Geographical Area Of Origin Research Articles

The Pacific yam (Dioscorea nummularia Lam.), an under-exploited tuber crop from Melanesia

This study aims to explore the potential of Dioscorea nummularia Lam. and to gather information as a prelude to its improvement by plant breeding. After a taxonomic clarification and a review of the botanical data, its geographical areas of origin and distribution are determined. A germplasm survey conducted on nine islands of Vanuatu enabled the collection of 110 accessions corresponding to 84 cultivars. These were grouped into: (1) wild forms under domestication, (2) annual types, (3) perennial-type cultivars of D. nummularia and (4) natural interspecific hybrids with D. alata L. Within each group, remarkable morphological variation exists for stem spininess, leaf shape, emerging leaf colour, tuber shape and tuber flesh colour. Selected accessions examined for ploidy had chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 3x = 60 to 2n = 6x = 120. Chloroplast counts conducted on stomatal guard cells confirmed the variation in ploidy levels. Eight different male cultivars were studied for pollen fertility, but <5% of the pollen grains appeared to be fertile when stained with acetocarmine. However, profuse flowering and synchrony favour pollination and result in fruit set. All accessions are resistant to anthracnose. Viruses were detected but are morphologically not discernible, with no incidence on yield. Physicochemical analyses of tubers from 16 accessions revealed that D. nummularia and interspecific hybrids have high percentages of dry matter (mean of 33.11%) and starch (82.81%). The Pacific yam could be improved through conventional hybridisation or used for interspecific crosses with related economically important species. Recommendations are made for further research.

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Immigrants in a Large City with Large-Scale Immigration (1991-2013).

BackgroundThe increase in immigration in Barcelona between 2000 and 2008 forced a reorganization of the control of tuberculosis (TB). TB clinical units (TBCU) were created and community health workers (CHW) were gradually included.ObjectiveTo understand trends in the incidence of TB among immigrants, their main characteristics and treatment compliance during the period 1991–2013.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional population-based study of cases detected among immigrants by the Tuberculosis Program in Barcelona, Spain. Sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and risk factors were described. The annual incidence was calculated for various periods and geographical areas of origin. In the linear trend analysis, a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe detected 3,284 cases. Incidence decreased from 144.8/100,000 inhabitants in 1991 to 53.4/100,000 in 2013. Individuals born in Pakistan-India-Bangladesh had the highest average annual incidence (675/100,000). In all, 2,156 cases (65.7%) were male. 2,272 (69.2%) had pulmonary TB, of which 48.2% were smear-positive. 33% of the cases (1,093) lived in the inner city. Contact tracing (CT) coverage in smear-positive individuals rose from 56.8% in 1991–1999 to 81.4% in 2000–2013 (p<0.01); this value was less than 50% in people from Africa and Eastern European countries. The case fatality rate was 3.6% overall and 9.8% among those born in high-income countries (p<0.01). The highest rate of treatment default (12.8%) was observed among cases from the Maghreb. The rate of successful treatment increased from 69.9% in 1991–1999 to 87.5% in 2000–2013 (p<0.01).ConclusionThe incidence of TB in immigrants is decreasing in Barcelona. Organizational actions, such as incorporating CHWs and TBCUs, have been decisive for the observed improvements.

Bartonella henselae in Italy: a rare seasonal infection.

Symptomatic Bartonella henselae infection is considered rare in Europe. Cat fleas transmit the microorganism between cats, but their role in transmission of B. henselae to humans has not been defined. The aim of our study was to perform a retrospective study of detected cases at our Hospital. We retrospectively analyzed data of all children showing lymphadenopathy and a 4-fold increase in specific IgM for B. henselae over the period from June 2010 to May 2015. We therefore examined clinical data, laboratory exams in order to achieve a description of the expression of Bartonella infection in our series: age, geographical area of origin, symptoms, laboratory exams, the seat of the swelling lymph nodes with ultrasound description, and data on biopsy of lymph node when performed. We could identify a total of 7 patients (4 females, range of age: mean age 8.75±2.87 SD): three cases in 2011 and 1 case per year in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 with an average distance between one case and the sequent of 246.16±214.54 days. All patients came from small towns with no preference between the inland and coastal areas. The infection was characterized only by lymphadenopathy with nonspecific alterations at blood tests and with no history of cat scratch. By our experience, Bartonella infection presents as a seasonal disease with increased incidence in autumn, with peaks in October, and a decrease after spring. In conclusion, infection with B. henselae is an issue to keep in consideration in all cases of lymphadenopathy, especially in children coming from small towns even without a declared cat scratch.

Selection of discriminant SNP markers for breed and geographic assignment of Italian sheep

With assignment methods are generally indicated several statistical approaches that use genetic information to identify or verify membership of individuals or groups of individuals. In the present research, the stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA), the canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and the discriminant analysis (DA) were used to develop an assignment method based on genotypes obtained from the Illumina's OvineSNP50 BeadChip. The three statistical techniques were used to select the most informative markers for discriminating 21 different sheep populations (20 Italian and 1 Slovenian) and their 5 geographic areas of origin. The procedure selected two reduced pools of markers, 110 and 108, that were able to exactly discriminate the 5 geographic areas and the 21 sheep populations, respectively. Moreover, all animals were correctly allocated in the validation procedure. The obtained results indicated that the combined use of the SDA, CDA, and CD techniques represents an efficient strategy for selecting a reduced pool of highly discriminant markers. These SNPs could be further used to develop a low cost customized essay to trace the breed or the geographic area of animals or derived foodstuffs.

Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting and Magnetic Navigation in the Natal Homing of Sea Turtles

Natal homing is a pattern of behavior in which animals migrate away from their geographic area of origin and then return to reproduce in the same location where they began life [1-3]. Although diverse long-distance migrants accomplish natal homing [1-8], little is known about how they do so. The enigma is epitomized by loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), which leave their home beaches as hatchlings and migrate across entire ocean basins before returning to nest in the same coastal area where they originated [9, 10]. One hypothesis is that turtles imprint on the unique geomagnetic signature of their natal area and use this information to return [1]. Because Earth's field changes over time, geomagnetic imprinting should cause turtles to change their nesting locations as magnetic signatures drift slightly along coastlines. To investigate, we analyzed a 19-year database of loggerhead nesting sites in the largest sea turtle rookery in North America. Here we report a strong association between the spatial distribution of turtle nests and subtle changes in Earth's magnetic field. Nesting density increased significantly in coastal areas where magnetic signatures of adjacent beach locations converged over time, whereas nesting density decreased in places where magnetic signatures diverged. These findings confirm central predictions of the geomagnetic imprinting hypothesis and provide strong evidence that such imprinting plays an important role in natal homing in sea turtles. The results give credence to initial reports of geomagnetic imprinting in salmon [11, 12] and suggest that similar mechanisms might underlie long-distance natal homing in diverse animals.

Classical Biological Control of Invasive Legacy Crop Pests: New Technologies Offer Opportunities to Revisit Old Pest Problems in Perennial Tree Crops.

Advances in scientific disciplines that support classical biological control have provided “new tools” that could have important applications for biocontrol programs for some long-established invasive arthropod pests. We suggest that these previously unavailable tools should be used in biological control programs targeting “legacy pests”, even if they have been targets of previously unsuccessful biocontrol projects. Examples of “new tools” include molecular analyses to verify species identities and likely geographic area of origin, climate matching and ecological niche modeling, preservation of natural enemy genetic diversity in quarantine, the use of theory from invasion biology to maximize establishment likelihoods for natural enemies, and improved understanding of the interactions between natural enemy and target pest microbiomes. This review suggests that opportunities exist for revisiting old pest problems and funding research programs using “new tools” for developing biological control programs for “legacy pests” could provide permanent suppression of some seemingly intractable pest problems. As a case study, we use citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, an invasive legacy pest of California citrus, to demonstrate the potential of new tools to support a new classical biological control program targeting this insect.

Aspergillus spp. and their secondary metabolite production in grape berries from Slovakia.

Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. in grapes from Slovak has been surveyed during 2 years, to assess their ability to produce secondary metabolites, in vitro and in berries. A large number of Aspergillus spp., including A. flavus , A. japonicus , A. niger , A. carbonarius and A.ibericus , have been identified, and strains randomly selected and analysed to verify their potential ability to produce secondary metabolites. A broad spectrum of fungal metabolites has been observed in vitro and have been analysed using HPLC-MS/MS. Aspergillus niger , the most frequently isolated species, produced ochratoxin A (in a range from 104 to 1745 µg L-1) and fumonisin B2 (93 µg L-1). Aspergillus carbonarius produced ochratoxin A in the range 138 to 2031 µg L-1. Ochratoxin A and fumonisins were not detected in grape berries. Other secondary metabolites, including emodin, 3-nitropropionic acid, kojic acid and malformin C, were also detected at different concentrations in berries, but their occurrence was dependant on the geographic area of origin and on the year of berry collection.

Buenas noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night by, María DeGuzmá (review)

DeGuzman, Maria. Buenas noches, American Culture: Aesthetics of Night. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2012. 310 pp. Buenas noches, American Culture: Aesthetics of Night further solidifies Maria DeGuzman's already solid reputation as a rigorous, wellread scholar of depth and import in the growing field of literary and cultural studies. While presenting new readings of old favorites (including Americo Paredes, Gloria Anzaldua, Rafael Campo, Miguel Algarin, and many others) but also elucidating lesser known authors and texts (such as Mariana Romo-Carmona, Hector Tobar, and Rane Arroyo, to name but a few), DeGuzman's latest volume is a scholarly tour de force. Buenas noches begins with an excellent introductory chapter, Critically Inhabiting the Night, which examines the prevalence of the trope of night and darkness in culture and literature past and present, asserting that Latina/o figurations of night have constituted an aesthetics of self-representation as well as a form of resistance to compulsory state-sanctioned definitions of identities and conditions for exclusion from or inclusion in the body politic of the United States (2). DeGuzman successfully argues that the recurrence of night and darkness in cultural artifacts has not only aesthetic but also political implications that deserve critical attention. As she describes her own methodology, the chapters that follow present a comparatist approach by considering cultural texts in dialogue not only with each other but also with the U.S. literary tradition more broadly, as well as Latin American literature, a type of transcultural undertaking not very common in either camp. Despite this innovative approach, the four main chapters of the book are divided rather traditionally into geographic areas of origin although they do expand the canon and move beyond the traditional Cuban, Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Chicano/a groups to include so-called other Latina/os. There is one chapter each on Chicana/o, Caribbean, Central American, and finally, South American texts. DeGuzman's analysis thus challenges dominant, narrow definitions of latinidad; this is a strength of DeGuzman's work and one way in which it clearly contributes to the ever-growing field of studies. In each chapter, DeGuzman discusses an astounding breadth of works, including short fiction, poetry, novels, essays, films, and even photographs, primarily from the 20th and 21st centuries. …

Comparative Patterns of Plant Invasions in the Mediterranean Biome

The objective of this work was to compare and contrast the patterns of alien plant invasions in the world’s five mediterranean-climate regions (MCRs). We expected landscape age and disturbance history to have bearing on levels of invasion. We assembled a database on naturalized alien plant taxa occurring in natural and semi-natural terrestrial habitats of all five regions (specifically Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus from the Mediterranean Basin, California, central Chile, the Cape Region of South Africa and Southwestern - SW Australia). We used multivariate (hierarchical clustering and NMDS ordination) trait and habitat analysis to compare characteristics of regions, taxa and habitats across the mediterranean biome. Our database included 1627 naturalized species with an overall low taxonomic similarity among the five MCRs. Herbaceous perennials were the most frequent taxa, with SW Australia exhibiting both the highest numbers of naturalized species and the highest taxonomic similarity (homogenization) among habitats, and the Mediterranean Basin the lowest. Low stress and highly disturbed habitats had the highest frequency of invasion and homogenization in all regions, and high natural stress habitats the lowest, while taxonomic similarity was higher among different habitats in each region than among regions. Our analysis is the first to describe patterns of species characteristics and habitat vulnerability for a single biome. We have shown that a broad niche (i.e. more than one habitat) is typical of naturalized plant species, regardless of their geographical area of origin, leading to potential for high homogenization within each region. Habitats of the Mediterranean Basin are apparently the most resistant to plant invasion, possibly because their landscapes are generally of relatively recent origin, but with a more gradual exposure to human intervention over a longer period.

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): where are we going? A bibliometric assessment

The aim of this study was to analyse natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)-related publications over the last 5 years. A systematic literature search was done to retrieve publications related to NOTES from 2006 to 2011. The following variables were recorded: year of publication; article type; study design; setting; Journal Citation Reports® journal category; authors area of surgical speciality; geographic area of origin; surgical procedure; NOTES technique; NOTES access route; number of clinical cases. A time-trend analysis was performed by comparing early (2006-2008) and late (2009-2011) study periods. Overall, 644 publications were included in the analysis and most papers were found in general surgery journals (50.9%). Studies were most frequently clinical series (43.9%) and animal experimental (48%), with the articles focusing primarily on cholecystectomy, access creation and closure, and peritoneoscopy. Pure NOTES techniques were performed in most of the published reports (85%) with the remaining cases being hybrid NOTES (7.4%) and NOTES-assisted procedures (6.1%). The access routes included transgastric (52.5%), transcolonic (12.3%), transvesical (12.5%), transvaginal (10.5%), and combined (12.3%). From the early to the late period, there was a significant increase in the number of randomised controlled trials (5.6% vs 7.2%) or non-randomised but comparative studies (5.6% vs 22.9%) (P < 0.001) and there was also a significant increase in the number of colorectal procedures and nephrectomies (P = 0.002). Pure NOTES remained the most studied approach over the years but with increased investigation in the field of NOTES-assisted techniques (P = 0.001). There was also a significant increase in the adoption of transvesical access (7% vs 15.6%) (P = 0.007). NOTES is in a developmental stage and much work is still needed to refine techniques, verify safety and document efficacy. Since the first description of the concept of NOTES, >2000 clinical cases, irrespective of specialty, have been reported. NOTES remains a field of intense clinical and experimental research in various surgical specialities.

Evolución del riesgo cardiovascular de los inmigrantes residentes en España según procedencia y años de estancia

ObjectiveTo assess whether there are differences in the immigrant population in terms of the years since their arrival in Spain and their geographical area of origin. DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted in three immigrant groups. ParticipantsThe groups selected were: a group of Latin American immigrants (298), a group of North African immigrants (130) and a group from Eastern Europe (114). A control group of 100 from a Spanish population of similar age and sex was also included. MethodsAnthropometric variables were measured, including biochemical inflammatory markers, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk estimation according to the tables of the European Societies of Hypertension and Cardiology. ResultsThe cardiovascular risk of the three groups of immigrants is similar between them (added cardiovascular risk high or very high at 5.5% in Latin Americans, 4.3% in North Africans, and 1.6% in immigrants from eastern countries), but significantly lower than the Spanish control group (28%). After 8 years in Spain, cardiovascular risk increases in the three groups of immigrants, with those from North Africa and eastern countries being comparable to the Spanish group (added cardiovascular risk high or very high of 18.5% in North Africans, and 20% in group from eastern countries). This cardiovascular risk was higher than the other groups, including the Spanish control group (Latin American immigrants 48.7% vs 28% in Spanish group). ConclusionsThe cardiovascular risk of immigrants increases over the years in Spain, with this increase being higher if they come from Latin America. This increase becomes clinically significant after the 8 years of stay in Spain.

Análisis comparativo de las serologías realizadas a los inmigrantes en la región sanitaria de Lleida

ObjectiveEvaluate the process of screening and detection of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis in the province of Lleida by determining the proportions of positive results in the different groups during one year. DesignDescriptive, multicentre study of all the serological tests performed in immigrants and natives attended in 2007. SettingProvince of Lleida (Spain). Participants255,410 users. Main measurementsAge, sex, country of origin and period of residence in Spain, and the results for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis. We calculated the proportions in which a serological test had been requested, and examined the association between the rates of positive tests and the geographical area of origin, and calculated age-adjusted rates taking the age distribution of the native population as the reference. ResultsRisk of HBV was 4.6 times higher in immigrants than in natives (11.7 times in sub-Saharan Africans). The rate of positive syphilis tests was three times higher in the immigrant group. For HIV the PR was 2.3 (sub-Saharan Africans 7.4). For hepatitis C the risk was lower in immigrants than in natives (PR=0.4). ConclusionsImmigrants have a higher probability of testing positive in screening in hepatitis B, syphilis and HIV. The rates differ significantly according to the origin of the immigrant.

Do the Spanish university students follow Mediterranean dietary patterns?

To determine the pattern of food intake among the students of the University of Alicante (UA) by the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Descriptive trans-sectional study estimating the individual intake by means of a questionnaire of food intake frequency (QFIF) in a representative sample of 380 college students. age, gender, geographical area of origin, self-communicated weight and height; types and intake frequencies of the foods included in the QFIF. The percentage of adherence was calculated taking into account the actual intake and the intake recommended in the guideline of traditional Mediterranean diet: 100 x servings consumed/recommended servings. We established 5 ranges of percentage of adherence: optimal intake (80%-119%), acceptable intake (60%-79%), deficient intake (40%-59%), very deficient intake (< 39%), excessive intake (> 120%). We analyzed the differences in proportions distribution and the Student's t test with EPIDAT 3.1 and SPSS 15.0. The prevalence of overweight/obesity is higher in men (34.6%) than in women (9.8%), p < 0.001, whereas women had higher prevalence of low weight (7.0%) than men (0.7%), p < 0.05. The consumption of grains and derivatives was very deficient (women = 90.6; men = 94.9) whereas the intake of red meats (women = 90.6; men = 92.7) and cold meats (women = 95.9%, men = 96.3%) was excessive. No student had an "optimal intake" or an "acceptable intake" of all the dietary groups (n = 12). The educational level and access to the information do not protect the university population from socio-environmental factors that have an influence on their dietary habits. The public health strategies focused on this population group should be strengthen.

The Outward Projection of Italian Firms: Facts and Figures on Foreign Affiliates

In the last two decades or so, globalisation has prompted a great deal of attention in the study of the international organisation of production, with in-depth industry studies on its welfare effects, both for firms and for workers. Outcomes did not prove a unique direction of effects, although the heterogeneous firms’ approach emphasised the intra-industry reallocation through intra-sectoral international competition. Thus, differences in the inner structure of companies filled the gap on the micro-level analysis that featured the study of international trade for several decades, although there is still the need to understand the effects of internationalisation on local systems of production and link such results to the consolidated meso-level of analysis of trade flows. Thanks to the microdata provided by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT), we are able to access information on the presence of Italian firms abroad, distinguished by geographical area of origin, destination and industry and check for their influence on affiliates’ structure and performance through appropriate indicators.

Mortalidad general y por causas en la población autóctona e inmigante en Andalucía

ObjectiveTo compare mortality rates between immigrant and native-born residents of Andalusia between 2006 and 2010, and to characterize mortality by cause. Material and methodsThe data consisted of deaths from mortality statistics by cause, and the aggregated populations registered in the lists of inhabitants by country of birth in the case of native-born individuals and immigrants (with immigrants grouped into six geographical areas of origin). Crude rates and age-standardized mortality rates (0-39, 40-65 and 65 years and above) were calculated by cause of death separately for men and women. ResultsIn the group aged 0-39 years, mortality due to external causes was higher in immigrants than in the native-born population, especially in African immigrants, with standardized rates of 142 and 145 deaths per 100,000 persons/year in women and men, respectively. Deaths due to maternal-related factors were particularly high among Africans. In the group aged 40-64 years, mortality rates were higher in immigrant women than in native-born women but were lower in immigrant men than in native-born men; in this age group, mortality was particularly high in African women and men from Europe and North America. In the group aged 65 years and over, mortality was higher in the native-born population of both genders than in immigrants due to cancer and cardiovascular disease. ConclusionsThe differences in mortality between immigrants and native-born residents varied depending on age, gender, cause of death and birthplace. Notable findings were the higher mortality among elderly native-born residents, due to chronic degenerative diseases, and the high mortality in the Sub-Saharan population at younger ages due to accidents.

Genetic variety of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 strains isolated from sheep and goats in India

Antigenic and genetic typing of pestiviruses isolated from Indian sheep and goats was carried out. Testing of 1777 sheep and 1026 goat blood samples collected between 2004 and 2008 resulted in isolation of twelve pestiviruses, seven from sheep and five from goats. All of them were antigenically typed as bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1). Both the partial 5ʹ-UTR and entire non-structural autoprotease (Npro) gene of the pestiviruses were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed all twelve sheep and goat pestiviruses as BVDV-1 and they were further classified into two subtypes, BVDV-1b (seven) and BVDV-1c (five). This is for the first time that BVDV-1c was detected in sheep and goats. However, no association between the subtype and geographic area of origin was observed. Although closely related, BVDV-1b and BVDV-1c isolates of sheep and goats were placed in a different clade than previously reported Indian BVDV-1b/BVDV-1c isolates. This study confirmed widespread prevalence of BVDV-1 in Indian sheep and goats that has significance in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea. bovine viral diarrhea virus; BVDV-1; goat; Npro; genetic typing; sheep; 5ʹ-UTR.

Prospective Evaluation of plasma Levels of FVIII in Patients with venous Thromboembolism,

Abstract 3348 Introduction:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, and increased levels of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) has been demonstrated as risk factor for first and recurrent episodes of VTE. Some authors reported that these high levels of FVIII were still persistent after 4 years of the episode, but median follow-up in these studies are relatively short. The aim of the study was investigate if after a long-term follow-up of 4–15 years (median of 10 years), patients with high levels of FVIII after anticoagulant treatment still showed this alteration. Design and Methods:Previously, we selected 174 adult patients with a first episode of acute VTE between January 1990 and September 2004. One hundred seventy four healthy adult individuals selected from blood donors were chosen as controls, from the same geographic area of origin. Of this group of VTE patients, 68 patients with plasma FVIII: C levels above the 90th percentile were selected. FVIII levels (FVIII:C) were measured by a one-stage clotting assay with FVIII-deficient plasma in duplicate in an automated coagulometer. Levels were measured twice, in 2004 and then in 2011. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined in the same samples by a nephelometric method to evaluate the influence of inflammation on FVIII levels. For individuals with CRP values higher than 1mg/dL, an additional blood sample was analyzed. High FVIII levels were only considered for further analysis when in the presence of normal CRP levels. The presence of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) was evaluated and classified clinically by the Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification System. Results:68 patients with VTE and high levels of FVIII (19M:49F) with a median age of 47 years (range 20–70) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 59 subjects (42M:17F) with a median age of 35 years (range 21–56 years). VTE was spontaneous in 26 (38.2%) patients and secondary to an acquired risk factor in 61.8%. In the 1st evaluation, in 2004, patients with VTE had higher plasma levels of FVIII:C (median 235.8 IU/dL vs. 127.0 IU/dL; p<0.001) compared to controls. In 2011, seven years after the first evaluation and after a median follow-up of 10 years after the first VTE episode, this difference was still present (median 144.6 IU/dL vs. 96.4 IU/dL; p<0.001). Patients with severe PTS (167 IU/dL) showed higher plasma levels of FVIII when compared with patients without PTS (median 141.4 IU/dL), mild PTS patients (median 142.8 IU/dL), and moderate PTS patients (median 143.2); p=0.04. Conclusions:Our results show that even after a median of 10 years of VTE, patients still have increased levels of FVIII. Moreover, there seems to be a relationship between severe post-thrombotic syndrome and increased plasma levels of FVIII. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Evaluating Tourism Expenditure between the Northern and the Southern Italy (1998-2008)

The paper analyzes the economic contribution of tourism to Italian region economies, both in absolute and GDP share terms, for the years 1998-2008, through an analysis of the evolution of tourism expenditure patterns. To this end, an estimate of the Italian domestic expenditure disaggregated by geographical area of origin and destination, not yet available among the Italian official statistics, is carried out. The findings show the tourism domestic expenditure is about € 46.5 billion in 2008, with a correspondent daily per capita expenditure of some € 80. Considering the incoming tourism expenditure, tourism impact on the economy is 4.9 percent of GDP both for the Centre-North and South. Finally, NSI regional household final consumption is measured with reference to the territory where it is actually consumed and not to the residence of households of that area. In order to estimate households residence consumption, the consumption based on territorial principle is diminished by the value of the overall tourism balance of payment of the area. The correction in 2008 accounts for 0.9 percent of territorial consumption for Centre-North and 1.4 percent for the South.

P01-475 - Psychiatry without borders

The socio-economic changes of recent decades with the massive migration flows from third world countries and Eastern Europe to the more industrialized nations, including Italy, has led to a need for a meeting point between different cultures and has placed psychiatrists and health services in the position of having to revise their organizational models.With this study we intend to analyze the mental health needs of non-CEE citizens in the context of a general hospital situation, and assess the impact of current laws.A revision, made in the period 2006/2010 in SPDC in Campi Salentina, of the admissions and consultancy carried in the Emergency Unit for non-patients was carried out. Patients were divided by geographical area of origin, date of immigration, personal data and clinical diagnoses. The data show an increase of users patients coming from European countries, non-CEE geopolitical areas and North Africa in the first three years.In the second two years, a reduction of admissions resulted because of a change in legislation. The clinical diagnosis showed a prevalence of clinical features of neurotic and adaptation of substance use for immigrants from Eastern Europe and pathology of the spectrum of mood disorders in patients from other continents. It is essential that the nature of the patient and their disease is considered in the context of socio-cultural dynamics to provide new knowledge, taking into account the size of collective psychopathology using a methodology that integrates the general cultural suffering from whatever country they come from.

Polyploidisation, domestication and diversity in the Triticum species using Illumina GoldenGate assay

Wheat was domesticated about 10,000 years ago; polyploidization has been crucial in the establishment of wheat as amajor crop. Wheat species formaclassical polyploid series of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species. According to themost accreditated hypothesis, tetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum (genome formula AABB) evolved via hybridization of two diploid species closely related to T. urartu (genome formula AA) and Aegilops speltoides (genome formula SS, where S is similar to B). Consequently an understanding of this process is crucial for gaining a better insight into the evolution and domestication of wheat. We have utilized the next-generation genotyping by Illumina GoldenGate assay of 480 plants belonging to tetraploid (both wild and cultivated forms) and hexaploidwheat species derived from its geographic area of origin and diversification. The adopted strategy includes the utilization of custom 384 VeraCode SNPs that covers the whole genome of wheat. The analysis draws us in deciphering themode and pattern of polyploidisation and domestication structure. The result of the profiling and the key issues dealt during the analysis will be presented.