Geographic Objects Research Articles

Creation of a database of geospatial data of territories affected by oil and gas facilities

The article discusses the geospatial database formation and its integration into a geoinformation expert system for use in a comprehensive assessment of the environmental risk of territories. Geoinformation mapping methods are used to create thematic layers of oil & gas complex objects. The structure of the database has been developed and has been completed: thematic layers of pipelines, oil & gas complex facilities, administrative boundaries of the Russian Federation entities (federal, regional, municipal levels), infrastructure elements (road and railway networks), geographic objects (hydrography, relief and landscape-geochemical areas) have been formed. To implement the methodology for assessing environmental risk, taking into account landscape features, the need to use special data is justified. This concerns the formation of the structure of the geospatial database of special territories that are affected by the oil & gas objects.

Information technology for analysis of waste management objects infrastructure

The subject of study in this article is the process of analyzing infrastructure objects for waste management. The current article increases the objectivity of waste management infrastructure objects estimated by developing a model and method of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects based on the use of spatially distributed data. Objectives: to analyze the key factors affecting the waste management infrastructure (WMI) to select possible ways to improve the efficiency of its functioning; to develop a model of the WMI objects analyzing process, which determines the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects using spatially distributed data; to improve the method of identification and verification of data about WMI objects. The following results were obtained. An approach to the estimation of WMI objects based on set-theoretical and functional modeling of the process of analyzing these objects is proposed. The method for identifying and verifying data about WMI objects has been improved, based on considering them in the form of geographical objects, considering current cartographic and satellite data, which, in contrast to the existing ones, will allow an objective assessment of their compliance with legal and construction standards. For the first time, the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects is proposed, the use of which in decision support systems will make objective judgments about the existing infrastructure based on spatial data using geoinformation systems. Conclusions. The results of the bibliographic research confirmed that effective monitoring of WMI objects to ensure compliance with legislation in the field of waste management is extremely difficult. This process requires the development of specialized models and methods focused on the use of geoinformation systems for their implementation in decision support systems. Scientific and methodological support of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects has been developed. Its usage in the tasks of estimating the state of the corresponding objects of the Kharkiv region confirmed that many of them do not meet the existing legal and building requirements, which requires close attention to the problem of waste management and the development of appropriate management decisions.

Efficient processing of top-k frequent spatial keyword queries.

The rapid popularization of high-speed mobile communication technology and the continuous development of mobile network devices have given spatial textual big data (STBD) new dimensions due to their ability to record geographical objects from multiple sources and with complex attributes. Data mining from spatial textual datasets has become a meaningful study. As a popular topic for STBD, the top-k spatial keyword query has been developed in various forms to deal with different retrievals requirements. However, previous research focused mainly on indexing locational attributes and retrievals of few target attributes, and these correlations between large numbers of the textual attributes have not been fully studied and demonstrated. To further explore interrelated-knowledge in the textual attributes, this paper defines the top-k frequent spatial keyword query (tfSKQ) and proposes a novel hybrid index structure, named RCL-tree, based on the concept lattice theory. We also develop the tfSKQ algorithms to retrieve the most frequent and nearest spatial objects in STBD. One existing method and two baseline algorithms are implemented, and a series of experiments are carried out using real datasets to evaluate its performance. Results demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed RCL-tree in tfSKQ with the complex spatial multi keyword query conditions.

MAPPING OF AVALANCHE HAZARD ALONG THE OSH-BISHKEK ROAD

This article describes in detail the new methodology and results of research on mapping and development of the avalanche hazard geodatabase of the Bishkek-Osh transport corridor. The Bishkek-Osh Road, connecting the northern and southern parts of the country, has a strategic role, but prone to various types of natural and man-made risks, the most frequent of which are avalanches. Reduction of the avalanche risk, which annually cause significant socio-economic losses, is possible with the application of new technologies, scientific and technological achievements. The research has used modern geoinformation technologies and methods for studying geographic, topographic, soil-geological, hydrometeorological, botanical and other objects on the most avalanche prone sections of the Bishkek-Osh Road. A geodatabase has been developed with digital maps of the area and avalanches based on the results of digitized paper maps and entering operational and statistical data on snow avalanches.

An integrated framework to identify and map gullies in a Mediterranean region of Turkey

This research introduces a scientific methodology to identify areas affected by gully erosion using Geographic Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) and Random Forest (RF) supervised machine learning. The GEOBIA and RF were applied in Besni district, which has a Mediterranean climate, of Adiyaman province in Turkey by including many factors in the model. Estimation Scale Parameter (ESPII) algorithm was used in the segmentation phase. The novelty of this study is the implementation of RF supervised classification algorithm to classify a large number of objects determined after the segmentation process, due to the large size of the study area. Therefore, open access data has been evaluated with high classification accuracy without the need for labor. Precision, Recall and F1-Score values were calculated using true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) values based on field observations and Google Earth images of the study area. The TP, TN, FP and FN values were 0.90, 0.95 and 0.92, respectively. In addition, a Kappa-index was calculated as 0.88. The gully erosion map obtained using aforementioned methodology can be used to take necessary measures to prevent further degradation and plan sustainable land uses.

Borrowings in urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola with an anthroponymic component

Introduction. The article considers the borrowed anthroponymic toponyms of the capital of the Republic of Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola, and is carried out in line with the actual problem of modern onomastics, which is a linguistic description of the toponymy of regional cities. The purpose of the work is a synchronous analysis of borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola, dating back to different languages and reflecting the modern toponymic landscape of the Mari capital. Materials and Methods. The main body of the research is represented by anthroponymous urbanonyms selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in Russian and Mari languages. When analyzing the material, various methods of studying toponymic units were used: etymological, semantic, descriptive, quantitative, cartographic. Results and Discussion. The toponymic fund of Yoshkar-Ola has been formed throughout the history of the city, which is explained by the social nature of the language, its ability to enrich and renew during language contact. The appearance of borrowed urbanonyms is determined by the development of cultural, historical, political, interethnic ties between related and unrelated peoples and languages. The highest prevalence in the toponymicon of the acceptor language was obtained by anthroponymous urbanonyms. Their stable existence in the toposystem of the Mari language is due to the motivation of the anthroponymic component, the appellative character, historical and cultural determinism. The article reveals the results of semantic, etymological, historical, linguistic and cultural study of borrowed geographical and anthroponymic names in the toponymic space of the capital of Mari El. It gives the classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination, namely horonyms, godonyms, agoronyms. Conclusion. The analysis provides an opportunity to trace the presence of urbanonyms motivated by surnames, personal names, nicknames and pseudonyms of prominent international, Russian figures, onyms of national personalities (political, scientific, literary, etc.) in the toposystem of Yoshkar-Ola, as well as the names of first settlers and owners of geographical objects. The main principle underlying the Mari borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms was their nomination in connection with a person and thier activities.

Актуальные проблемы передачи наименований российских топонимов на иностранные языки

After analyzing a number of international and national regulatory documents in the field of names of geographical and other objects, as well as the practice of applying the requirements of these documents, the authors concluded that the main method of geographical objects’ names transmitting, as well as those of streets, squares, stops, road and city signs, and of other inner-city objects in foreign languages (letters of the Latin alphabet) is currently adopted transliteration. On the one hand it can simplify spelling them with Latin letters, but, on the other hand inscriptions unreadable in any language are created, since their pronunciation is unknown. In connection with participation in international economic and other activities, holding mass events with foreign representatives, the problem of writing and adequate reading the names of geographical and other objects in other languages (letters of the Latin alphabet) has aggravated. The authors see the solution of the mentioned task in creating a specialized multilingual database through including transcribed names in it, i. e. converted according to pronunciation into English, then into the official languages of the United Nations and German. This will require enormous work, which should involve translators, philologists, cartographers and local historians; in addition, it will be necessary to revive the work of the department of geographical names in the head scientific organization in the industry of geodesy, cartography and names of geographical objects.

Quantification of Spatial Association between Commercial and Residential Spaces in Beijing Using Urban Big Data

Commercial and residential spaces are two core types of geographical objects in urban areas. However, these two types of spaces are not independent of each other. Spatial associations exist between them, and a thorough understanding of this spatial association is of great significance for improving the efficiency of urban spatial allocation and realizing scientific spatial planning and governance. Thus, in this paper, the spatial association between commercial and residential spaces in Beijing is quantified with GIS spatial analysis of the average nearest neighbor distance, kernel density, spatial correlation, and honeycomb grid analysis. Point-of-interest (POI) big data of the commercial and residential spaces is used in the quantification since this big data represents a comprehensive sampling of these two spaces. The results show that the spatial distributions of commercial and residential spaces are highly correlated, maintaining a relatively close consumption spatial association. However, the degrees of association between different commercial formats and residential spaces vary, presenting the spatial association characteristics of “integration of daily consumption and separation of nondaily consumption”. The commercial formats of catering services, recreation and leisure services, specialty stores, and agricultural markets are strongly associated with the residential spaces. However, the development of frequently used commercial formats of daily consumption such as living services, convenience stores, and supermarkets appears to lag behind the development of residential spaces. In addition, large-scale comprehensive and specialized commercial formats such as shopping malls, home appliances and electronics stores, and home building materials markets are lagging behind the residential spaces over a wide range. This paper is expected to provide development suggestions for the transformation of urban commercial and residential spaces and the construction of “people-oriented” smart cities.

STICC: a multivariate spatial clustering method for repeated geographic pattern discovery with consideration of spatial contiguity

Spatial clustering has been widely used for spatial data mining and knowledge discovery. An ideal multivariate spatial clustering should consider both spatial contiguity and aspatial attributes. Existing spatial clustering approaches may face challenges for discovering repeated geographic patterns with spatial contiguity maintained. In this paper, we propose a Spatial Toeplitz Inverse Covariance-Based Clustering (STICC) method that considers both attributes and spatial relationships of geographic objects for multivariate spatial clustering. A subregion is created for each geographic object serving as the basic unit when performing clustering. A Markov random field is then constructed to characterize the attribute dependencies of subregions. Using a spatial consistency strategy, nearby objects are encouraged to belong to the same cluster. To test the performance of the proposed STICC algorithm, we apply it in two use cases. The comparison results with several baseline methods show that the STICC outperforms others significantly in terms of adjusted rand index and macro-F1 score. Join count statistics is also calculated and shows that the spatial contiguity is well preserved by STICC. Such a spatial clustering method may benefit various applications in the fields of geography, remote sensing, transportation, and urban planning, etc.

THE NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

The article discusses the original and borrowed names of chemical elements in the Udmurt language. The chronology of the fixation of chemical elements is determined, indicating the year of the first fixation in the Udmurt and Russian lexicographic literature, the year of the discovery of the chemical element. The etymology of the names is revealed. In nature, only a small part of the chemical elements is found in pure form. Many peoples were familiar with them already in the early stages of social development; they were given their own names or borrowed from neighbors. However, most of the chemical elements exist only in the composition of chemical compounds. They got their names rather late, when scientists learned to separate individual elements from the composition of chemical compounds. As they received them, experts gave them names in a variety of ways: they took into account various properties, state of aggregation, color, smell, used the names of geographical and astronomical objects, the names of mythological characters, discoverers or the names of scientific centers that discovered the element, or just a name authoritative scientists and public figures. When nominating scientists, as a rule, they used ancient Greek, Latin or German.

Multi-Output Network Combining GNN and CNN for Remote Sensing Scene Classification

Scene classification is an active research area in the remote sensing (RS) domain. Some categories of RS scenes, such as medium residential and dense residential scenes, would contain the same type of geographical objects but have various spatial distributions among these objects. The adjacency and disjointness relationships among geographical objects are normally neglected by existing RS scene classification methods using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this study, a multi-output network (MopNet) combining a graph neural network (GNN) and a CNN is proposed for RS scene classification with a joint loss. In a candidate RS image for scene classification, superpixel regions are constructed through image segmentation and are represented as graph nodes, while graph edges between nodes are created according to the spatial adjacency among corresponding superpixel regions. A training strategy of a jointly learning CNN and GNN is adopted in the MopNet. Through the message propagation mechanism of MopNet, spatial and topological relationships imbedded in the edges of graphs are employed. The parameters of the CNN and GNN in MopNet are updated simultaneously with the guidance of a joint loss via the backpropagation mechanism. Experimental results on the OPTIMAL-31 and aerial image dataset (AID) datasets show that the proposed MopNet combining a graph convolutional network (GCN) or graph attention network (GAT) and ResNet50 achieves state-of-the-art accuracy. The overall accuracy obtained on OPTIMAL-31 is 96.06% and those on AID are 95.53% and 97.11% under training ratios of 20% and 50%, respectively. Spatial and topological relationships imbedded in RS images are helpful for improving the performance of scene classification.

The Role of Toponyms in Spanish phraseological units

The main characteristic of phraseology is the national peculiarities of world perception and understanding. Different ways of perceiving and understanding the world, the history of the country and other extra linguistic factors lead to the creation of such list of phraseological units that will be characteristic for only one particular language.The national character and connection with the history of the country is well seen in Spanish phraseology as well. Spanish history and historical events dated with historical events of different centuries have repeatedly been a “source of inspiration” for Spanish phraseology. However, it should be noted that the Spanish phraseological units inspired by the history of the country do not describe a specific historical event, but it names the geographical object where important events for the history of the country took place. Discussion-analysis of toponyms and toponymic phraseological units is the main topic of this paper.

Farming according to the Grand Defter of Gurjistan Vilayet of 1595

This article describes the economic situation, particularly the tradition of Georgian farming culture, in southwestern part of Georgia, concurred by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century and called Gurjistan Vilayet by the Ottomans. Gurjistan Vilayet covered a significant area of southwestern Georgia, with only a tiny part being a part of Georgia and the remained territory being a part of the Republic of Turkey, the legal successor of the Ottoman Empire. The study is mainly based on the Grand Defter of Gurjistan Vilayet. In the study's course, the geographical objects (villages, sites of ancient villages, sowing areas, etc.) given by the Defter were identified, systematized, and classified and a GIS database and relevant maps were developed. The objects plotted on the map were identified by comparing with other sources used to identify the types and amounts of taxes set by the Ottoman for the population, group them thematically, and draw a picture of the region's economic potential. It was found that the Georgian economic tradition was solid and sustainably profitable, but the Ottoman ideological press had a particular effect on it.

Demographic Issues of Social-Economic Development of Eastern Georgia: Population as a Demographic Potential

The policy of stimulating regional development is based on local potential, one of the main components of which is population: its number, nature of reproduction, structure, and social-economic conditions (employment, standard of living, and so on).The present research aimed to study the issues of Georgia's demographic potential: population dynamics, natural movement, migration, gender and age structure, labour force, and standard of living of the population. The study of the demographic potential of Georgia is a long-term task of the authors, the first geographical object of which is the study area of ​​the present article - eastern Georgia and, in particular, the regions of Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Kvemo Kartli (not including Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, but including self-governing city Rustavi) and Shida Kartli. The research adopts a geographical approach, focusing on a unified vision of the issue, and studies regional differences. The research results outline the demographic situation in the study area and the modern trends that reflect the peculiarities of the demographic potential of eastern Georgia. These include the following: a) the decline in the absolute number of population has slowed down in the last decade due to reduced emigration; b) according to the latest statistics, in eastern Georgia as a whole, natural increase is negative (-0.4 percent), but higher than the national average (-1.1%); c) the process of population ageing in eastern Georgia has been generally outlined, the dynamics of which are different between the regions - in Kvemo Kartli, due to the relatively high natural increase, it is developing relatively slowly than in other regions; d) the share of women in gender structure is reduced (50.9 percent) compared to the country's average rate (52.3 percent), while in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, contrary to the general rule, The share of men exceeds that of women; d) Georgians make up 75 percent of the ethnic structure of the study region, followed by Azerbaijanis (19.7 percent), the principal part of the latter concentrated in Kvemo Kartli, which, in, turn, determines a number of peculiarities of the demographic behaviour of the population in this region; e) a large part of the population of eastern Georgia is mostly employed in traditional, non-commercial and partly commercial agriculture, due to which a higher share of self-employed (41.6 percent) was registered in the study area compared to the average in the country (31.9 percent); f) unemployment (18 percent of the economically active population), low income and low purchasing power remain the main social-economic issues. In the last decade, as in the whole of Georgia, signs of improvement were noted in the social-economic situation in the study area, though the COVID-19 pandemic partially slowed this trend.

Expression of regional identity in urban toponomy of major Kosovar cities

This paper presents the model of identity research using the street names from five major Kosovar cities. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the fact that identity in the urban environment can be determined through the analysis of street names, to uncover the difference in the presence of hodonyms that express regional identity from those that express national identity, and to investigate the presence of urban toponyms of international importance. This paper also aims to examine the relationship between regional identity and ethnic and religious structure, as well as to identify the role of historical-political circumstances at the level of the manifestation of regional identity. We found that the regional identity has been expressed more deeply compared to the national and international hodonyms, which have a lower representation. Although regional hodonyms dominated in all cities that were analyzed, there were differences in the representation of regional hodonyms which were related to personalities, events, or geographical objects that belong to the respective city or surroundings.

Toponymic space in the works of Mashkhur Zhusup

Toponymic units, along with other means of language, are elements of artistic understanding of reality in a poetic work. The study of artistic toponymic units of Mashkhur Zhusup’s works is of great importance for identifying the artistic and philosophical values of poetic monuments. The article examines the cognitive nature of toponyms in the works of Mashkhur Zhusup Kopeev, along with the definition of their geographical and administrative names, in order to argue their role in reflecting the socio-political, economic, cultural, religious and philosophical position of religious places in a certain historical period. In this context, the examination of the theoretical work of B. Tleuberdi, literary and theoretical works and artistic works of Mashhur Zhusup is carried out. The poetic onomastics of Mashhur Zhusup’s works, including the peculiarities of the use of toponymic units, has not yet been studied. It is studied that the names of the earth and water that make up the poetonymic sphere also influence the formation of the main poetic character of the author’s material in the works of Mashhur Zhusup. It is established that the use of toponyms traces the artistic and social worldview of the author. In this context, it is argued that toponyms play a very important role in the compositional design of a poetic text. Toponyms in a work of fiction are also classified according to natural and geographical objects; the geographical space of poetic toponymy is determined; the operational features of toponymic names in works of a religious nature are determined. The literary text notes that specific toponyms become com- ponents of literary onomastics and give the work a special background, have their own great semantic character. The names of geographical objects make a great contribution to the overview of religious ideas, thoughts of Mashhur Zhusup about pilgrimage. Key words: onomastics, personal names, toponyms, polyonyms, anthroponyms, literary texts, oikonyms, religious anthroponyms.

Пространственно-временна́я изменчивость гидрохимических показателей водной среды Обской и Тазовской губ

The Gulf of Ob and Taz Bay are components of a special geographical object — Ob-Tar estuarine area. They are intensively used by companies, which produce natural gas and oil in the Yamal Region. The aim of the study is to assess the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of the priority hydrochemical characteristics of the Gulf of Ob and Taz Bay. The data of the Arctic estuarine expeditions (1968—1989) and complex expeditions (2012—2013), organized by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, are used as the research materials The authors have analyzed hydrochemical characteristics: pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, silicon and phosphorus compounds. In summer-autumn period 2012—2013 there was a significant seawater intrusion to the south of the Gulf of Ob, caused by a small runoff of rivers the in these dry years. Dissolved oxygen distribution is determined by seasonal variability. In summer-autumn period the average values of more than 7 mg/l were observed. In winter, in the southern part of Gulf of Ob and Taz Bay there was an extreme oxygen deficit, dissolved oxygen values dropped below 1 mg/l. A tendency for a decrease in the content of silicon and phosphorus compounds from south to north was noted. Concentrations of phosphorus-containing compounds in the whole water area were low. The condition of Taz Bay and southern part of the Gulf of Ob is mainly determined by the river runoff and the hydrochemical regime in the area. In the period of high waters the regime has features inherent to rivers, and in the period of low flows — to lakes and reservoirs. Large-scale interference in the ecosystem of Ob-Taz estuarine area recently requires regular hydrological-ecological observations at coastal stations and along the water area sections.

The state of the soil and vegetation cover of forest landscapes of the North Kazakh Plain

The article reflects the state of soil and vegetation cover of the forest landscapes of the Kyzylzhar district and the administrative territory of Petropavlovsk, North Kazakhstan region. The paper presents the results of chemical analysis of soil samples, provides descriptive characteristics of flora samples using geoinformation technologies based on the calculation of the standard quantitative index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – hereinafter referred to as VI), as of July 2019. The ongoing work is aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the components of forest ecosystems. During the field reconnaissance, a brief outline was compiled on the species diversity of tree and shrub vegetation, indicating the geomorphological accessories of key sites. To study the phytomass, test areas of the underlying soil and vegetation cover were laid. Survey and thematic maps of the studied territory have been compiled. At the final stage of the study, the interpretation of the results is given with the identification of cause-and-effect relationships between the state and fluctuations of ecosystems. The data source was multispectral satellite images of the Earth's surface of the US Geological Survey, field expedition studies on 3 key sites. The results of the work made it possible to characterize the geographical object under study, to identify differences in key areas, possible root causes of differentiation of the studied territories.

Формирование топонимической грамотности учащихся на основе лингвогеографического паспорта, лингвострановедческого портрета и лингвокультурной биографии регионального топообъекта

The research aims to present a technology of students’ toponymic literacy formation aimed at developing the ability to navigate in the geographical, cultural and linguistic space of regional toponymic objects. The paper describes sample models for compiling a linguogeographical passport, a linguoregional portrait and a linguocultural biography of a toponym as the key means for forming students’ toponymic literacy in the educational process. Scientific novelty of the work lies in integrating geographical, cultural and linguistic fields in the study of geographical objects and their names by high school students during project and research activities. The result of the research is a technology of students’ toponymic literacy formation based on the use of sample models for compiling a linguogeographical passport, a linguoregional portrait and a linguocultural biography of a regional toponymic object.

Exploring the construction and application of spatial scene knowledge graphs considering topological relations

AbstractA spatial scene consists of a large number of geographic objects and their spatial relations and attributes. It is important to explore an effective method to organize spatial scenes so that they are more readable by humans and machines. The construction of a spatial scene knowledge graph considering topological relations, which can play important roles in spatial query, spatial analysis, and spatial data modeling, is explored in this article. To construct the spatial scene knowledge graph considering topological relations, the definitions of the spatial scene knowledge graph schema, topological relation knowledge acquisition and storage, and spatial scene knowledge graph visualization are explored. Two typical applications, including knowledge reasoning and spatial neighbor analysis based on spatial scene knowledge graphs, are presented. A case study is designed, and the construction and application of a spatial scene knowledge graph of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region is shown. Nine contains relations, 18 crosses relations, and 47 touches relations are marked; and topological relation reasoning and spatial neighbor relation analysis based on a successfully constructed knowledge graph are performed. The results show the following: (1) the spatial scene knowledge graph considering topological relations is an effective and intuitive way to express the topological relations between geographic objects; and (2) the spatial scene knowledge graph may play important roles in graph‐based application areas, such as topological relation reasoning and spatial neighbor analysis.