges in Brazil and what can be done toward improved water and sanitation in this difficult context.

Technical-Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems Applied to Heterogeneous Mobile Networks in Rural Areas

The use of renewable sources as an energy matrix has become crucial for the development of rural mobile networks both to meet increasing energy consumption in mobile network segments and to improve the efficiency of the grid. Thus, this work aims to analyze the economic viability of the photovoltaic system as an energy source for 5G mobile networks in rural environments by means of energy consumption models for mobile networks and cost for installation and operation of photovoltaic systems. Results indicate that although the analysis is characterized for a rural scenario with low population density, where economic viability is low due to geographic location and access difficulties, the photovoltaic system has great feasibility of implantation and operation. Thus, according to the results, the implementation of this renewable energy source is financially favorable in locations with a higher insolation rate above 4.0 kWh/m2.day. In addition, the reduction in the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere from the use of the photovoltaic system demonstrated the environmental importance of this energy source.

Understanding the Mothers of Children with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus in Tanzania

To identify if there are cultural, medical, educational, economic, nutritional and geographic barriers to the prevention and treatment of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. The mothers of infants with spina bifida and hydrocephalus admitted to Muhimbilli Orthopaedic Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, between 2013 and 2014 were asked to complete a questionnaire. A total of 299 infants were identified: 65 with myelomeningoceles, 19 with encephaloceles, and 215 with isolated hydrocephalus. The questionnaire was completed by 294 of the mothers. There was a high variation in the geographic origin of the mothers. Approximately 85% traveled from outside of Dar Es Salaam. The mean age was 29 (15-45) years old with a parity of 3 (1-10). The rates of consanguinity, obesity, antiepileptic medication, HIV seropositivity, and family history were 2%, 13%, 0%, 2%, and 2%, respectively. A maize-based diet was found in 84%, and only 3% of woman took folic acid supplementation, despite 61% of mothers stating that they wished to conceive another baby. Unemployment was high (77%), a low level of education was common (76% not attended any school or obtaining a primary level only), and 20% were single mothers. Hospital only was the preferred method of treatment for 94% of the mothers, and 85% of the babies were born in a hospital. Our study highlights some of the cultural, educational, geographic, nutritional, and economic difficulties in the prevention and management of spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania.

Health in conflict and post-conflict settings: reproductive, maternal and child health in Colombia

BackgroundIn conflict-afflicted areas, pregnant women and newborns often have higher rates of adverse health outcomes.ObjectiveTo describe maternal and child health indicators and interventions between 1998 and 2016 comparing high and low conflict areas in Colombia.MethodsMixed study of convergent triangulation. In the quantitative component, 16 indicators were calculated using official, secondary data sources. The victimization rate resulting from armed conflict was calculated by municipality and grouped into quintiles. In the qualitative component, a comparative case study was carried out in two municipalities of Antioquia: one with high rates of armed conflict and another with low rates. A total of 41 interviews and 8 focus groups were held with local and national government officials, health professionals, community informants, UN agencies and NGOs.ResultsAll of the indicators show improvement, however, four show statistically significant differences between municipalities with high victimization rates versus low ones. The maternal mortality ratio was higher in the municipalities with greater victimization in the periods 1998–2004, 2005–2011 and 2012–2016. The percentage of cesarean births and women who received four or more antenatal visits was lower among women who experienced the highest levels of victimization for the period 1998–2000, while the fertility rate for women between 15 and 19 years was higher in these municipalities between 2012 and 2016. In the context of the armed conflict in Colombia, maternal and child health was affected by the limited availability of interventions given the lack of human resources in health, supplies, geographical access difficulties and insecurity. The national government was the one that mostly provided the programs, with difficulties in continuity and quality. UN Agencies and NGOs accessed more easily remote and intense armed conflict areas. Few specific health interventions were identified in the post-conflict context.ConclusionsIn Colombia, maternal and child health indicators have improved since the conflict, however a pattern of inequality is observed in the municipalities most affected by the armed conflict.

Alternative Solutions for Determining Village Funds Using Weight Product Method

Based on the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 113 of 2014 concerning Village Financial Management, the management of village funds must be carried out in a transparent, accountable, participatory, orderly, and budgetary discipline. Village fund management starts from January 1 to December 31 of the current year as outlined in the Village Budget (APBDesa). Village budget consists of village income, village expenditure, and Village Financing. The current village fund management mechanism is felt to be too convoluted and filled with obscurity. For example, the measurement for village fund recipients is still based on the results of deliberations. The results of the deliberations that are produced make it possible to have political elements or like-dislike factors. The result will be far from equal distribution and right on target. From this description, we need a tool that is used to help provide a fair decision regarding the recipient of village funds. The tool is a tool that is not influenced by things that cause no equalization and only requires a short time in its processing. So that the recipients of village funds are quickly identified by looking at several criteria. This study provides a solution for determining the recipients of village funds using the Weight Product method. Weight Product Method is one method often used to solve the problem of decision making with many attributes or criteria (MADM). This method is more efficient than some other methods in solving the problem of decision making with many attributes or criteria (Multi Attibute Decision Making). The criteria used in this study include: Poverty rates, area size, geographical difficulties, and infrastructure.

Decision Support System for Determination of Village Fund Allocation Using AHP Method

This study aims to describe the management of the allocation of village funds in physical development in the village of Siborna, Panei Subdistrict, Simalungun Regency and to identify inhibiting factors and supporting factors in managing village fund allocation. The focus of this research is the management of village fund allocations which include: planning, implementation. The determination of the allocation of village funds will later use the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with 4 criteria including: villagers, rural poor, village area and Village Geographical Difficulty Index. Alternative Samples in this study were 4 villages, including the villages of Sosor Hamlet, Simpang Bahbirong Hamlet, Hutabagasan Hamlet and Kebun Sayur Hamlet. The results of this study using the AHP method obtained by the Village of Vegetable Farm Village is an alternative with the highest value that is eligible to get a village fund allocation from the government with a value of 3,0000

Prescribing peritoneal dialysis and achieving good quality dialysis in low and low-middle income countries.

The provision of long-term renal replacement therapies for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in low and low-middle income countries (LLMICs) has been a pervasive challenge, impeded mainly by monetary constraints, limited health-care resources, and geographical and logistic difficulties. Even for patients who could initiate dialysis, discontinuation of dialysis treatment due to the lack of financial sustainability is a valid concern. While the delivery of high-quality dialysis should not be compromised in these settings, perpetuity on dialysis is of paramount consideration for these patients, with sustaining life being just as important as achieving clinical well-being. As intensification of peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription comes with immense cost in these settings, the strategy for stretching affordability of dialysis involves optimizing the number of PD exchanges required or delaying the transition to a high PD dose of four bags per day of continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) prescription. This can be accomplished through the use of low-cost adjunctive treatment, by preserving residual kidney function and adopting incremental PD. The use of expensive, complex, or inaccessible monitoring tools for peritoneal membrane function and dialysis clearance could be replaced by clinical assessment and widely available biochemical indicators, which will significantly reduce the investigation costs, with consequent savings that could allow for lengthening the duration of PD therapy. Finally, it is important for each PD program in LLMICs to monitor these outcome indicators, to ensure the consistent delivery of acceptable quality of PD to their patients.

Aspectos de genética poblacional en Mesoamérica

<p>No se sabe si la variabilidad de una población en tiempos prehispánicos conformaba una población conjunta de distintos orígenes si convivía como grupo cultural pero separada en estratos (de distinto origen), o bien, si su diversidad era semejante a otras regiones, sitios o poblaciones. En tanto no se tengan suficientes muestreos genéticos de restos arqueológicos de distintos periodos es imposible definir a Mesoamérica en términos de herencia biológica. Sin embargo, podría suponerse que antes de los eventos posthispánicos, el flujo de genes estuvo condicionado, en principio, por las distancias y las dificultades geográficas respecto al comercio y las relaciones sociales. Así, con el objeto de analizar cuánto de la distribución genética corresponde al área mesoamericana –y tomando en cuenta que el concepto mismo ha estado en debate– con base en marcadores fundadores de adn mitocondrial, se exponen datos a partir de poblaciones urbanas y hablantes de lenguas indígenas de 16 estados de México. Se analizaron haplotipos obtenidos con la técnica de pcr y rflp; las distancias Phist se estimaron con el programa arlequin 3.0. Los resultados mostraron que las distintas poblaciones se presentan en un <em>continuum</em> de flujo genético en todo el país, mayor entre las poblaciones urbanas, pero con diferencias tanto entre grandes regiones como dentro de las mismas. La división en dos grandes ramas se da en un rango de entre 0 y 0.19. El sureste (Yucatán, Campeche y mayas) junto con los zapotecos se separan del resto de los grupos, y éstos, a su vez, se subdividen coincidiendo con Mesoamérica algunas veces y otras no. </p>

Child health, parasites and lower socioeconomic status: Outcomes of a long-term screening, intervention and training study by health volunteers in rural Nepal.

BackgroundNepal is a developing country with limited resources for health provision due to its geographic difficulties and frequent natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes. Children are at risk of growth retardation due to inadequate food intake and unhealthy environment. Lower back pain is common among the adults and causes limitations in daily activities. Material/methodsA group of voluntary Turkish medical students, doctors and civil members conducted a field study, together with Nepalese doctors (MDs) and local volunteers, concerned with health-screening, intervention practices and on-site training in rural Nepal between 2013 and 2015. Physical examination of participants, together with stool examinations for parasites were done and those for whom treatment was indicated were referred to MDs who also ran a field pharmacy containing donated medications. ResultsTotally, 1148 individuals-725 children and 423 adults-were screened between 2013 and 2015. Musculoskeletal problems and upper respiratory tract infections were primary complaints among adults and sick children, respectively. Three-quarters of 203 collected stools had ≥ 1 parasite(s). ConclusionsGrowth retardation in children observed during the study, the burden of intestinal parasites on Nepalese children and unavailability of effective health services for citizens in rural areas should direct local authorities to allocate greater resources for country's health infrastructure improvement and to provide a higher standard of childhood nutrition.

ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN PEMBANGUNAN DAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN WILAYAH DI PROVINSI ACEH

Abstract The aims of this research are to understand the development disparities, income distribution, human development, and the geographical difficulties in North-East, Center-South East, and West-South of Aceh Regions. The methods of analysis used are Williamson Index, Lorentz Curve, Gini Coefficient, Human Development Index (IPM), and Geographical Difficulties Index (IKG). The results show that based on Williamson Index, the developments in the North-East, Center-South East Regions of Aceh are still low. Based on the Lorenz Curve, West-South Region is far from equality line, it is followed by Center-South East and North-East Regions. Thus, it can be stated that West-South and Center-South East Regions experience relatively greater income disparities compared to North-East Region. Based on Human Development Index Calculation, West-South of Aceh is the region that has lowest Human Development Index, then it followed by Center-South East and North-East Regions of Aceh. Based on Geographical Difficulties Index, West-South Region of Aceh has the highest Geographical Difficulties Index compared to Center-South East and North-East Regions of Aceh viewed from the existence of basic services, infrastructure condition, and transportation.The government must strive to reduce development disparities in the North-East, Central-Southeast and West-South regions of Aceh so that there will be no provincial division and conflict between regions.

Revision joint replacement surgeries of the hip and knee across geographic region and socioeconomic status in the western region of Victoria: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis of registry data

BackgroundResidents of rural and regional areas, compared to those in urban regions, are more likely to experience geographical difficulties in accessing healthcare, particularly specialist services. We investigated associations between region of residence, socioeconomic status (SES) and utilisation of all-cause revision hip replacement or revision knee replacement surgeries.MethodsConducted in western Victoria, Australia, as part of the Ageing, Chronic Disease and Injury study, data from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (2011–2013) for adults who underwent a revision hip replacement (n = 542; 54% female) or revision knee replacement (n = 353; 54% female) were extracted. We cross-matched residential addresses with 2011 census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), and using an ABS-derived composite index, classified region of residence according to local government areas (LGAs), and area-level SES into quintiles. For analyses, the control population (n = 591,265; 51% female) was ABS-determined and excluded adults already identified as cases. Mixed-effects logistic regression was performed.ResultsWe observed that 77% of revision hip surgeries and 83% of revision knee surgeries were performed for residents in the three most socially disadvantaged quintiles. In adjusted multilevel models, total variances contributed by the variance in LGAs for revisions of the hip or knee joint were only 1% (SD random effects ±0.01) and 3% (SD ± 0.02), respectively. No differences across SES or sex were observed.ConclusionsNo differences in utilisation were identified between SES groups in the provision of revision surgeries of the hip or knee, independent of small between-LGA differences.

Identifikasi Kegiatan Program Kampung Keluarga Berencana di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah

The purpose of this study identified the activities of the Family Planning Village Population, Family Planning and Family Development program in Middle Aceh District. The study location were grouped according to the Geographic Difficulties Index of the Central Bureau of Statistics. Research data collection uses qualitative methods, namely interviews, documentation, and observations with the Village Head / Geuchik (informant 1), extension / coach of the Family Planning Village (informant 2), and management of the Family Planning Village (informant 3). The results of this study indicate that the implementation of family planning village activities in the village is of high difficulty and is not difficult geographically has been relatively active, namely the management and mentor and companion of the family planning village to work well and directed, while the villages with moderate difficulty level geographically less active. Generally, the activities of the Family Planning Village carried out are posyandu, posbindu, elderly gymnastics and other activities. The activities of the Prosperous Family Income Improvement Group are also not yet implemented, where the activity is expected to empower the village community economically. Cross-sectoral activities have also not been implemented and coordinated well, it seems that there is no program that can be felt directly even though the commitment at the beginning of the declaration has been carried out.

ANALISIS ALOKASI DANA DESA DI KEBUPATEN LEBONG TAHUN 2016

This study aims to analyze whether the procedure of allocation of Village Funds in Lebong Regency has been in accordance or not in accordance with Regulation of the Minister of Finance RI No.49 of 2016 on Procedure of Allocation of Village Funds. This research uses descriptive research approach. The data used in this study is secondary data, in the form of Lebong Village Fund (DD) data issued by Minister of Finance Regulation No. 49 of 2016, population, area, poverty rate, and geographical difficulties index. The object of research in this study as many as 12 District in Lebong District. The results of the research analysis indicate that the procedures for allocating village funds have followed the guidelines of the applicable rules, but the data used in the calculation of Village Fund Allocation are not all sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Lebong Regency while in the Minister of Finance Regulation No.49 of 2016 Data must be sourced from the statistics field.Key words: Village Fund Allocation

PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PENDIDIKAN TERBUKA/JARAK JAUH

The idea of implementing Distance Education (DE) is to educationally serve the people who cannot be served by the existing face-to-face educational institutions due to one and some other reasons. Some of the constraints faced, as generally exposed, are in term of geographical distance and difficulty, transportation, time, limited budget, and physical disadvantages. In the very beginning stage, the learners of DE programs were adults. In the later development, DE institutions serve people not only adults but also those who are still at the school-age stage, from kindergarten to higher education. Not only the learners vary but also the technology/media used to deliver the learning contents, from the very old one (print technology) to the newest one (electronic technology). Currently many distance education institutions in developing countries use printbased technology as the main DE medium as the use of communications technologies is often cost-prohibitive. Almost all institutions in the Southeast Asian Countries that have already implemented distance education approach in their educational development still use print technology as a very important medium in delivering the programs. Even though some countries have used the internet technology as another potential alternative in delivering their distance learning contents. In this paper, the discussion will focus on the use of technologies in delivering distance learning contents, starting from print up to internet technologies.

Efektivitas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Dana Desa di Kabupaten Lampung Barat

This research began with a community empowerment program launched through the Village Funds Budget. Community empowerment is the lowest priority in managing village funds after development and government. In fact, empowerment that currently does not reach 30% of the village funds budget can create a more independent community. However, until now the independence of the community has not been realized to its full potential. By using a socio-empirical research and program evaluation approach, it is expected that this research can obtain a real picture of the effectiveness of community empowerment through village funds in West Lampung. The community empowerment program launched by the government through the management of village funds in West Lampung is still not effective. This is caused by several factors, namely: the level of geographical difficulties of Pekon in the mountainous region, and the relatively low level of education of the community and Pekon apparatus. These causes make empowerment when viewed in terms of the programs offered are very good. However, the implementation is still not effective where the village funds management apparatus lacks the courage to develop the program on the grounds that there are no official technical guidelines from the regional government.

Atuação da enfermeira frente aos fatores que interferem na adesão de mulheres idosas ao exame de Papanicolau

OBJETIVO: Discutir a atuação da enfermeira frente aos fatores que interferem na adesão de mulheres idosas ao exame de Papanicolau. MÉTODO: Estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura, exploratória e descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, realizada entre Janeiro à Setembro de 2017, na qual se utilizou como critérios de inclusão artigos em português, online, gratuitos, disponíveis na íntegra no período de 2003-2016. A amostra foi constituída por 17 artigos após leitura minuciosa dos títulos e resumos. RESULTADOS: Fatores como vergonha, medo, tabu, desconhecimento e outros fatores relacionados à unidade de saúde, como dificuldades para marcação de exames e dificuldade geográfica para chegar até a unidade, contribuem para que as idosas não tenham aderência ao exame preventivo ginecológico quando comparadas às mulheres em faixas etárias inferiores. Atrelado a isso a enfermeira exerce papel importante na prevenção do câncer de colo uterino e adesão dessas mulheres ao exame através de medidas educativas, busca ativa e atendimento qualificado e humanizado. CONCLUSÃO: Evidencia-se o quanto é importante a atuação da enfermeira para identificar os fatores que impedem a adesão das idosas ao rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero através do exame de Papanicolau.

An Online Verification System of Students and Graduates Documents and Certificates

University students around the world find geographical and organizational difficulties in verifying their records and academic documents in various traditional ways; namely by mail, e-mail or in person. Such a procedure is hectic and time-consuming. Also, an important step in job recruiting is to go through résumes and applicants' certificates and check if they contain incorrect or fraudulent information. Hence, the need to standardize these services in a unified portal was made by designing and developing an electronic system to verify documents for students and student graduates. The proposed e-verification portal of this study enhances the smart university with saving time and effort as it receives all verification transactions from external parties inside and outside a country. It also helps keep track of the achievement in an accurate manner and prevents the falsification of documents. This research article demonstrates the stages of the system design, development, the accomplished outcomes and the final form of implementation strategy.