Geographical Review Research Articles

Research Note

Pacific ViewpointVolume 7, Issue 2 p. 229-235 ArticleFree Access Research Note Contemplating a Hierarchy of Centres in Thailand Larry Sternstein, Larry Sternstein Larry Sternstein is Municipal Adviser to the Bangkok Municipality, Bangkok, Thailand.Search for more papers by this author Larry Sternstein, Larry Sternstein Larry Sternstein is Municipal Adviser to the Bangkok Municipality, Bangkok, Thailand.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1966 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.72005Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 A Comprehensive Evaluation of Thailand’s Transportation System Requirements 1959, Transportation Consultants Inc., Washington, D.C. 2 Atlas Östliches Mitteleuropa, 1959, Berlin. 3Berry, B. J. L. and Garrison, W. L., 1958, ‘The Functional Bases of the Central-Place Hierarchy’, Economic Geography, 34, 145– 154. 4Brush, J. E. and Bracey, H. E., 1955, “Rural Service Centres in Southwestern Wisconsin and Southern England”, Geographical Review, 45, 145– 154. 5Dickinson, R. E, 1952, The West European City. 6King, L. J., 1961, “A Multivariate Analysis of the Spacing of Urban Settlements in the United States”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 51 222– 233. 7 Population Census, Thailand, 1960, Central Statistical Office, Bangkok. 8Stemstein, L., 1964, ‘An “Historical Atlas of Thailand”’, The Journal of the Siam Society, 52, part 1. 9Stemstein, L., 1965 “A Critique of Thai Population Data”, Pacific Viewpoint, 6. 1, 15— 38. 10 The World’s Metropolitan Areas, 1959, International Urban Research, University of California Press. 11Thomas, E. N., 1960, “Toward an Expanded Central Place Model”, (abstract), Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 50, 350. Citing Literature Volume7, Issue2September 1966Pages 229-235 ReferencesRelatedInformation

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE GAKUNAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY DISTRICT (SECOND REPORT)

This paper is a sequel to the author's report of the Gakunan Pulp and Paper Industry District published in the Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 35 (1962), No. 9. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how a small local industrial area has lost or left its local characteristics. The recent tremendous growth of industry in Japan is still taking place largely in the already highly industrialized areas and in their vicinities. After the Korean War, under the nation's new economic policy, which intended to foster concentration of manufacturing production, still it is gradually having an impact on many other parts of the country. In this trend, Shizuoka Prefecture came to rank seventh in the manufacturing production of Japan. In this prefecture the Gakunan District has played an important role in its industrial growth, especially in such industrial groups as machineries and chemicals. There were three stages in industrialization of this district as the author pointed out before. Concentration of manufacturing production has long been lasting since the economic depression after World War I, or the second stage in industrialization. In this process most paper factories, which were initially established by local landowners, came into the hands of some paper commission merchants, because of fall of landowners. Through this stage, most landowners fell and few could be industrial capitalists. Daishowa-Seishi was established in 1938 by those merchants, being heir to old enterprisers' properties. In the period of World War II, some monopolistic enterprises such as Toshiba and Nissan, which are now ones of the leading producers of electrical machineries and automobiles respectively, opened their factories in the Gakunan District. The factories were moved and located here from the Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt in response to expanding military demands. Besides, consideration of danger from air attack was an innegligible factor in such industrial localization. A quite similar tendency is becoming visible in other newly opened establishments by monopolistic enterprisers. This phenomenon is today's typical pattern of industrial localization in formerly locally developed industrial areas. It shows that a small local industrial area is losing its old-type local characteristic which industries were based on local labor, and means that the next stage in industrialization is taking place. Under the circumstances mentioned above, the primary industry is declining. Small-scale fishing activity in coastal water is completely gone, and agricultural industry is declining. Along part of the Tokaido Railroad or surrounding sites of the Tagonoura Port, a very spacious cultivated land, mostly for paddy fields, is changing into industrial purposes including residential sections belonging to some large-scale factories. Figure 2 shows industrial impact on agricultural land. Black sign indicates intustrial land use, faint colored sign is for settlements. Old small factories by local capital are located in and near old settlements, and in contrast, new large factories by monopolistic capital are located along the Tokaido Line encroaching on paddy fields. Thus, many farmers lost a large portion of their farming land, in some cases even their own homes. They must have jobs other than agriculture. In this industrialized district, farmers have many oppotunities to obtain jobs, so most of them stay in their towns or villages and get livelihood there. Though many families in rural settlements change their occupations to those of secondary or tertiary industries, they do not become pure wage workers rapidly as so expected, by completely leaving agriculture and because of their low wages. Part-time farming families are increasing year by year. Side work ratio to the total farming families is now over 85%.

GENERATED AND PULLED TRIPS WITHIN TÔKYÔ (2)

In the previous study (Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 426-446), the author main-ly treated the problem of the generated trips. The present report has for main object to make clear the regional pattern of the pulled trips from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, and to analyze the relationships of the pulled trips with population and land use within Tokyo. A survey by using questionnaire was conducted on the trips generated and pulled within Tokyo, but a survey on the trips generated outsied Tokyo and within Tokyo was left unconducted. In future the latter trips must be surveyed. As a result of analyzing the imformation of the survey on the former trips, the following points were made clear : (1) As far as the number of the trips which a district pulls is concerned, the central part of Tokyo including Ote-machi, Marunouchi, Kasumigaseki, Uchisaiwai-cho, Yuraku-cho, Nihombashi, Ginza, and so on, and also Ikebuktro, one of the sub-centers of Tokyo, show the largest. Subsequent to them, the districts around the cetral part of Tokyo, and in such sub-centers as Ueno, Shinjuku, and Shibuya also show the large number. (2) This number is closely related to the floor space of the establishments within a district. Then, the regional pattern of the ratio of this number to thie floor space of the establishments was considered (Fig. 4). This ratio is not the highest in the central part of Tokyo, but in the districts around it and in the sub-centers of Tokyo. There are a few districts which are small in terms of the number of the pulled trips and are high in terms of the ratio. This may be explained by the fact that in such districts shopping establishments and schools occupy more space than in the case of other districts which are small in terms of the number of pulled trips. (3) In regard of the kind of trip puropses which are pulled to any district, those for attending school, commuting, shopping, amusement and working are typical ones. (4) As a result of analyzing relationships of each of analyzing relationships of each of those trips with the establishments within the districts, the following points were made clear : a) The number of pulled trips to a district for attending school is proportional to the floor space of schools within the district. The ratio of this number to the floor space of schools is the highest of all ratios of the number of trips to the floor space of any establishment, b) Trips for commuting to a district are pulled in relation to the floor space of non-residential establishments within the district. Consequently, in the districts having a large floor space of non-residential establishments, these trips are largely pulled, whille in the districts having the small floor space these trips are pulled only a little. In regard of the extent which the district pulls these trips, in the districts which have many and dominant non-residential establishments in terms of floor space, and also which have a few but dominant ones, these trips are pulled from a far distance. In the districts which have a few non-residential establishments and many residences, these trips are pulled from near districts. c) Trips to andistrict for shopping are pulled in relation to the floor of shopping establishments. The ratio of the number of these trips to the floor space of shopping establishments is low. This may be explained by the fact that most of these trips are pulled within the same district where they are generated. d) Of the pulled trips for amusement, the number of trips by the movie in a district is related to the floor space of the movie halls within the district, but other trips for amusement are pulled on inducement of seasonal events and prestige reasons in the district.

Remittances and the Unit of Analysis in Anthropological Research

Previous articleNext article No AccessRemittances and the Unit of Analysis in Anthropological ResearchRobert A. MannersRobert A. Manners Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 21, Number 3Autumn, 1965 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.21.3.3629227 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 23Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (1945-1972), which is continued by the Journal of Anthropological Research (1973-present). Copyright 1965 Department of Anthropology, The University of New MexicoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Karen Fog Olwig From Local Community Studies to Migration Research or: When Does Caribbean(ist) Anthropology Cease to be Caribbean?, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Aug 2022): 437–440.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12612Stephan Palmié Caribbeanist Anthropology and Minerva's Owl: Lessons Forgotten, Lessons Learned, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Sep 2022): 289–308.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12621Kevin A. Yelvington A Fourth Shift: Women Factory Workers Working the Articulations of Caribbean Capitalism, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Aug 2022): 352–385.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12606Guoqing Ma Islands and the world from an anthropological perspective, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 4, no.11 (Oct 2020).https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00038-xKaren Fog Olwig Islands as Places of Being and Belonging, Geographical Review 97, no.22 (Nov 2019): 260–273.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2007.tb00402.xGODFREY BALDACCHINO ISLAND ENTREPRENEURS: INSIGHTS FROM EXCEPTIONALLY SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN SMES FROM 5 EUROPEAN ISLAND TERRITORIES, Journal of Enterprising Culture 13, no.0202 (Jun 2005): 145–170.https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495805000100Roger Sanjek Rethinking migration, ancient to future, Global Networks 3, no.33 (Jul 2003): 315–336.https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00064Gwen Gustafson Scott Situating Fijian transmigrants: towards racialised transnational social spaces of the undocumented, International Journal of Population Geography 9, no.22 (Jan 2003): 181–198.https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.278David Kaplan Obituaries, American Anthropologist 101, no.22 (Jun 1999): 388–392.https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.2.388Karen Fog Olwig Caribbean place identity: From family land to region and beyond, Identities 5, no.44 (Apr 1999): 435–467.https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.1999.9962626Karen Fog Olwig Narratives of the children left behind: Home and identity in globalised Caribbean families, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25, no.22 (Apr 1999): 267–284.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976685Margaret Byron The Caribbean‐born population in 1990s Britain: Who will return?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25, no.22 (Apr 1999): 285–301.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976686Herbert S. Lewis The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequences, American Anthropologist 100, no.33 (Jan 2008): 716–731.https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.716Godfrey Baldacchino Labour Formation in Small Developing States: a conceptual review, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 25, no.33 (Jan 1995): 263–278.https://doi.org/10.1080/0305792950250307John Connell 16: Paradise Left? Pacific Island Voyagers in the Modern World, Center for Migration Studies special issues 5, no.33 (Jul 2012): 375–404.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411X.1987.tb00968.xCharles H. Wood, Terry L. McCoy Migration, Remittances and Development: A Study of Caribbean Cane Cutters in Florida , International Migration Review 19, no.22 (Jun 2018): 251–277.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900203Hymie Rubenstein Remittances and Rural Underdevelopment in the English-Speaking Caribbean, Human Organization 42, no.44 (Dec 1983): 295–306.https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.42.4.0709108414538471Robert A. Manners Carrying Capacity and the Politics of Overpopulation: Cultural Ecology Revisited, Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 6, no.2-32-3 (Jan 2009): 2–15.https://doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1981.6.2-3.2Bonham C. Richardson Freedom and migration in the Leeward Caribbean, 1838–1848, Journal of Historical Geography 6, no.44 (Oct 1980): 391–408.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(80)90146-2P. H. Curson Notes and Comments, Pacific Viewpoint 20, no.22 (May 1979): 185–198.https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.202014Christine Barrow Migration from a Barbados village: Effects on family life, New Community 5, no.44 (Jun 2010): 381–391.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1977.9975477Richard G. Fox Lineage Cells and Regional Definition in Complex Societies, (Jan 1976): 95–121.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-652102-3.50012-8Delmos J. Jones The Multivillage Comnunity: Village Segmentation and Coalescence in Northern Thailand, Behavior Science Notes 3, no.33 (Sep 2016): 149–174.https://doi.org/10.1177/106939716800300301

Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities—A Background for Cultural Adaptation

American AnthropologistVolume 67, Issue 2 p. 409-420 Free Access Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities—A Background for Cultural Adaptation PHILIP W. PORTER, PHILIP W. PORTER University of MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author PHILIP W. PORTER, PHILIP W. PORTER University of MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1965 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1965.67.2.02a00090Citations: 19AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES CITED Gloves, J. and J. S. G. McCulloch 1958 The empirical relation between solar radiation and hours of sunshine. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 84: 172– 175. Glover, J., P. Robinson, and J. P. Henderson 1954 Provisional maps of the reliability of annual rainfall in East Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 80: 602– 609. Kenworthy, Joan M., and J. Glover 1958 The reliability of the main rains in Kenya. East African Agricultural Journal 23: 267– 271. Manning, H. L. 1956 The statistical assessment of rainfall probability and its application in Uganda agriculture. Research Memoirs, No. 23, pp. 460– 480. London, Empire Cotton Growing Corporation. Penman, H. L. 1948 Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (A), Vol. 193, pp. 120– 145. Penman, H. L. 1963 Vegetation and hydrology. Technical Communication No. 53, Commonwealth Bureau of Soils, Harpenden, vide pp. 40– 43. Robinson, P. and J. Glover 1954 The reliability of the rainfall within the growing season. East African Agricultural Journal 19: 137– 139. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948 An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review 38: 55– 94. Thornthwaite, C. W., and J. R. Mather 1957 Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance, C. W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology, Publications in Climatology, Vol. X, No. 3, pp. 181– 311. C. W. Thornthwaite, and J. R. Mather (editors) 1962 Average climatic water balance data of the continents, Part I. Africa, C. W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology, Publications in Climatology, Vol. XV, No. 2, 287 pp. Citing Literature Volume67, Issue2April 1965Pages 409-420 ReferencesRelatedInformation

THE EXTREME VALUES OF DAILY PRECIPITATION IN JAPAN (2 ND REPORT)

In the previous study (Geographical Review of Japan. Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 86_??_94, 1958), the author estimated the annual and seasonal maximum daily precipitations for 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods by applying the Gumbel's theory. Using the estimated data, distribution maps of extreme values were constructed. But it was pointed out that the Gumbel's theory contained some questions. One of them is the fitness to actual distribution of extreme values. According to the works by Brooks, C. F. P. and N. Carruthers (1953), the extreme values of air temperature are liable to be overestimated and those of precipition understimated, if the Gumbel's theory is used. Jenkinson, A. F. (1955) presented an improved theory for the estimation of extreme values. This shows better fitness and the process of estimation is not so difficult. Hence the author reestimated the extreme values according to this theory for several return periods in Japan. The results at a number of stations were added to the previous works. Regional distribution of the extreme values generally shows similar patterns to the previous maps (Fig. 2). Details of distribution, however, have some different features from the previous maps. The following facts were made clear in this paper:1) The June-July season: heavy rainfall areas appear in western Kyushu, southeaster part of Kii and entire part of the Izu peninsula.2) The August-November season: heavy rainfall areas appear in the eastern Kyushu, southeastern Kii peninsula, and northern and western Kanto.3) The December-May season: an area with scanty rainfall appears in the coastal regions of Seto Inland Sea.4) Year: heavy rainfall areas appear in southeastern and western Kyushu and western Kanto, and an area with scanty rainfall inn the coastal regions of Seto Inland Sea.The author compared the estimated extreme values of the June-July season with those of the August November season. Heavy rainfalls in the June-July season are mainly caused frontal activities (Bai-u), and those in the August-November season are by typhoons. At stations where the estimated values in the June-July season are larger than those in the August-November season, fronal rainfall is distinctly heavier than typhoon rainfall. On the contrary, at stations where the estimated values in the August-November season are larger than those in June-July, typhoon rainfall is heavier than frontal rainfall. The author calculated the ratio of the extreme values in the June-July season to those in the August-November season for each station. At the stations with the ratio exceeding 1. 0, frontal rainfall is predominant, whereas typhoon rainfall is abundant at the stations with the ratio below 1.0. Areas with the ratio exceeding 1.0 are concentrated in the following districts (Bai-u areas): 1) Northern and western Kyushu, 2) Chugoku (except eastern San'in), 3) Western Shikoku, 4) Middle Kinki, 5) Hokuriku. Areas where the stations with the ratio less than 1.0 are concentrated are the following districts (typhoon areas): 1) Eastern Kyukhu, 2) Eastern Shikoku, 3) Northern and southwestern Kinki, 4) Western Kanto and Izu islands, 5) Eastern Ou, 6) Northeartern Hokkaido.Based on these facts, Bai-u and Typhoon areas can be distinguished in Japan. Lastly, the author made clear the regionalities that a found in the secular changes of maximum . daily precipitation in each season. He divided the trends of secular change into the following three types: increasing (type 1), decreasing (type 2), and indefinite trend (type 3). Thg results are as follows:1. The June-July season. 1) Type 1 is distributed all over the country, except a few districts. 2) Type 2 is concentrated in the inland areas of Chubu and in Hokuriku.2. The August-November season.

Rural Fijians’ Income From Export Crops

Pacific ViewpointVolume 5, Issue 1 p. 69-74 ArticleFree Access Rural Fijians’ Income From Export Crops R. Gerard Ward, R. Gerard Ward Lecturer in Geography at University College in the University of London.Search for more papers by this author R. Gerard Ward, R. Gerard Ward Lecturer in Geography at University College in the University of London.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1964 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.51005AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Coode, E. J., 1958, “ Annual Report, Central Division”, Commissioners’ Annual Reports for the Year 1957, Legislative Council Paper 40, Suva. 2Department of Agriculture, 1959, Annual Report for the Year 1958, Legislative Council Paper 9, Suva. 3Department of Agriculture, 1960, Annual Report for the Year 1959, Legislative Council Paper 21, Suva. 4Gittins, J. W., 1947, A Report on the Results of the Census of the Population 1946, Legislative Council Paper 35, Suva. 5Harwood, L. W.1952, “ A Survey of Coconut Areas in Fiji as at 31 December 1950”, (Fiji) Agricultural Journal, 23, 3-4, Suva, pp. 72- 5. 6McArthur, Norma, 1958, Report on the Census of the Population, 1956, Legislative Council Paper 1, Suva. 7McPaul, J. W., 1960, “ Some Aspects of Banana Cultivation in Fiji; II The Economics of Banana Growing on a Plantation Scale”, (Fiji) Agricultural Journal, 30, 1, Suva, pp. 5- 13. 8Neutze, G. M., 1961, “Provincial Income Estimates”, New Zealand Geographer, XVII, 2, Christchurch, pp. 223- 228. 9O’Loughlin, Carleen, 1956, The Pattern of the Fiji Economy: The National Income 1950-1953, Legislative Council Paper 44, Suva. 10Pirie, P., 1958, “ The Geographical Implications of Population Growth in Western Samoa”, Proceedings of the Second New Zealand Geography Conference, Christchurch, pp. 91- 98. 11Pirie, P., Barrett, W., 1962, “Western Samoa: Population, Production and Wealth”, Pacific Viewpoint, 3, 1, Wellington, pp. 63- 96. 12Ward, R. G., 1959, “ The Population of Fiji”, Geographical Review, XLIX, 3, New York, pp. 322- 341. 13Ward, R. G., Barrett, W., 1961, “Internal Migration in Fiji”, Journal of the Polynesian Society, 70, 3, Wellington, pp. 257- 271. Volume5, Issue1May 1964Pages 69-74 ReferencesRelatedInformation

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CAUSE OF CITY TEMPERATURE AT KUMAGAYA CITY

In the previous paper, the author analyzed the detailed distribution of temperature in and around Kumagaya City, situated in the central part of Kantô Plain, concerning various weather conditions (Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 243-254). Relationship between city temperature and meteorological factors suggests that the cause of city temperature of a local city in Japan is seen in the difference of radiation balance between urban areas and surroundings and especially construction materials of a city plays an important role in deciding city temperature. Further considerations on the cause of city temperature were attempted in this paper. The comprehensive book about city climate by A. Kratzer shows that the following three factors are important as the causes of city temperature: artificial heat produced in urban areas, pollution of city air and effect of construction materials of a city. In the case of this paper, however, it seems that the amount of artificial heat is relatively small and pollution of city air is unimportant, because the city size is small and there are very few factories in the city which consume a large amount of coal. Especially in summer season, these two factors are negligible. Difference of radiation balanced between the urban area and the surroundings affects on the city temperature in two ways. Those are the physical properties of constrution materials of the city concerning heat balance and the unevennss of the surface coverage of the city influencing heat transfer. Physical nature of construction materials of the city decides surface temperature of the earth. Nocturnal cooling of surface temperature of the earth is represented by Brunt's formula in accuracy of first approximation. The surface of the earth (T) is given by _??_ wher T0; surface temperature of the earth at the time of sunset, R; nocturnal radiation from the surface of the earth, ρ; density of ground, c; specific heat of ground, κ; specific conductivity of heat of ground. Assuming that the nocturnal radiation from the ground to the air (R) does not vary with time, T is decided by 1/cρ√κ. This formula was applied to the surface temperature of various construction materials of the city and then evaluation of nocturnal cooling was attempted as follows. Firstly, areas of roads, houses, grounds and so on in each 50m-meshed square were measured by using the map of 1/3000 scale and the relative portion of their respective areas for each section was calculated. Secondly, 1/cρ√κ in each section was computd. Values of 1/cρ√κ of each material are given in Table 1. (Concrete, asphalt, roofing the and soil are listed from above to below.) Then, this value in each section was converted into value of 1/cρ√κ, in 200 mmeshed setion. The result is shown in Figure 2. The close relationship between temperature in the urban area and the value of 1/cρ√κ is shown in Figure 3. This figure shows that both physical properties of construction materials and unevenness of the city play important roles in deciding city temperature. Unevenness of surface coverage in an urban area results in the decrease of nocturnal radiation and wind velocity. Consequently, decrease of noctvrnal radiation accelerates decreasing of nocturnal cooling in an urban area and drop of wind speed in an urban area promotes decreasing of heat tranfer from below to above in city air. As a result, temperature in an urban area becomes higher than in the surroundings.

WHAT IS THE POINT OF MINIMUM AGGREGATE TRAVEL?1

THE January, 1954 issue of Economic Geography carried an article by John Fraser Hart in which he described properties of certain kinds of statistical centers and available means of determining these centers.2 In discussing center known as of minimum aggregate travel, he remarked, with a certain note of despair, that it could only be found by trial and error, using a polar-coordinate annule. This method gave a reasonably close approximation of true point, although it had disadvantage of being quite time-consuming. Again in 1959, in a note in Geographical Review, John Q. Stewart and William Warntz stated that the only known practical way of finding it is to compute aggregate travel distances for a number of points and to approximate, by trial and error, point of minimum.3 The present article offers a solution to this vexed problem and seizes opportunity to include a short historical comment on centrographic techniques. For past several years geographers and social scientists in related fields have shown a renewed interest in a spatial methodology for areal distributions.4 The idea, at least in

A RESEARCH ON PART OF THE SOUTHERN KEIHIN (TOKYO-YOKOHAMA) INDUSTRIAL REGION (PART II)

This paper continues from the preceding part which was published in the Geographical Review Vol. xxxiii, No. 7. The most important industry in our research area before industrialization began, had been fisheries. The main type of fishery in our area was and has been layer growing. Industrialization in our area began on a full scale from the 1930's. The industrialization and the social change in fisheries occurred more rapidly and more deeply in the southern part of our area where the scale of fishing was generally smaller than that of the northern part. Fishing in our area was destined to be replaced by the project of Keihin Canal, which was started in the end of the 1930's, but World War II suspended the abolishment of fisheries. After the War, this area was revived as an industrial region again, more densely crowded with small-scaled factories than before the War. The project of Keihin Canal started again as a link in the chain of industrial policy in Japan. Then abolishment of fishery in this area became conclusive. Viewing population in terms of occupation, the rate of manufacturing is the largest in this area. But taking the aborigines only, the rate of fishing is the largest even now. Layer wholesalers also concentrate in this area. The social change by industrialization in this area has been brought about mostly by the large number of emigrants rather than the change in native society itself. The lowest class of fishermen in this area is shell pickers. Division of social strata is proceeding among layer growers, too, who have formed many groups based on kinship in their fishing guild. Leaders of the groups are mostly large-scale operators and moreover are relatively large landowners. Many of them have relationship with layer wholesalers. Layer wholesalers must survive after the layer growing in this area is discontinued by dealing with the products grown outside of this area. Upper class of layer growers are tending to be landlords, renting their lands or apartment houses. Now this area is in a boom of constructing apartment houses. Both the wholesalers and the upper class of layer growers are seizing leadership in the social structure. They stand on the same basis of economic interests as the factory owners. On the other hand, lower class of fishermen are becoming more difinitely members of the proletariat. Social relations are increasing between them and factory workers, especially in the younger generation. Social change in this area is now proceeding decisively.

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

The Costs and Returns of Human Migration

World and Thematic Atlases: A Summary Survey

F ONE agrees to the fact that good progress has not been made in modern geographical study, remarks Dr. Cheng-siang Chen in the Preface to his Atlas of Taiwan, ... then we must say the of is one of the main causes. The validity of Dr. Chen's thesis may be left to the many geographers to argue. But map librarians, who have to catalogue the growing number of atlases prepared by geographers, will doubt the validity of the idleness charge in the face of such abundant (and exhausting!) evidence to the contrary. In the preceding issue of the Geographical Review some one hundred regional atlases were summarized briefly;I in the present survey a similar commentary is offered on 33 world atlases and 31 thematic atlasis.

The Political Influence in Australian Geography

Pacific ViewpointVolume 3, Issue 2 p. 73-86 ArticleFree Access The Political Influence in Australian Geography K. W. Robinson, K. W. Robinson K. W. Robinson is Senior Lecturer in Geography, Newcastle University College, University of New South WalesSearch for more papers by this author K. W. Robinson, K. W. Robinson K. W. Robinson is Senior Lecturer in Geography, Newcastle University College, University of New South WalesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.32007Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Commonwealth Law Reports, 1939, Volume 61, Melbourne. 2Commonwealth Law Reports, 1942, Volume 65, Melbourne. 3Greenwood, G. C., 1949, “ The Case for Extended Commonwealth Powers”, Federation in Australia: Papers Read at the Fifteenth Summer School, Australian Institute of Political Science, 1949, Melbourne, pp. 37- 63. 4Meinig, Donald W., 1959, “Colonisation of Wheatlands: Some Australian and American Comparisons”, The Australian Geographer, VII, 5, August 1959, Sydney, pp. 205- 13. 5Parker, R. S., 1949, “Australian Federation: The Influence of Economic Interests and Political Pressures”, Historical Studies in Australia and New Zealand, IV, 13, Melbourne, 1949, pp. 1- 24. 6McIntyre, A. J. and J. J., 1944, The Country Towns of Victoria, Melbourne. 7Partridge, P. H., 1952, “ The Politics of Federation”, Federation: An Australian Jubilee Study (ed. Geoffrey Sawer), 1952, Melbourne, pp. 174- 210. 8Robinson, K. W., 1961, “ Sixty Years of Federation in Australia”. The Geographical Review, LI, 1, January 1961, New York, pp. 1- 20. 9Robinson, K. W., 1962, “Processes and Patterns of Urbanisation in Australia and New Zealand”, The New Zealand Geographer, XVIII, 1, April 1962, Christchurch, pp. 32- 49. 10Rose, A. J., 1955, “The Border between Queensland and New South Wales”, The Australian Geographer, VI, 4, January 1955, Sydney, pp. 3- 18. 11Sawer, Geoffrey, 1958, Australian Government Today, Melbourne. 12Spenser, Graham, The New England New State Movement: A Problem in Political Geography, Unpublished thesis, Department of Geography, Newcastle University College. 13Wadham, S., Wilson, R. K. and Wood, Joyce, 1957, Land Utilization in Australia, Melbourne. 14Wheare, K. C., 1956, Federal Government, London. 15Whyte, William H., 1956, The Organization Man, New York. Citing Literature Volume3, Issue2September 1962Pages 73-86 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Regional Atlases: A Summary Survey

ITY the map curator who must cope with the ever-increasing flood of atlases-national, regional, topical, special, even photographic!-streaming in from all over the world, proof beyond doubt that the map an instrument of indispensable research.' It is clearly impossible to review each atlas separately. Summaries are a partial answer to the acknowledged desirability of providing recognition for important publications,2 but the need to limit the comments to a bare minimum is sorely regretted. Moreover, a point to remember is the improbability that one person is sufficiently expert in all aspects of geography, cartography, and linguistics to render sound critical judgment. The some one hundred regional atlases noted here are grouped for discussion primarily by continent (or other large region), and thereafter alphabetically by country. In a forthcoming issue of the Geographical Review world atlases and special atlases will be the subject of a similar commentary.

The Problem of Social Cost

The Problem of Social Cost

Port Town and Hinterland in the Pacific Islands

American AnthropologistVolume 62, Issue 4 p. 586-592 Free Access Port Town and Hinterland in the Pacific Islands1 ALEXANDER SPOEHR, ALEXANDER SPOEHR Bishop Museum, HonoluluSearch for more papers by this author ALEXANDER SPOEHR, ALEXANDER SPOEHR Bishop Museum, HonoluluSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1960 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1960.62.4.02a00030Citations: 7 1 This paper is a product of the author's participation in the Tri-Institutional Pacific Program (Yale University, University of Hawaii, Bishop Museum), supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. AboutReferencesRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL REFERENCES CITED Beaglehole, E. 1957 Social change in the South Pacific; Rarotonga and Aitutaki. London, Allen and Unwin. Belshaw, C. S. 1952 Port Moresby canoe traders. Oceania 23: 26– 39. Belshaw, C. S. 1954 Changing Melanesia. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Belshaw, C. S. 1957 The great village: the economic and social welfare of Hanuabada, an urban community in Papua. London, Routledge and Paul. Bennett, J. M. 1957 Vila and Santo: New Hebridean towns. Geographical Studies 4: 116– 128. Davidson, J. W. and Jean Guiart 1959 Research project in urbanization and industrialization in the Pacific islands. In Social development in the South Pacific. Noumea, South Pacific Commission Technical Paper 122. Danielsson, Bengt 1955 Work and life on Raroia. Uppsala, Almquist and Wiksells. Firth, R. 1953 Social changes in the Western Pacific. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 51: 803– 819. Firth, R. 1954 Money, work, and social change in Indo-Pacific economic systems. International Social Science Bulletin 6: 1– 11. Guiart, Jean 1957 Tahiti, Nouvelle Calédonie, Nouvelle Hebrides. Paris, Berger-Levrault. Hogbin, H. I. 1951 Transformation scene: the changing culture of a New Guinea village. London, Routledge and Paul. Keesing, Felix M. 1934 Modern Samoa. London, Allen and Unwin. Keesing, Felix M. 1941 The south seas in the modern world. New York, John Day. Keesing, Felix M. 1953 Social anthropology in Polynesia. London, Oxford University Press. Keesing, Felix M. and M. M. Keesing 1956 Elite communication in Samoa: a study of leadership. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Mead, Margaret 1956 New lives for old: cultural transformation—Manus, 1928–1953. New York, William Morrow. Oliver, D. L. 1951 The Pacific islands. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Pirenne, Henri 1925 Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Stanner, W. E. H. 1953 The south seas in transition: a study of post-war rehabilitation and reconstruction in three British Pacific dependencies. Sydney, Australasian Publishing Company. Weigend, G. C. 1958 Some elements in the study of port geography. Geographical Review 48: 185– 200. After this paper was submitted for publication, an important monograph on culture change in the Pacific appeared. Force, Roland W. 1960 Leadership and culture change in Palau. Fieldiana: Anthropology 50. Chicago Natural History Museum. Citing Literature Volume62, Issue4August 1960Pages 586-592 ReferencesRelatedInformation RecommendedUrbanization in the Pacific and GuamLarry W. Mayo, City & SocietyWaterfront Revitalization in Postindustrial Port Cities of North AmericaR. Timothy Sieber, City & SocietyA Divided Provincial Town: The Development from Ethnic to Class Segmentation in Kupang, West TimorSYLVIA TIDEY, City & SocietyThe Invisible Hinterland: Hong Kong's Reliance on Southern Guangdong ProvinceGregory Eliyu Guldin, City & Society

Aspects of the Political Geography of Southeast Asia

Pacific ViewpointVolume 1, Issue 1 p. 39-58 ArticleFree Access Aspects of the Political Geography of Southeast Asia A Study of a Period of Nation­Building T. G. McGhee, T. G. McGhee T. G. McGee, formerly of the Department of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington, is now on the staff of the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.Search for more papers by this author T. G. McGhee, T. G. McGhee T. G. McGee, formerly of the Department of Geography, Victoria University of Wellington, is now on the staff of the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1960 https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.11005Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Ball, MacMahon W., 1956, Nationalism and Communism in East Asia, Melbourne 2Benham, Frederic, 1956, The Colombo Plan and Other Essays, London 3Bois, Cora du, 1949, Social Forces in Southeast Asia, St. Paul 4Broek, Jan O. M., 1944, “Diversity and Unity in Southeast Asia”, Geographical Review, 24, 2, April 1944, New York, pp. 175– 195. 5Broek, Jan O. M., 1954, “Resources of the Tropics: Southeast Asia”, in Focus (Amer. Geog. Socy.), IV, 6, New York 6Bulganin, N. A. and Khrushchov, N. S., 1955, “ Full Texts of Speeches and Statements in India, Burma and Afghanistan”, in Soviet News, London 7Buss, Claude A., 1958, Southeast Asia and the World Today, Princeton, N.J 8Carnell, F. G., 1958, “ Ethnic and Cultural Pluralism in Burma, Thailand and Malaya”, in Ethnic and Cultural Pluralism in Intertropical communities (Report of the 30th Meeting, International Institute of Differing Civilizations held in Lisbon, 1957), Brussels 9Coleman, James S., 1958, Nigeria—Background to Nationalism, Berkeley 10Department of External Affairs (Wellington), 1958, The Colombo Plan: Seventh Annual Report of the Consultative Committee on Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia, Wellington 11Department of State Publication 6632, 1958, “ The Sino-Soviet Economic Offensive in the Less Developed Countries”, European and British Commonwealth Series, Washington 12Deutsch, Karl W., 1953, “The Growth of Nations: Some Recurrent Patterns of Political and Social Integration”, in World Politics, V, 2, Princeton, pp. 168– 195. 13Dobby, E. H. G., 1950, Southeast Asia, London 14Eickstedt, Egon von, 1944, Rassendynamik von Ostasien, Berlin 15Fisher, C. A., 1950, Chap. III, “ Southeast Asia”, in The Changing Map of Asia, London, pp. 188– 235. 16Fisher, C. A., 1956, Chap. XXVI. “ Mainland Southeast Asia", and Chap. XXVII, "The Malaysian Realm: Indonesia, British Southeast Asia and the Philippines”, in The Changing World, London, pp. 624- 681. 17Fryer, D. W., 1957, “Economic Aspects of Indonesia Disunity”, in Pacific Affairs, 30, 3, Richmond, pp. 195- 208. 18Gottman, Jean, 1951-52, “The Political Partitioning of Our World”, in World Politics, 4, Princeton, pp. 512- 519. 19Geer, Sten de, 1928, “The Subtropical Belt of Old Empires”, Geografiska Annaler, 10, 3, Stockholm, pp. 205- 244. 20Hartshorne, R., 1950, “The Functional Approach to Political Geography”, Annuls Association of American Geographers, XL, 2, Lawrence, Ka., pp. 95- 130. 21Hartshorne, R., 1954, Chap. VIII, “ Political Geography”, in American Geography—Inventory and Prospect, Syracuse, pp. 167- 225. 22Hauser, Philip M., 1957, “ World and Asian Urbanization in Relation to Economic Development and Social Change”, UNESCO Technology Series, Calcutta 23Jacoby, Erich H., 1949, Agrarian Unrest in Southeast Asia, New York 24Kahin, George McTurnan, (ed.), 1959, Governments and Politics of Southeast Asia, New York 25Limbourg, Michel, 1956, “ L’Economie Actuelle du Vietnam Démocratique"”, Hanoi 26Mills, Lennox A., and Associates, 1949, The New World of Southeast Asia, Minneapolis 27Panikkar, K. M., 1959, The Afro-Asian States and their Problems, London 28Pauker, Guy T., 1959, “Southeast Asia as a Problem Area in the Next Decade”, World Politics, 11, 3, Princeton, pp. 325- 345. 29Rose, Saul, 1959, Socialism in Southern Asia, Oxford 30 Philip W. Thayer (ed.), 1953, Southeast Asia in the Coming World, Baltimore 31Thompson, Virginia and Richard Adloff, 1955, Minority Problems in Southeast Asia, Stanford 32Toynbee, Arnold, 1953, The World and the West, Oxford 33U.N.O Department of Economic Affairs, 1950, “ Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1949”, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, New York 34U.N.O., 1953, Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1952, Bangkok 35Whittlesey, Derwent, 1939, The Earth and the State, New York 36Wittfogel, Karl A., 1950, “Russia and Asia: Problems of Contemporary Area Studies and International Relations”, World Politics, 2, 4, Princeton, pp. 445- 462. 37Wittfogel, Karl A., 1957, Oriental Despotism, New Haven Citing Literature Volume1, Issue1March 1960Pages 39-58 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Aspects of the Ecology of the Pacific Slender Salamander, Batrachoseps Pacificus, in Southern California

Leonard, A. B. and J. C. Frye. 1954. Ecological conditions accompanying less deposition in the Great Plains region of the United States. Jour. Geol. 62: 399. Schaffner, J. H. 1926. Observations on the grasslands of central United States. Ohio State Univ. Studies, Contr. Vol. 178: 1-56. Thornber, J. J. 1901. The prairie-grass formation in region I. Rep. Bot. Surv. Univ. Nebr. 5: 29-143. Thornthwaite, C. W. 1931. The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geographical Review 21: 633-655.

Ecological Factors in the Origin of Incest

American AnthropologistVolume 61, Issue 6 p. 1042-1059 Free Access Ecological Factors in the Origin of Incest MARIAM KREISELMAN SLATER, MARIAM KREISELMAN SLATER Queens CollegeSearch for more papers by this author MARIAM KREISELMAN SLATER, MARIAM KREISELMAN SLATER Queens CollegeSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1959 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1959.61.6.02a00090Citations: 50AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Cited Arensberg, Conrad M. 1957 Anthropology as history. In Trade and market in the early empires. Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press. Chapple, Eliot D. and Conrad M. Arensberg 1940 Measuring human relations. Genetic Psychology Monographs No. 22. Childe, V. Gordon 1956 The new stone age. In Man, culture and society, Harry L. Shapiro ed. New York, Oxford University Press. Firth, Raymond 1936 We, the Tikopia. London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd.. Ford, C. S. 1945 A comparative study of human reproduction. Yale University Papers in Anthropology XXXII. Fortes, Meyer 1936 Kinship incest, and exogamy of the northern territories of the Gold Coast. In Custom is King, L. H. Dudley Buxton ed. London, Scientific and Technical Publications. Henshaw, Paul S. 1953 Physiologic control of fertility. Science 117, No. 3048: 572– 582. Hoebel, E. Adamson 1949 Man in the primitive world. New York, McGraw-Hill. Homans, George C. 1950 The human group. New York, Harcourt Brace and Co.. Homans, George C. and David M. Schneider 1955 Marriage, authority, and final causes: A study of unilateral cross-cousin marriage. Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press. Hooton, Earnest A. 1947 Up from the ape. New York, Macmillan Co.. Krzywicki, Ludwik 1934 Primitive society and its vital statistics. New York, Macmillan Co.. Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1949 Les structures elementaires de la parenté. Paris, Presses universitaires de France. Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1956 The family. In Man, culture and society, Harry L. Shapiro ed. New York, Oxford University Press. Parsons, Talcott 1954 The incest taboo in relation to social structure and the socialization of the child. British Journal of Sociology, pp. 102– 115. Polanyi, Karl, Conrad M. Arensberg, and Harry W. Pearson 1957 Trade and market in the early empires. Glencoe, Ill., The Free Press. Sauer, Carl O. 1947 Early relations of man to plants. Geographical Review Vol. XXXVII, No. 1. Seligman, Brenda Z. 1950 The problem of incest and exogamy: A restatement. American Anthropologist 52: 305– 16. Simmons, Leo 1945 The role of the aged in primitive society. New Haven, Yale University Press. Steward, Julian H. 1955 Theory of culture change. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Todd, T. Wingate 1927 Skeletal records of mortality. Scientific Monthly 24: 481– 496. Tylor, E. B. 1888 On a method of investigating the development of institutions. JRAI 18: 245– 269. White, Leslie A. 1949 The science of culture. New York, Farrar, Straus and Co.. Citing Literature Volume61, Issue6December 1959Pages 1042-1059 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The Significance of "Hard Bodies" in the History of Scientific Thought

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Significance of "Hard Bodies" in the History of Scientific ThoughtWilson L. ScottWilson L. Scott Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 50, Number 3Sep., 1959 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/348772 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1959 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Paul Taborsky Aristotle and Linearity in Substance, Measure, and Motion, Axiomathes 33 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10516-021-09586-zIdan Shimony Chapter 3. Locke and Leibniz on matter and solidity, (Aug 2019): 49–67.https://doi.org/10.1075/cvs.15.04shiCharles Coulston Gillispie, Raffaele Pisano The Science of Machines, (Nov 2013): 15–45.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8011-7_2Charles Coulston Gillispie, Raffaele Pisano The Science of Machines, (Mar 2012): 15–45.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4144-7_2Karen M. Morin Paradigm Dramas in American Geography*, Geographical Review 102, no.44 (Nov 2019): 556–562.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2012.00180.xGiulio Maltese On the Changing Fortune of the Newtonian Tradition in Mechanics, (Jan 2006): 97–113.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7540-X_8Giulio Maltese The Ancients’ Inferno: The Slow and Tortuous Development of ‘Newtonian’ Principles of Motion in the Eighteenth Century, (Jan 2003): 199–221.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8091-6_9Olivier Darrigol God, waterwheels, and molecules: Saint-Venant's anticipation of energy conservation, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 31, no.22 (Mar 2001): 285–353.https://doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2001.31.2.285Alan Gabbey The conflict between atomism and conservation theory 1644–1860, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 3, no.44 (Feb 1973): 373–385.https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(73)90017-4Robert Palter Kant’s Formulation of the Laws of Motion, (Jan 1973): 94–114.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2686-4_5Robert Palter Kant's formulation of the laws of motion, Synthese 24, no.1-21-2 (Jan 1972): 96–116.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540144 Thomas L. Hankins Eighteenth-Century Attempts to Resolve the Vis viva Controversy, Isis 56, no.33 (Oct 2015): 281–297.https://doi.org/10.1086/349997 Nathan Sivin , Harry Woolf , and Phyllis Brooks Bosson Eighty-Fifth Critical Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences (To 1 January 1960), Isis 51, no.33 (Oct 2015): 371–484.https://doi.org/10.1086/348933