Allopatric Research Articles

Education and Development in Baiga Tribe of Madhya Pradesh

The baiga tribe is extremely backward in terms of their social, financial and academic level. Their geographical isolation has made them a very vulnerable tribal group in India. Education plays an important role in the socio-economic development. To include the baiga tribe in the mainstream, development of education can be an important factor. After independence efforts are being made to improve their education in India .The government is trying to uplift their overall situation through development programs in their areas. Altogether, the baiga culture has gradually changed due to continuous migration and impact of neighboring communities in the past and still changing due to the impact of modernization and developmental program at present. The aim of this research is to know the educational levels of Baiga tribe and the various educational welfare schemes initiated by the govt for the tribe and their influences.

Ecological character displacement among Nothobranchius annual killifishes in Tanzania.

Divergent ecological character displacement (ECD) is the competition-driven divergence in resource use-related phenotypic traits between coexisting species. It is considered one of the primary drivers of ecological diversification and adaptive radiation. We analyzed phenotypic and ecological variation in 2 African annual killifish species of the genus Nothobranchius: N. eggersi and N. melanospilus in sympatry and N. melanospilus in allopatry. Our aim was to test whether allopatric and sympatric populations of N. melanospilus differ morphologically from each other and from N. eggersi and examine whether these differences are consistent with the predictions of ECD. We find that sympatric N. melanospilus differ from allopatric N. melanospilus and differ from N. eggersi more strongly than the latter. Our data satisfy four criteria for demonstrating ECD: Differences in phenotypes between allopatric and sympatric N. melanospilus are greater than expected by chance; the divergence pattern between allopatric and sympatric N. melanospilus results from an evolutionary shift rather than from ecological sorting; morphological differences observed reflect differences in resource use; and, lastly, sites of allopatry and sympatry do not differ in food resource availability or other ecological conditions. Our results suggest that competition is the main driver of the observed divergence between two N. melanospilus populations.

“A New Age for the Living Dead”: Palestinian Nation-Building Through Theater

This article is an attempt to trace the emergence and development of Palestinian theater in the shadow of the Israeli-Arab conflict and against the background of the Nakba and Palestinian nation-building. It examines the first dramatic and theatrical attempts made during the first half of the twentieth century, the uprooting and the decline of these efforts after the 1948 War, the repression of Palestinian cultural activities during the 1950s, and the new start and subsequent growth of professional Palestinian theater after 1967, espe- cially with regard to the al-Ḥakawātī troupe. The founder of this troupe was François Abū Sālim (Abu Salem) (1951-2011), the son of a Hungarian-born French poet and a French painter and sculptor, who integrated himself into Palestinian identity and culture. The pro- fessionalization of Palestinian theater in general has been taking a line parallel to the escalation of resistance and has lived up to numerous historical challenges, defying the hardships imposed on the Palestinian people by Israeli government censorship, geographical isolation, and lack of education.

In situ U-Pb dating of Jurassic dinosaur bones from Sichuan Basin, South China

Abstract Direct dating of vertebrate fossils is difficult due to complex postburial diagenetic processes and the often low and heterogeneous concentration of radioisotopes (e.g., U) in fossilized bone material. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to dating vertebrate fossils via laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb dating of early diagenetic calcite cements precipitated within bone cavities of a Jurassic sauropod from the Sichuan Basin, South China. Early diagenetic calcite yielded a U-Pb age of 165.3 ± 3.6/5.6 Ma, in agreement with a maximum depositional age of 165.8 ± 1.0 Ma from detrital zircon ages of the surrounding rocks, suggesting that diagenesis occurred shortly after the death of the sauropod. This new age demonstrates that the best-known Jurassic large sauropod faunas in South China are much older than those in North America and Africa, suggesting the geographical isolation of South China. Authigenic apatite U-Pb dating on the fibrolamellar bones from the same sauropod gave a distinctly younger age, indicating more complex U-Pb system behavior, possibly due to U uptake by residual organic matter and recrystallization of apatite after early diagenesis. Our findings demonstrate that U-Pb dating of calcite cements within bone cavities has significant potential for constraining the burial age of vertebrate fossils, which could aid in constructing a more robust temporal framework for the radiation and evolution of vertebrates.

Molecular diversity of Pseudoscorpiones in southern High Appalachian leaf litter.

The Pseudoscorpiones fauna of North America is diverse, but in regions like the southern Appalachian Mountains, they are still poorly documented with respect to their species diversity, distributions and ecology. Several families have been reported from these mountains and neighbouring areas. Here we analyse barcoding data of 136 specimens collected in leaf litter, most of them from high-elevation coniferous forest. We used ASAP as a species delimitation method to obtain an estimation of the number of species present in the region. For this and based on interspecific genetic distance values previously reported in Pseudoscorpions, we considered three different genetic Kimura two-parameter distance thresholds (3%/5%/8%), to produce more or less conservative estimates. These distance thresholds resulted in 64/47/27 distinct potential species representing the families Chthoniidae (33/22/12 species) and Neobisiidae (31/25/15) and at least six different genera within them. The diversity pattern seems to be affected by the Asheville Depression, a major biogeographic barrier in this area, with a higher diversity to the west of this geographic feature, particularly within the family Neobisiidae. The absence of representatives from other families amongst our studied samples may be explained by differences in their ecological requirements and occupation of different microhabitats.

Rapid diversification of grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) driven by geographic isolation and extreme environmental conditions in the Arabian Peninsula.

Biological systems occurring in ecologically heterogeneous and spatially discontinuous habitats provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the relative roles of neutral and selective factors in driving lineage diversification. The grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) of Arabia occur at the northern edge of the species' range and are subject to variable, often extreme, environmental conditions, as well as historic large fluctuations in habitat availability and connectivity resulting from Quaternary glacial cycles. Here, we analyse fully sequenced genomes sampled from 19 locations across the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species in the region and to identify adaptive mechanisms of lineage diversification. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses revealed marked genetic structure correlating with geographic distance and highly supported clades among and within the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Demographic modelling showed times of divergence consistent with recent periods of geographic isolation and low marine connectivity during glaciations, suggesting the presence of (cryptic) glacial refugia in the Red Sea and the PAG. Significant migration was detected within the Red Sea and the PAG, and across the Strait of Hormuz to the Arabian Sea, suggesting gene flow upon secondary contact among populations. Genetic-environment association analyses revealed high levels of adaptive divergence and detected signs of multi-loci local adaptation driven by temperature extremes and hypersalinity. These results support a process of rapid diversification resulting from the combined effects of historical factors and ecological selection and reveal mangrove peripheral environments as relevant drivers of lineage diversity.

The role of divergent host use and geography in the evolution of habitat isolation and sexual isolation among sister species of Belonocnema gall wasps.

Ecology and geography can play important roles in the evolution of reproductive isolation across the speciation continuum, but few studies address both at the later stages of speciation. This notable gap in knowledge arises from the fact that traditional ecological speciation studies have predominantly focused on the role of ecology in initiating the speciation process, while many studies exploring the effect of geography (e.g., reinforcement) concentrate on species pairs that lack divergent ecological characteristics. We simultaneously examine the strength of habitat isolation and sexual isolation among three closely related species of Belonocnema gall-forming wasps on two species of live oaks, Quercus virginiana and Q. geminata, that experience divergent selection from their host plants and variable rates of migration due to their geographic context. We find that the strength of both habitat isolation and sexual isolation is lowest among allopatric species pairs with the same host plant association, followed by allopatric species with different host plant associations, and highest between sympatric species with different host-plant associations. This pattern suggests that divergent selection due to different host use interacts with geography in the evolution of habitat isolation and sexual isolation during the later stages of speciation of Belonocnema wasps.

Phylogeographic structure and putative migration pathway of Sogatella furcifera in China based on microsatellite markers

AbstractThe white back planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important destructive rice pest in Asia that has caused serious economic losses in the main rice‐producing areas of China. To effectively manage this rice pest, it is necessary to investigate its genetic variation and genetic structure and speculate the migration route in China. In this study, we used 12 nuclear microsatellite loci to analyse the genetic variation, gene flow and genetic structure of WBPH in 25 geographic populations in China. Overall, high levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among most populations were detected. Neighbour‐joining dendrograms, STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed three genetically distinct groups and exhibited an admixed phylogeographic structure. There was a significant low positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r2 = 0.105, p = 0.001), which indicated the role of geographic isolation in the genetic structure of WBPH. Migrant routes detection indicated frequent gene flow exchange between North China and Central China, and low bidirectional gene flows between Northeast China and other regions were detected. Accordingly, this study provides useful data for resolving the genetic relationships and large‐scale migration route of the WBPH and thus contributes to developing more effective management strategies for controlling this pest.

Exploring Maternal and Child Health Among Tribal Communities in India: A Life Course Perspective.

India experiences high rates of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, with tribal communities disproportionately affected. Tribal populations frequently live in unfavorable socio-economic conditions and deficient social health indicators, culminating in adverse health consequences. Using a life course perspective, this qualitative study explored risks over the life course that contribute to maternal and child health problems among tribal populations in India. Additionally, the study examined barriers to utilization of healthcare services during the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Data collection occurred between 2017 and 2019 through participant observation, key informant interviews (n = 7) and in-depth interviews (n = 68) and a focus group (n = 7) with tribal women from the Madia-Gond tribe in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Additionally, verbal autopsies were conducted with relatives of three deceased women and five infants from the tribe. Multiple risk factors operating at different socio-ecological levels and developmental stages of life were associated with maternal and child health problems among the tribe. These included adherence to traditional harmful practices, limited access to nutritional diet, women's health neglected due to the double burden of domestic and professional labor, and a lack of accessible and well-equipped medical facilities. Inaccesibility stemmed from factors including extreme poverty, geographical isolation, and suboptimal healthcare infrastructure. There is need for provisions to promote access to care and to promote education and awareness centered on evidence-supported healthcare, particularly targeted towards expectant mothers. The implementation of nutritional support programs may help mitigate high maternal and child mortality and morbidity rates prevalent among tribal populations.

Diagnostic Test Utilization Management Strategies as an Opportunity for Equitable Access to Molecularly Informed Clinical Care.

Companion diagnostics are an essential component of oncology. Timing, cost, and adaptability to new drug/biomarker approvals represent challenges in assuring value-based care. Overcoming these challenges requires strategies for equitable access and efficient integration. Based on prior laboratory improvements and payor policy implementations, we define equitable access in laboratory testing and conceptualized a framework for initiatives that optimize diagnostic performance. We define equitable access as an imperative goal seeking to remove disparities that may arise due to financial hardships, geographical isolation, cultural differences, or other social determinants of health. We distinguish (a) utilization, as the practice pattern of ordered tests, (b) utilization management, as the evidence-based guidance of the utilization decisions, and (c) utilization management strategies, defined as the tools and techniques used to influence decision-making. These 3 dimensions establish a standardized vocabulary to clarify equitable alignment of strategies in specific care pathways. Alignment of logistic, administrative, and financial incentive structures is paramount when creating sustainable personalized care pathway programs. Strategies to accomplish equitable and meaningful use of diagnostic tests can help enhance access to timely and accurate diagnoses, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.

The demographic history and adaptation of Canarian goat breeds to environmental conditions through the use of genome-wide SNP data

BackgroundThe presence of goats in the Canary Islands dates back to the late 1st millennium BC, which coincides with the colonization by the Amazigh settlers. However, the exact geographic origin of Canarian goats is uncertain since the Amazigh peoples were distributed over a wide spatial range. Nowadays, three Canarian breeds (Palmera, Majorera and Tinerfeña) are officially recognized, along with two distinct South and North Tinerfeña ecotypes, with the South Tinerfeña and Majorera goats thriving in arid and dry semi-desertic environments and the Palmera and North Tinerfeña goats are adapted to humid and temperate areas that are influenced by trade winds. Genotypes for 224 Canarian goats were generated using the Illumina Goat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)50 BeadChip. By merging these data with the genotypes from 1007 individuals of African and Southern European ancestry, our aim was to ascertain the geographic origin of the Canarian goats and identify genes associated with adaptation to diverse environmental conditions.ResultsThe diversity indices of the Canarian breeds align with most of those of the analyzed local breeds from Africa and Europe, except for the Palmera goats that showed lower levels of genetic variation. The Canarian breeds demonstrate a significant genetic differentiation compared to other populations, which indicates a history of prolonged geographic isolation. Moreover, the phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the ancestry of the Canarian goats is fundamentally North African rather than West African. The ADMIXTURE and the TreeMix analyses showed no evidence of gene flow between Canarian goats and other continental breeds. The analysis of runs of homozygosity (ROH) identified 13 ROH islands while the window-based FST method detected 25 genomic regions under selection. Major signals of selection were found on Capra hircus (CHI) chromosomes 6, 7, and 10 using various comparisons and methods.ConclusionsThis genome-wide analysis sheds new light on the evolutionary history of the four breeds that inhabit the Canary Islands. Our findings suggest a North African origin of the Canarian goats. In addition, within the genomic regions highlighted by the ROH and FST approaches, several genes related to body size and heat tolerance were identified.

A genus in the bacterial phylum Aquificota appears to be endemic to Aotearoa-New Zealand

Allopatric speciation has been difficult to examine among microorganisms, with prior reports of endemism restricted to sub-genus level taxa. Previous microbial community analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 925 geothermal springs from the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ), Aotearoa-New Zealand, revealed widespread distribution and abundance of a single bacterial genus across 686 of these ecosystems (pH 1.2-9.6 and 17.4-99.8 °C). Here, we present evidence to suggest that this genus, Venenivibrio (phylum Aquificota), is endemic to Aotearoa-New Zealand. A specific environmental niche that increases habitat isolation was identified, with maximal read abundance of Venenivibrio occurring at pH 4-6, 50-70 °C, and low oxidation-reduction potentials. This was further highlighted by genomic and culture-based analyses of the only characterised species for the genus, Venenivibrio stagnispumantis CP.B2T, which confirmed a chemolithoautotrophic metabolism dependent on hydrogen oxidation. While similarity between Venenivibrio populations illustrated that dispersal is not limited across the TVZ, extensive amplicon, metagenomic, and phylogenomic analyses of global microbial communities from DNA sequence databases indicates Venenivibrio is geographically restricted to the Aotearoa-New Zealand archipelago. We conclude that geographic isolation, complemented by physicochemical constraints, has resulted in the establishment of an endemic bacterial genus.

Speciation across life and the origins of biodiversity patterns

Abstract Speciation is the original source of all species richness. Here, I address two questions: (i) what might typical speciation look like across life? and (ii) how has speciation led to the diversity of life we see today? What is ‘typical’ depends on the richness of different groups. In groups associated with host organisms (which may dominate numerically), the processes of co-speciation and host switching are crucial. Among free-living organisms, allopatric speciation, ecological divergence, and prezygotic isolation appear widely important. Yet, the processes by which species become allopatric (and initially split) remain highly unclear. Among macroscopic organisms, the processes underlying the speciation of cryptic insect lineages may predominate, and are briefly reviewed here. Analyses of diversification rates among clades can illuminate the factors that drive speciation and species richness, and I review the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for estimating diversification rates. Patterns of species richness among named clades are generally related to variation in diversification rates, and specific types of ecological variables seem to underlie variation in diversification rates at different scales. Nevertheless, many richness patterns are unrelated to diversification rates and may be related to the time available for speciation instead, including richness among regions, clades, and traits.

Song of Thrush (Luscinia luscinia) and Common (L. megarhynchos) Nightingales in Allopatric Populations and in the Zone of Secondary Contact in the Ciscaucasia

Song of Thrush (Luscinia luscinia) and Common (L. megarhynchos) Nightingales in Allopatric Populations and in the Zone of Secondary Contact in the Ciscaucasia

Highly divergent sympatric lineages of Leptotila verreauxi (Aves: Columbidae) suggest a secondary contact area in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico

Due to a complex geological and biotic history, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT), has been long recognized as a driver for the evolutionary divergence of numerous lowland and highland taxa. Widely distributed in the lowlands of the American continent, the White-Tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi) is a polytypic species with 13 recognized subspecies. Four of these have been recorded in Mexico, and the distribution of three abuts at the IT, suggesting a contact zone. To estimate phylogenetic patterns, divergence times and genetic differentiation, we examined two mtDNA (ND2 and COI) and one nDNA (β-fibint 7) markers. We also used correlative ecological niche models (ENM) to assess whether ecological differences across the IT may have acted as a biogeographical boundary. We estimated paleodistributions during the Middle Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum and Last Interglacial, to evaluate the influence of climate changes on the distribution and demographic changes. Our results showed genetically distinct lineages that diverged approximately 2.5 million years ago. Climatic and ecological factors may have played a dual role in promoting differentiation, but also in the formation of a secondary contact zone in the southern IT. Our ecological niche comparisons indicated that the ecological niche of sympatric lineages at the IT are not identical, suggesting niches divergence; in addition, environmental niche models across the region indicated no abrupt biogeographic barriers, but the presence of regions with low suitability. These results suggest that genetic differentiation originated by a vicariant event probably related to environmental factors, favored the evolution of different ecological niches. Also, the absence of a biogeographic barrier but the presence of less suitable areas in the contact regions, suggest that secondary contact zones may be also maintained by climatic factors for the eastern group, but also by biotic interactions for the western group.

Phylogenomics of the gray-breasted sabrewing (Campylopterus largipennis) species complex in the Amazonia and Cerrado biomes.

The Neotropics are one of the most biodiverse regions of the world, where environmental dynamics, climate and geology resulted in a complex diversity of fauna and flora. In such complex and heterogeneous environments, widely distributed species require deep investigation about their biogeographic history. The gray-breasted sabrewing hummingbird Campylopterus largipennis is a species complex that occurs in forest and open ecosystems of South America, including also high-altitude grasslands. It has been recently split into four distinct species distributed in Amazonia (rainforest) and Cerrado (savanna) biomes with boundaries marked by ecological barriers. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of population lineages within this neotropical taxon to elucidate its biogeographical history and current lineage diversity. We used a reduced-representation sequencing approach to perform fine-scale population genomic analyses of samples distributed throughout Amazonia and Cerrado localities, representing all four recently recognized species. We found a deep genetic structure separating species from both biomes, and a more recent divergence between species within each biome and from distinct habitats. The population dynamics through time was shown to be concordant with known vicariant events, isolation by distance, and altitudinal breaks, where the Amazon River and the Espinhaço Mountain Range worked as important barriers associated to speciation.

Exploring Mentoring Strategies in Developing Christian Leadership Within the Pentecostal Assemblies of God (PAG) Church in Turkana Region, Kenya

This study examines the mentoring strategies used to develop Christian leadership within the Pentecostal Assemblies of God (PAG) Church in Turkana Region, Kenya. Mentoring, rooted in biblical principles such as discipleship, plays a vital role in shaping church leaders, particularly in regions like Turkana, which face socio-cultural and geographical challenges. The study identifies key mentoring models, including spiritual guidance, role modeling, and group mentoring, and assesses their effectiveness in leadership development. Challenges such as geographical isolation, limited educational resources, and cultural factors were also explored to understand their impact on mentoring practices. A descriptive survey design was utilized, targeting 143 church leaders within various PAG districts. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 59 leaders participated in the study. Data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires and interviews, and the data were analyzed both quantitatively, using descriptive statistics, and qualitatively, through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that spiritual guidance and role modeling are highly valued as mentoring strategies. However, peer mentoring and social support were moderately recognized, suggesting underutilization in some leadership contexts. Notably, gaps in formal mentoring structures were identified, along with a limited understanding of more advanced mentoring techniques such as coaching and sponsorship. The study recommended the implementation of more structured and comprehensive mentoring frameworks, along with enhanced mentor training programs to address these gaps. By addressing these challenges, the PAG Church can improve its leadership development strategies, ultimately fostering a more inclusive and effective mentoring environment.

Proteomics and phosphoproteomics reveal novel proteins involved in Cipangopaludina chinensis carcasses.

Cipangopaludina chinensis is a common freshwater mollusk that is widely distributed worldwide, especially in China. In our research, 1,382 proteins and 1,039 phosphorylated proteins were identified from C. chinensis carcasses, and 690 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were quantified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the DEPs are involved in cellular processes, single-organism processes, metabolic processes, developmental processes, localization, and biological regulation. The phosphorylated proteins were found to be related to the Rap1 signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and longevity-regulating pathways. Moreover, we also identified important regulatory enzymes, such as guanylate cyclase, tyrosine protein kinase, receptor protein tyrosine kinase, and glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase. Notably, we found guanylate cyclase to be present in multiple signaling pathways, including the Rap1 signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, insulin secretion, longevity regulating pathway, glutamatergic synapse, circadian entrainment, and gap junction. This enzyme may play a crucial role in regulating molecular mechanisms in C. chinensis. In summary, proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of C. chinensis carcasses displayed significant differences among different geographical isolates, which helps enhance our understanding of food nutrition, signaling pathways, and metabolic mechanisms in C. chinensis.

Lessons learned from comparing self-collected vs. physician-collected vaginal swabs for diagnosing infections in resource-limited settings: a 24-year review

Introduction: Reproductive health is essential for women’s overall well-being, yet vaginal infections like Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis are prevalent and can lead to severe complications if left untreated. In high-income countries, healthcare systems are generally equipped to handle these infections; however, in resource-limited settings, barriers such as geographic isolation, financial constraints, and social stigmas hinder access to effective care. Self-collected vaginal swabs present a promising alternative to traditional physician-collected samples, offering potential benefits in these underserved regions. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and community acceptance of self-collected vaginal swabs compared to physician-collected samples for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis in resource-limited settings, and to explore strategies for the broader implementation of this approach to improve women’s reproductive health. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes literature on the effectiveness, feasibility, and community acceptance of self-collected vaginal swabs compared to physician-collected samples for diagnosing BV, Candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional repositories for studies from January 2000 to May 2024. The review encompasses various sections, including background on the significance of timely diagnosis, initiatives empowering women through self-collection, challenges and successes of these initiatives, and strategies for quality assurance and policy advocacy. Results: Self-collected vaginal swabs were found to be as accurate as physician-collected samples in diagnosing BV, Candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis. The method enhances accessibility and reduces stigma, showing potential for broader application in community health settings. Conclusion: Self-collected vaginal swabs represent a viable solution to reproductive health challenges in resource-limited settings. They offer comparable diagnostic accuracy, enhance accessibility, and can reduce cultural barriers to seeking care. Future efforts should focus on community education, technological innovations, and policy reforms to maximize the effectiveness and sustainability of this approach in improving global women’s health.

Development and Evaluation of Remote Learning Management System using Intranet Network for Hinterland Schools

The lack of internet access in underdeveloped nations, including the Philippines, has significant impact on the digital divide. One of the challenges faced by students in underdeveloped nations, particularly those in far-flung and hinterland schools, is the lack of access to up-to-date educational resources due to their geographic isolation. This can lead to a significant disadvantage in terms of academic performance and future opportunities. Thus, a Remote Learning Management System (RLMS) is proposed. The study includes the development and testing of the RLMS system, as well as an evaluation of its acceptance through the Technology Acceptance Model survey questionnaire. This system utilizes intranet networks and a Network File System to provide distant learning and teaching-based eLearning in far-flung and hinterland schools. The system intends to make sharing educational resources easier, such as to let students access their lessons, modules, and assignments, take exams and quizzes and even watch video lessons on their laptops, smartphones, and tablets, even without an internet connection. The results show that the RLMS system is fully functional and accessible, with positive acceptance and intention to use from teachers and students. Future studies can focus on enhancing the RLMS capabilities, improving user-friendliness, and providing in-depth training to teachers to maximize the system's potential. Overall, the RLMS system provides a viable alternative for blended learning in areas with slow and limited internet access.