Geographic Information System Software Research Articles

Soil losses related to land use and rainfall seasonality in a watershed in the Brazilian Cerrado

Water erosion is one of the main environmental issues nowadays, which results in the decline of soil quality, reducing the productive potential of crops and also causing water pollution, decreasing water availability for human supply. Thus, this study aimed to estimate soil losses related to the rainfall seasonality in the Verdinho River basin, located in the Brazilian Cerrado. Here, we gathered remote sensing products, cartographic and rainfall databases to provide the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and to build watershed-scale estimations of the factors that contributing to erosion using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The greatest potential for erosion coincided with the rainy season (November–March). In terms of real erosion, the results ranged from 0 to 56,713.57 t ha−1 year−1, with the highest soil losses rates observed between the months of November and March. The land use and land cover categories with the highest soil losses are bare soil (48,369,623.73 t year−1), cultivated land (35,617,228.52 t year−1) and pasture (20,509,860.52 t year−1). It was also possible to observe critical points of higher occurrence of soil loss located mainly in the middle and lower part of the watershed. These high rates of soil losses are justified by the intensification of natural factors and the contribution of anthropic actions, which are evidenced mainly in the period of the rainy season. Thus, we emphasized the importance of planning the land use and management in the watershed, with the adoption of support practices in order to reduce the effects of the erosive process on the soil and especially on the watercourse.

Study of Flood Vulnerability in Pesanggrahan District, South Jakarta

Pesanggrahan Sub-district is located in South Jakarta Administrative City, DKI Jakarta Province, Pesanggrahan Sub-district is crossed by Pesanggrahan River which divides sub-districts and crosses several villages that are included in Pesanggrahan District. In the rainy season, floods often occur due to overflowing water in this Pesanggrahan river and resulting in material and non-material losses. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of flood vulnerability that has occurred, especially in areas that have not been affected in order to avoid the risks that occur. The benefit of this research is to input mitigation efforts that will be carried out in the event of a flood. The research variables used in this study are the area of ​​the flood range from the river, elevation, slope and land use. The research method is using GIS technique to superimpose or map overlay, scoring, and weight using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The expected result is the creation of a classification of the level of flood vulnerability and its extent. The planned mitigation directives are directives related to river body improvement, utilization of river commensurate space intended for the government, and the community. This research is one of the personal research roadmaps and is in accordance with the faculty research roadmap. This research is included in the building and environmental disaster mitigation research cluster, the leading field of green urban environment and the national research master plan on disaster management. The planned output is scientific work published in reputable international journals and Intellectual Property Rights.

Perancangan Sistem Pemetaan Wilayah Calon Pelanggan Dengan Menggunakan Qgis Pada Pt. Indonesia Comnets Plus (Icon+) Sbu Bengkulu

Quantum GIS is an open source Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used or run on various operating systems. QGIS aims to be a GIS for displaying GIS data and providing common functions and features. This research was conducted to design a mapping system for prospective customers using QGIS at PT. Indonesia Comnets Plus (ICON+) SBU Bengkulu. The research method uses the literature study method, the observation method and the interview method. The benefit of the system designed is that for marketing ICON+ SBU Bengkulu, there is no need to guess the location of network installation in areas where customer information is not yet clear.

Spatial Analysis Model for Allocation of High-Rise Building

The construction of High-Rise Buildings (HRBs) first started in the 19^th century, as a sort of vertical urban sustainable development approach trying to minimize the development environmental footprint impact. Although, the debates regarding the HRBs' pros and cons, this era has witnessed a huge boost in the construction of HRB all over the world. HRBs have transformed into an ego situation where countries not only developed ones but also developing ones have been competing against each other to develop the tallest HRB. HRBs have become a branding for the economic strength and innovative development eras of countries. HBRs have been included within new cities and added to the existing urban context, without any consideration to the ability of these areas to accommodate their social, environmental, economic, and visual impacts, especially on their direst urban context. The study aims, based on several theoretical and analytical studies, to study and record in detail the various impacts of HRBs on the urban context allocating them, based on which a computerized spatial analysis model is to be composed (HRBSAModel) using geographic information systems software (GIS) and remote sensing technology. The achieved model is expected to act as a contingency tool to mitigate the negative impacts of the existing HRB on its urban context, and as a proactive tool within the city urban design process for allocating the most sustainable location for future HRBs.

Application of Geospatial Techniques to Determine Coastal Erosion and Accretion along the Ramanathapuram Shore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The coastal region is one of the most sensitive areas on earth. This region has a diversified ecosystem. Erosion and accretion are common natural phenomena that can be seen in this region. In some circumstances, these changes become hazardous to the coastal ecosystem. Natural processes such as rainfall, flood, cyclone, longshore drift, and tectonic shifts can trigger irregular coastal changes. Similarly, anthropogenic factors such as urbanization, unscientific land usage, mining, etc., enhance coastal dynamics and make larger changes. Hence identification of such region has great importance. Geospatial technology has brought various advanced methods for shoreline change studies. It has decreased the huge effort for getting an accurate result for a larger area. Landsat satellite imageries with 30 m spatial resolution have been used for studying the changes in the shoreline of Ramanathapuram for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. In Geographic Information System (GIS) software, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool is added for shoreline change analysis. DSAS will build the baseline transects. The rate of shoreline change was calculated using the MATLAB feature runtime function for ArcGIS. Based on the DSAS output, the region of high erosion, low erosion, stable, and low accretion, high accretion zones have been identified on the shore. The results reveal that 5.1% of the shoreline, around 9.3 km is under high erosion, 11.5% of the shoreline, which is around 20.8 km, is under low erosion, 71% of the shoreline, around 128 km, is a stable region, 6.7% of shorelines, around 12 km, have low accretion, and 5.6% of shorelines, around 10.1 km, have high accretion. The coastal villages, namely, Mayakulam, Keelakakrai, Periapattinam, Mandapam, West-Pamban, and East-Rameswaram, have a high erosion with a maximum rate of change between 2.29 to 5.11 m/y. The coastal villages Ervadi, Kalimankund, Sattankonvalsai, South-Pamban and South-Rameswaram have high accretion with a maximum rate of change between 2.34 to 5.24 m/y.

Analysis of the extent of the change of vegetation cover area in the heights of the southern Jordanian Mazar District for the period (1984-2021) using the vegetation coverage index (NDVI).

The study aimed to measure the change in the level of vegetation cover in the Southern Mazar District for the years (1980-2021), using the vegetation coverage index in the GIS program, and remote sensing data from available satellite visuals covering the study area for the time period. The study followed the applied analytical digital approach, and the tools of the geographic information systems program. The study found that the study area witnessed a significant decline in the area of ​​vegetation cover for the period between 1984 and 2021 AD, as follows: • The study area witnessed a clear decline in the area of ​​vegetation cover, in 1984 AD the percentage of vegetation cover was 89.4% of the area of ​​the study area, while in 2021 it decreased to 48%. • The decline in natural vegetation cover was significantly related, according to the vegetation cover index, to the annual rainfall rate. In 1984 AD, the area of ​​vegetation cover was 334.9 km2, and the annual rainfall amounted to 468 mm for the same year, while the area of ​​land covered by vegetation decreased to 190 km2 when the amount was Annual rainfall of 137 mm in 2021. • The arid climate characteristics extend from the desert and semi-desert region on the eastern side towards the mountainous region on the western side. • The impact of urbanization significantly on the decline of vegetation cover areas in the study area in general, and in the areas of the shrine, Mu'ta and Moab in particular due to the increase in the urban area, and the estimated amount of decline in the area of ​​vegetation cover is about 1.1 km² annually. Finally, the study recommended the necessity of taking quick and decisive measures by the decision maker to reduce the severity and speed of the decline of vegetation cover in the eastern parts of the study area, and to expand the study of the most affected species of natural plants to address the problem early.

Pemetaan Fasilitas Umum dan Sosial sebagai Dasar Perencanaan Pembangunan di Desa Raku Kecamatan Tabukan Utara Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

Economic growth and improvement the quality of life of good rural communities require the availability of adequate infrastructure and social public facilities.Infrastructure development in the village requires good planning, according to the needs of the community and according to the characteristics of each village. The results of field observations in Raku Village showed several findings, namely infrastructure and social public facilities were inadequate, there was no infrastructure distribution map, and the existing maps were not up to date. Mapping of public and social facilities in Raku Village, North Tabukan District, Sangihe Archipelago Regency, North Sulawesi Province is part of the community service activities of the Universitas Negeri Gorontalo Collaborative Real Work Lecture. The mapping of public and social facilities aims to map social public facilities, determine the distribution of public and social facilities, and provide spatial data as a basis for policy making by the government. Mapping of village public and social facilities which are part of this community service activity uses the integration method of field surveys and spatial data analysis. Data collection on the location of public and social facilities was carried out using an Android-based GPS, while information on public and social facilities was collected through interviews with residents. Processing and analysis of field survey data, both spatial data and attribute data, was carried out using the Geographic Information System software application, namely ArcGIS 10.8. The results of the primary data survey on public and social facilities and analysis of spatial data show that the public and social facilities in Raku Village are divided into educational facilities, religious facilities, health facilities, government offices, and other social facilities.

Location-allocation-routing for emergency shelters based on geographical information system (ArcGIS) by NSGA-II (case study: Earthquake occurrence in Tehran (District-1))

The purpose of this study is to locate temporary shelters and assign injured people to the shelters. Routing people from destroyed areas to newly constructed shelters (in order to conduct rescue operations in the event of an earthquake) based on a case study of one of Tehran's densest areas (District 1) and the extent to which it is vulnerable to the occurrence of a possible earthquake is also considered. Some criteria influenced by the natural and physical characteristics of the desired area have been developed to accomplish this. The characteristics of this area are considered using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software for determining the affected areas (as the demand points), and the ideal locations for shelters construction. Based on mathematical modeling, the optimal locations for shelters have been determined to allocate injured individuals to those shelters. Due to the existence of uncertainty regarding activated fault, their magnitude, severity, and the amount of demand for rescue services, multiple scenarios for earthquake occurrence have been considered, and the model is presented as a two-stage robust scenario-based optimization problem. The Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is proposed to solve the problem. The computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Suitable locations for construction of shelters, allocating shelters to affected areas, the optimal route for collecting people, the arrival time of each vehicle in each affected area, the total rescue time, the required budget, and the number of injured people collected from each area are the outputs of the model. This study aims to develop an adaptable and rational system for crisis relief in cities with varying characteristics.

Using of geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the suitable site for collecting agricultural residues

The main aim of this study is to use the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to determine the optimum site to collect the residues in order to reduce cost and increase the benefits. To achieve these three scenarios were studied to reach the best collection sites for recycling rice straw in Sinbilawin center. The results indicate that the first scenario: The result was forty (40) collection sites in this status the cost of transfer will be very high because the collecting starts from inside village to the 40 sites and transfer to main sites to recycle operation. The second scenario: The total lengths of roads are not much then the cost of transfer is low and save time and efforts. The third scenario: The result was five collecting sites. It was shortest length and lowest cost. Transportation costs in the first scenario were difficult to calculate because of the difficulty to access a network of documented roads from satellite maps to use it with the GIS program. The total internal transport costs were 987,308.86 and 826,966.43 L.E (Egyptian pound, $ = 19.15 L.E) for second and third scenarios, respectively. The average transport costs per ton were 17 and 14 L.E/ton for the second and third scenarios, respectively. Also, the total lengths of roads were 817.62 and 615.65 km for the second and third scenarios, respectively.

Interpreting and Georeferencing the Concept of “Near” in Locality Descriptors in Biodiversity Records

The process of georeferencing is fundamentally a matter of spatial relationships: where is the point of interest in relation to the Prime Meridian, the Equator, the nearest landmark, etc. The process of adding geographic coordinates and uncertainty measurements to data coming from the work of others is often complicated by interpretation and subjectivity. Take for instance the description, “found near the city of Springfield", which might be assigned a coordinate pair based on the centroid of the city’s footprint. If the implication is that the subject was found around Springfield, then how close? Could this description refer to a point within the city? Is this description referring to the city limits, the farthest reaches of city mailing addresses, or the original author’s interpretation of the territory of Springfield? At present, best practices for adding coordinate uncertainty to such data records is to expand arbitrarily the boundaries of the feature (e.g., the city limits of Springfield), and use the distance from this new shape’s center to its farthest point (Zermoglio et al. 2020). In this talk, I propose a way to objectively quantify the area that can be considered “near” a given reference point. Voronoi diagrams are collections of points (or “cells”) that correspond to a single region. Any coordinate location within a given region is closer to that region’s cell than to any other cell in the diagram (Dobrin 2005). I describe possible applications of Voronoi diagrams in georeferencing sites described as “near” named places, which take into account the uneven distribution of named places across a region. I demonstrate the straightforward process of generating these diagrams using readily available open-source GIS (Geographic Information System) data and programs, and discuss both shortcomings and possible deeper-level applications of these approaches.

Analysis, prioritization and strategic planning of flood mitigation projects based on sustainability dimensions and a spatial/value AHP-GIS system

Floods are among the most devastating consequences of global warming and can cause unprecedented disruptions in the operations of contemporary cities. Moreover, the sustainability of the limited water resources calls for a well-defined decision-making framework that facilitates the implementation of available measures. This study aims to establish a set of criteria for the comprehensive urban flood risk assessment and the creation of a prioritization map of flood mitigation projects. The proposed model is based on spatial data and expert opinions and is used for the flood vulnerability assessment and the project mitigation prioritization. The notion of vulnerability is decomposed on eighteen multidimensional factors which are also clustered under the so-called sustainability pillars; that is the environment, the society and the economy. In a second stage an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework is coupled with a spatial database environment generated by a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and the outcome of the aforementioned process is included in a vulnerability map. The latter allows for the hierarchical grouping of the ranked future flood mitigation projects. Finally, spatial sensitivity analysis is conducted over the selected parameters and the effects on the resulting hierarchy are discussed.

The new method for hydraulic calculations of a district heating (DH) network

How to estimate the exact value of pressure losses within a district heating (DH) network been in service for decades, which a pump at pumping station should compensate to achieve maximum benefits and the lowest costs relative to the scenario of the started process of transition to 4th generation district heating (4GDH)? Geographic Information System (GIS) software Zulu© was used to model a DH network and evaluate how specific location will affect hot water flow rates. Pressure, roughness and hydraulic resistance profiles were plotted using hydraulic optimisation software ZuluThermo©– GIS Zulu© add-in. While the new arrangement does not reduce pressure losses themselves, the corrected arrangement provides economic advantage due to lower operation costs and more stable hydraulic profiles. That means that end sections of DH network between the transmission line and consumers become more effective. By calculating pressure loss and temperature degradation the method also allows to detect an optimum location to connect a new consumer where the minimum modernisation is needed. Working with data-driven network models makes it possible to obtain a lot of positive effects at the same time including the main - the DH utility sells more heat and becomes more profitable as the losses are lower. • To ensure low-temperature energy supply, its consumption for pumping is assessed. • Steady-state calculation method is used to evaluate pressure and flow distribution. • To verify, portable ultrasonic flow rate meter&traditional pressure sensors are used. • Electricity consumption is decreased by 394.74 kW, the saving effect is up to 6%. • Effect is achieved by lowering losses, clarifying friction factor&relative roughness.

Fine mapping of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections in sub-districts of Makenene in Centre Region of Cameroun

Preventive chemotherapy (PC) that remains the main control strategy recommended by the World Health Organization to achieve the elimination of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections as a public health problem must be strengthened by identifying the remaining transmission hot-spots for the deployment of appropriate control measures. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and infections intensities of soil-transmitted helminths and perform micro scale mapping in order to identify transmission hot-spots for targeted control operations. Stool samples were collected from 1775 children in ten primary schools of eight sub-districts of Makenene in Cameroon. Kato Katz technique was used to process and examine stool samples to detect the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth species as well as the infection intensities was compared. Data visualizations in forms of maps were made using Quantum geographic information system (QGIS) software. The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections was 4.8% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 3.8–5.9%: 3.0% (95% CI 2.2–3.9) for Ascaris lumbricoides, 1.4% (95% CI 0.9–2.0) for Trichuris trichiura and 0.8% (95% CI 0.5–1.4) for hookworms. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth species differ significantly between schools and sub-districts. The intensity of infections was light (2.4%, 1.1% and 0.8%), moderate (0.4%, 0.1% and 0.1%) and heavy (0.2%, 0.2% and 0%) for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm respectively. The mean intensity of infections was 7255 EPG for A. lumbricoides, 2900 EPG for T. trichiura and 298 EPG for hookworm. Between schools, significant difference was recorded in the means of infection intensities of T. Trichiura and hookworms but not for A. lumbricoides. This difference was also significant for T. Trichiura when comparison were between sex. No significant difference were recorded when the comparison were between age. Fine mapping revealed that children harbouring heavy infections were clustered in the same sub-districts; highlighting the presence of high endemicity sub-districts and hot-spots for the transmission of different soil-transmitted helminth species. This study showed a diversity in the prevalence and transmission of different soil-transmitted helminth species. It also hightlighted the need for micro scale mapping to enable the localisation of high endemicity sub-districts and transmission hot-spot sites where targeted control operations must be deployed to achieve STH elimination.

Assessment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Use Opportunities in Forest Road Project (Düzce Sample)

Forest roads are important infrastructure facilities that enable forestry activities to continue without interruption. These infrastructure facilities are very important in terms of protection and maintenance of forests, safe transportation of the produced property, afforestation, recreation, and transportation to forest fires as soon as possible. Today, an advantageous environment has been created by the widespread use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, the increase in its use, as well as the integration of clearer and reliable information within the framework of sensitive forestry understanding, with the acquisition of high-resolution images with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This study, with the help of UAV data and GIS on forest roads, which serve as the basic infrastructure in the fulfilment of forestry activities, for forest road design and excavation-filling calculations, drones etc. made to demonstrate the applicability of the technologies. The study was carried out on the 164 coded B Type Forest Road belonging to the Cumaova Forestry Directorate affiliated with the Düzce Forestry Operations Directorate. In line with the study, first of all, data were obtained with a multi-copter drone. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area was produced with the raw data obtained. The produced DTM data was compared with the 12.5 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data showing the land structure before the road was built. At the last stage of the study, the height and position data obtained from the road line with ground measurements and the excavation-fill amounts were compared using the RoadEng software. In the light of the results obtained in this study, it is thought that safer and more precise data can be obtained in forest road design studies, and it can provide a practical approach to road planning studies for planners, decision-makers and practitioners.

A GIS-based offshore wind site selection model using fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making with application to the case of the Gulf of Maine

In the last decades, a considerable number of studies have been conducted to find the optimal locations for renewable energy facilities. The reviewed literature demonstrates how the combination of spatial representation computer tools, such as geographic information systems (GIS), with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodologies, has successfully solved the problem of identifying optimal locations. Furthermore, since the appearance of fuzzy logic, the combination approaches have extended to the field of fuzzy sets to consider the imprecision and vagueness that some criteria may involve. In this paper, we propose a comparative analysis among fuzzy versions of MCDM methodologies, including GIS technologies, for the optimal site selection of offshore wind power plants. With this aim, we combined a classical pair-wise comparison method (AHP) with two distance-based approaches (TOPSIS and VIKOR), applying GIS software and comparing the two most extended fuzzy membership functions: triangular and linear. As a case study, this optimal location problem was applied to offshore wind site selection in the Gulf of Maine (USA). Initially, 56 alternatives for potential locations were identified from 22,331 km2 study area. After applying the AHP methodology, the weights of the criteria were obtained, turning out to be the wind speed and bathymetry the most important criteria. The results demonstrate the robustness of the fuzzy TOPSIS methodology against potential variations in the criteria weights, since the best alternatives (optimal locations) and almost 90% of the 25 top-ranked alternatives were matching. Likewise, the rankings of alternatives illustrate that the use of triangular or linear fuzzy membership functions does not cause significant differences after applying the fuzzy VIKOR methodology and ArcGIS software. In fact, the most appropriate alternative is the same for both cases, and there is only an exchange of positions among the top-ranked alternatives. The proposed solutions can be applied to other locations and both onshore and offshore installations.

Using Building Information Modelling to map the composition of glass panes in a historic house

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is widely regarded to be potentially useful for the conservation and management of historic buildings. So far, research in this area has mostly concentrated in geometry: surveying, the parametric modelling of building features and the accurate modelling of complex building shapes. But in order to be fully integrated with conservation practice, Building Information Models need to include other types of data. This paper demonstrates a method to introduce and visualise spatially resolved data within a Building Information Model of a historic building. It focuses on the visualisation of the composition of historic glass and the metadata associated with this measurement. The conclusions are, however, extensible to any type of spatially-resolved material information that can inform building management, conservation and interpretation. The software Dynamo is used to add this functionality to a Revit 3D model. The modelling stage requires the creation of shape families for different types of window. This approach is compared with a similar visualisation produced with ArcGIS, a common Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The Dynamo algorithm successfully adds the visualisation capacity to the BIM model, but it is unlikely that this level of customisation is achievable by the average user. There is a need for further development of technological solutions that combine the visualisation capacity of GIS with ability of BIM to link 3D models and numerical data.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS: A COMPREHENSIVE AND VERSATILE QGIS PLUGIN FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION IN GEOSPATIAL DATA

Abstract. As geospatial data continuously grows in complexity and size, the application of Machine Learning and Data Mining techniques to geospatial analysis is increasingly essential to solve real-world problems. Although in the last two decades, the research in this field produced innovative methodologies, they are usually applied to specific situations and not automatized for general use. Therefore, both generalization and integration of these methods with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are necessary to support researchers and organizations in data exploration, pattern recognition, and prediction in the various applications of geospatial data. In this work, we present Cluster Analysis, a Python plugin that we developed for the open-source software QGIS and offers functionalities for the entire clustering process. Or tool provides different improvements from the current solutions available in QGIS, but also in other widespread GIS software. The expanded features provided by the plugin allow the users to deal with some of the most challenging problems of geospatial data, such as high dimensional space, poor quality of data, and large size of data. To highlight both the potential of the plugin and its limitations in real-world scenarios, the development is integrated with a considerable experimental phase with data of different natures and granularities. Overall, the experimental phase shows good and adequate flexibility of the plugin, and outlines the possibilities for future developments that can be provided also by the QGIS community, given the open-source nature of the project.

Changes in Contemporary Form in Gangneung City through Cadastral Data Analysis and Application of the Spatial Politics Concept

This study aimed to reveal changes in urban forms by analyzing the modern and contemporary development history of Gangneung City, one of the major cities in the Yeongdong county of Gangwon-do, South Korea; it has been a central city in the Yeongdong area since the Japanese colonial period. The study’s scope and analysis focused on a space centered in the old downtown area of Gangneung City. The time span under review was divided into three periods in terms of spatial politics. The original cadastral map, a contemporary cadastral map, and photographic data were analyzed, including the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) Programs, for characteristics corresponding to each period. A field investigation and interviews with residents were also conducted. The results confirmed changes in the spatial environment centered on roads, blocks, plots, and architecture that have historical significance. In particular, the study verified the characteristics of the physical environment of the original downtown area centered on Yonggang-dong, Myeongju-dong, and Seongnae-dong and changes in the form of Lake Gyeongpo. Finally, the study presents the implications of these changes by comprehensively summarizing the history of the modern and contemporary development of Gangneung City through changes in the surrounding area.

Example of Coastline Changes from the Last Glacier Maximum to the Present: Çanakkale Strait

Climate change emerges as an important problem for the earth today. Although the negative effects of this problem are not directly reflected in the time we live in, it is revealed by the scientists working on the subject that it will be observed in human life for decades-centuries and will be observed in detail on the earth for thousands of tens of thousands of years later. This predicted climate change can be considered a normal situation when considering the time that has passed from the formation of the earth to the present, approximately 4.5 billion years (except that the difference between the reasons for climate changes in the past geological times and the predicted climate change is the human effect). The effects of Quaternary climate change can be observed on the earth both on a global scale and on a regional scale. As an example of global climate change, the continuous change of sea level can be given, and the best indicators of this change are geological/geomorphological structures such as marine terraces or submarine canyons observed on the coasts on the regional scale. On the local scale, stalactites and stalagmites observed in caves, lake sediments, deep sea sediments, glacial cores are among the best examples of climate change. In this study, the land-sea boundary (coastal line) changes of the coasts of the Çanakkale Strait, which is the southern branch of the Turkish Straits System, have been investigated, considering the sea level changes that show the climate change best in the last 25 thousand years. In this context, the coastal changes of the Çanakkale Strait coasts from the Late Pleistocene to the present are modeled using geographic information systems programs, by using different global and regional sea level change charts showing climate changes. The most striking of these new maps is the one from 20 thousand years ago. At this time, it is known that the global sea level is 120 meters lower than today and the deepest point of the Çanakkale Strait is around -113 meters today. Therefore, it is not possible to mention a Mediterranean-Black Sea waterway connection through the Çanakkale Strait at these times.

Association of Different Satellite Driven Products with Evapotranspiration in Tamil Nadu, India (2010-2020)

Evapotranspiration is an important phenomenon of hydrological cycle mainly influenced by meteorological factors and other vegetation characteristics. In this study, the relationship between Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were analysed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) TERRA satellite data products with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The duration of study was during South West Monsoon (SWM) season from June to September, over a period of ten years (2011 to 2020) for all seven Agro Climatic Zones (ACZ) of Tamil Nadu, India. The results showed that moderate to strong positive correlation were observed between AET and NDVI (r= 0.3 to 0.9) in all seven ACZ. The AET and LST showed a weak to strong negative correlation (r= -0.4 to -0.7) in six ACZs except High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) which might be due to lower LST and high NDVI values recorded in the HRZ which exhibited a weak positive relationship (r=0.2). Relationship between AET, LST and NDVI are highly useful for parametrizing evapotranspiration in different climatic conditions, analyzing different crop growth and production and helps in planning water management strategies at regional scale.