Geographical Distribution Research Articles

Population at risk of dengue virus transmission has increased due to coupled climate factors and population growth

Dengue virus transmission has increased over the last four decades seemingly due to changes in climate, urbanization and population growth. Using estimates of dengue transmission suitability based on historical temperature and humidity data, we examined how shifts in these climatic variables and human population growth have contributed to the change in the geographical distribution and size of the global population living in areas with high climate suitability from 1979 to 2022. We found an expansion in climate suitability in North America, East Asia and the Mediterranean basin, where with few exceptions, endemicity is not yet established. Globally, we estimated that the population in areas with high climate suitability has grown by approximately 2.5 billion. In the Global South, this increase was largely driven by population growth in areas with historically favorable climate suitability, while in the Global North this increase predominantly occurred in previously unfavorable areas with limited population growth.

Prevalence of painful and painless diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the Northern Danish Region: A population-based study

BackgroundDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes, yet varying estimates of its prevalence exist. The present study aimed to estimate a questionnaire-centered prevalence of painful and painless DPN in the Northern Danish Region, examine its geographical distribution within the region, and investigate associations between DPN and potential risk factors. MethodsA questionnaire-based survey was sent to all persons living with diabetes in the Northern Danish Region using electronic mail. Persons with diabetes were identified using The National Health Insurance Service Registry. The survey included information on demographics, socioeconomics, municipality, diabetes type, duration, and treatment, as well as the validated questionnaires Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument-questionnaire (MNSIq) and the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4)-interview. Possible DPN was defined as an MNSIq-score ≥ 4, while possible painful DPN was defined as pain in both feet and a DN4-interview score ≥ 3. ResultsA total of 23,206 eligible people were identified as having diabetes and approximately 33% answered all questionnaires. The prevalence of possible DPN was 23.3% (95% CI: 22.4%-24.3%), while the prevalence of possible painful DPN was 18.0% (17.1%-18.8%). The prevalence of possible DPN ranged from 22.1% to 35.0% between municipalities, while the prevalence of possible painful DPN ranged from 15.6% to 20.0%. High body-mass index, long diabetes duration, insulin use, glucagon-like-peptide-1-analogue use, and low income were associated with increased risk of DPN. ConclusionThe high prevalence of possible painless and painful DPN emphasizes the need for better prevention and careful screening even in high-income countries.

Young adults' attitudes towards consanguinity in relation to various sociodemographic factors in the Arab society of Israel

Consanguineous marriages (CMs) have been a longstanding tradition in various communities worldwide, despite their known negative effects on future offspring. Our study aimed to determine the young adults' attitudes towards consanguinity in the Arab society of Israel, pertaining to various sociodemographic factors. The data included in this study were obtained from a national survey. The results showed that 35.4% of adults supported CMs, with a significant gender disparity: 41.2% of males compared to 29.4% of females. A direct correlation between the participants' age and positive attitudes towards CMs was noticeable. A significant portion of married adults (~46%) supported CMs, while majority of the single adults (~42%) held neutral attitudes towards CMs. Additionally, a large majority of adults (~63%) with CMs type had positive attitudes towards consanguinity. Regarding the geographic distribution, and the religious affiliation of adults, notable variations in attitudes were observed. No significant association was found between the adults' education or employment, and their attitudes towards CMs, while an inverse relationship was observed between their income levels and these attitudes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the parameters which prove to be the significant predictors for the adults' attitudes towards supporting CMs were males, south region, married participants, and CMs type. The findings underscore that majority of the adults' attitudes towards CMs were either neutral or supporting this practice, therefore, effective strategies must be developed to increase the awareness of the young adults in relation to various health implications of CMs, thus improving the well-being of future offspring.

Casting light out of shadows: assessing the coverage of data on endemic firefly distribution in the Atlantic Forest

The Atlantic Forest holds the greatest diversity of fireflies on Earth. Although the knowledge about lampyrids in the Atlantic Forest has increased in the last 10 years thanks to the efforts of new taxonomists and ecologists, both the total number of species and their geographic ranges remain largely unknown. Furthermore, the Atlantic Forest has been facing intense deforestation since the XV century, and now only 23% of the natural vegetation cover remains, resulting in high vulnerability of its endemic species. Here, we assess the quality and coverage of the information available on the distribution of Lampyridae fireflies; i.e. the extent of the so-called Wallacean shortfall. To do this, we used a database that comprises 3,010 records with geospatial and taxonomic information to evaluate the overall coverage of the geographical and environmental distribution of fireflies in the Atlantic Forest. Our assessment shows that the knowledge of Atlantic Forest's firefly diversity and distribution presents significant spatial and climatic biases. Firefly species remain largely under-collected in the Atlantic Forest; only around 16% of its grid cells at a 50km scale are well-sampled, and most of them are located in the Serra do Mar bioregion. The location of well-sampled cells is conditioned by recorders’ survey bias and is particularly biased towards protected areas, large forest remnants, the proximity to institutions holding entomological collections, and light-polluted sites surrounding urban spaces. Our findings also highlight that a considerable number of firefly species may remain undiscovered, which adds to the lack of reliable information on the geographic location of many valid species. Based on this assessment, we further point to areas where more sampling effort would provide maximum benefits in terms of geographical and environmental coverage, thus maximizing its value for biodiversity knowledge and conservation.

First report of Morchella galilaea, an autumn species from Pakistan, based on multilocus DNA sequences, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses.

Morchella is highly prized for its distinct and delicious taste, making it one of the most sought-after and valuable macrofungi. Despite Pakistan exporting morels to various European countries, Morchella's diversity in this South Asian country has not been cataloged using multilocus DNA sequence data. Realizing the need for their scientific identity, various collections were commissioned, including those from the low and high altitudinal zones of the Charsadda, Swat, and Poonch districts of Pakistan during autumn of 2015 through 2019. Specimens were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and portions of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), second largest subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) loci. Multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the autumnal collections were Morchella galilaea Masaphy & Clowez. The species was previously documented in the United States, China, Israel, and Turkey. A detailed taxonomic description, light and scanning electron microscopy, and multigene molecular phylogenetic analyses of the species are reported here for the first time from Pakistan. The study underscores the necessity for further surveys of unexplored areas of Pakistan and systematics of Morchella to augment species diversity and their geographic distribution. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Specimens of Morchella were collected from low and high altitudinal zones in Pakistan during the autumn. Specimens were assessed using multigene (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1) molecular phylogenetic analyses for the first time in Pakistan. The specimens were identified as Morchella galilaea based on multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis. Updated taxonomic descriptions of macro- and microanatomical characters were provided for clarity and precision. Hitherto-unreported shapes of paraphyses and acroparaphyses are observed and thoroughly reported. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of an ascospore is provided.

A review of lobomycosis and lobomycosis-like skin disease in cetaceans worldwide, with new data from the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Lobomycosis, also called paracoccidioidomycosis ceti, is a chronic mycotic cutaneous disease affecting odontocetes. Lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) has a clinical presentation consistent with lobomycosis but lacks a histological and molecular diagnosis. We review the literature on lobomycosis aetiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, species affected and geographic distribution and examine the factors influencing the presence, transmission and prevalence of the disease, as to better understand its ecology. In addition, we provide unpublished information on LLD in two common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) communities inhabiting the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Lobomycosis and LLD occur in Delphinidae from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans between 33°N and 35°S. Primary risk factors include habitat, sex, age, sociality and pollution. In dolphins from the Americas and Japan, lobomycosis is caused by Paracoccidioides ceti, family Ajellomycetaceae. The disease is characterized by cutaneous granulomatous lesions that may occur anywhere on the body, grow to large size and may ulcerate. Histologically, the lesions consist of acanthosis and histiocytic granulomas between the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with inflammatory changes that extend deep into the dermis. Multiple yeast cells with a double refringent layer, stained positive using Gomori-Grocott methenamine silver in the dermis of a T. truncatus from Ecuador diagnosed with LLD since 2011, a first record for the Southeast Pacific. Injuries may enable the entry of P. ceti into the dermis while skin contact likely favours transmission, putting males at higher risk than females. Lobomycosis and LLD may have a negative impact on small communities already threatened by anthropogenic factors.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Recurrence of Inguinal Hernia

Following inguinal hernia surgery, the risk of recurrence is a major clinical concern. The issue involves several recurrent risk factors, including surgery. We have recognized the approach, recurrence, and familial background. Patient-related variables, while not technically complex, have an impact on the risk. Few studies have examined the risk of recurrence following inguinal hernia surgery. The statistical features of inguinal hernia incidence Both initially and later on, in addition to examining the patient's There are several factors that can lead to the failure of inguinal hernia surgery. The thesis includes research on historical and ecological issues. The epidemiologic data for groin hernias nationwide has been revealed. The geographical distribution of groin hernias and the risk of non-technical exposure is being investigated. elements linked to the recurrence of symptoms. According to the results, mundane, Characteristics that are specific to the patient have a significant impact on the risk. The incidence of recurrence following inguinal hernia repair is an important consideration. The rationale behind , combination of factors likely contribute to the recurrence of inguinal hernias, which typically occur in the range of patient-related risk factors, both technical and non-technical, are present. Furthermore, there are various types of groin hernias that can individual pathophysiologies. We need to put this knowledge into practice. utilized in clinical settings to reduce the risk of recurrence.Regarding the design of future studies that investigate recurrence after the consequence of inguinal hernia surgery Methods: All patients admitted to the hospital exhibited groin edema, soreness, or both. We palpated the patient's groins on all sides to look for a hernia, impulse, or scar from a prior procedure. We recorded additional details about the hernia, such as its primary or recurring nature. Results showed that the most prevalent age group was 31–60 years old, and that out of the 140 patients, 79.2% were male and 20.8% were female. While 25.5% of the cases were recurrent hernias, 74.5% were primary hernias. Although a small percentage of individuals experienced swelling for longer than two years, the vast majority experienced it for no more than six months. Incorrect defecation (46.7% of cases) and excessive lifting (52.4%) were the leading causes of hernias. Conclusions In order to aid future research in predicting the occurrence of inguinal hernias, it is necessary to undertake this type of study in every geographical location. Aim of study to show recurrence inguinal hernia after surgery related to epidemiology and risk factors.

Florabr: An R package to explore and spatialize species distribution using Flora e Funga do Brasil

AbstractPremiseThe Flora e Funga do Brasil project is the most comprehensive effort to reliably document Brazilian plant and fungal diversity. It involves the collaborative work of hundreds of taxonomists, integrating detailed and standardized morphological descriptions, nomenclatural status, and geographic distribution information of plants, algae, and fungi collected throughout Brazil. Despite the extensive information available, managing the information from the Flora e Funga do Brasil website poses certain challenges.Methods and Resultsflorabr is an R package developed to facilitate the exploration and geographical analysis of species information derived from the Flora e Funga do Brasil. Unique to florabr is its ability to interact with the latest, or any other version of the dataset, which undergoes weekly updates. I illustrate the practical application of florabr in common tasks in biogeography and conservation studies.Conclusionsflorabr is anticipated to be of significant interest to biogeographers, ecologists, curators of biological collections, and taxonomists actively contributing to the Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Clinical, Laboratory, and Molecular Aspects of Factor VII Deficiency.

Congenital factor VII (FVII) deficiency, the most frequent among the recessively inherited disorders of blood coagulation, is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, from mild mucosal bleeds to life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. Complete FVII deficiency may cause perinatal lethality. Clinically relevant thresholds of plasma levels are still uncertain, and modest differences in low FVII levels are associated with large differences in clinical phenotypes. Activated FVII (FVIIa) expresses its physiological protease activity only in a complex with tissue factor (TF), which triggers clotting at a very low concentration. Knowledge of the FVIIa-TF complex helps to interpret the clinical findings associated with low FVII activity as compared with other rare bleeding disorders and permits effective management, including prophylaxis, with recombinant FVIIa, which, however, displays a short half-life. Newly devised substitutive and nonsubstitutive treatments, characterized by extended half-life properties, may further improve the quality of life of patients. Genetic diagnosis has been performed in thousands of patients with FVII deficiency, and among the heterogeneous F7 mutations, mostly missense changes, several recurrent variants show geographical distribution and identity by descent. In the general population, common F7 polymorphisms explain a large proportion of FVII level variance in plasma through FVII-lowering effects. Their combination with pathogenic variants may impact on the frequent detection of FVII coagulant levels lower than normal, as well as on mild bleeding conditions. In the twenties of this century, 70 years after the first report of FVII deficiency, more than 200 studies/reports about FVII/FVII deficiency have been published, with thousands of FVII-deficient patients characterized all over the world.

Heracleum munzurense (Apiaceae), a new species from East Anatolia, Turkey and taxonomic position of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum

A new species, Heracleum munzurense (Apiaceae), is described from East Anatolia, Turkey. It grows in damp places formation of the Munzur Mountains in the district of Pülümür (Tunceli Province). The taxonomic affinities of the new species were determined by analyzing morphological data and through a molecular phylogenetic study of nrITS/ETS. The new species is morphologically and genetically related to H. apiifolium and H. pastinaca, but differs mainly in stems, leaves, pedicels, rays and petals pubescence, petals size, fruit hairs, and size features. The anatomical structure of the fruit is given. The diagnostic morphological characters of the new species are discussed. In this study, the geographical distribution of the new species and the related taxa H. apiifolium, H. lasiopetalum, and H. pastinaca is mapped. In addition, the habitat, ecology, phenology, and conservation status of the new species are also provided. Tetrataenium lasiopetalum is also closely related to this group of species. Common morphological features and results of molecular phylogenetic study suggest to transfer this species back to the genus Heracleum.

The Impact of Health Policy on Access to Healthcare: Utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Detailed Access and Equity Mapping

Health policies are significant in relation to health equity and accessibility. Achieving equity in health care must understand the geographic distribution of health care and the impact of policy decisions on access Planners can use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as an aid powerful to visualize and scrutinize these differences. The current study addresses some of the challenges of integrating multiple data sources, definitions of access and equity and the dynamic nature of health care processes. Furthermore, sophisticated analytical methods are needed to truly map all complex health care systems. Therefore this paper, describe a cross-sectional mental health treatment (C-SMHT) that uses a fuzzy inference system to assess justice and access to health care. Using ambiguous GIS data to address uncertainty and environmental variability, this approach provides a comprehensive picture of how policy change has shaped health disparities to improve. C-SMHT has many applications for policy makers as well as public health practitioners. This paper will provide a snapshot of mental health provider availability and utilization. Simulation studies to examine how the effectiveness of the C-SMHT approach can help to better identify underserved areas, better allocate resources, and deliver treatment were found to be good. A number of initiatives will be developed as part of this project to assess their impact on the availability of mental health services in defined areas or countries. In addition to providing recommendations to policy makers based on research findings, the simulation will also provide insights into how policies affect equity and access.

Three-fold expansion of the genetic diversity of blunerviruses through plant (meta)transcriptome data-mining

Kitaviruses are plant-infecting, non-systemic disease-causing viruses with multipartite single-stranded RNA genomes. Despite their importance, knowledge on kitaviruses is limited in comparison with other plant virus groups, mainly because of the lesser number of identified and characterized kitaviruses and their isolates. In the present study, we explored plant (meta)transcriptome data available in public domain and identified genome sequences of eighteen putative novel blunerviruses in eighteen plant species, including four gymnosperm and four monocot species. Four RNA segments (RNAs 1-4) of eleven identified viruses were recovered, whilst at least two RNA segments were recovered for the remaining viruses. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the identified viruses with known blunerviruses. Based on genome organization, sequence identities of encoded proteins with known blunerviruses and phylogeny, the identified viruses are regarded as new members of the genus Blunervirus. The study paves way for initiating further studies on understanding biological properties, economic importance and geographical distribution of identified blunerviruses.

Geographical Distribution of Small Physical Exercise Enterprises in the Greater Athens Area

Geographical Distribution of Small Physical Exercise Enterprises in the Greater Athens Area

A new species of Oxalis sect. Holophyllum (Oxalidaceae) from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, discovered with the help of citizen science

A new species of Oxalis sect. Holophyllum restricted to the Atlantic Forest of the State of Espírito Santo (Brazil) is described. This species can be distinguished from others of the section by the leaf blades up to ca. 1.6× longer than wide, adaxially with very abundant, patent hairs, phyllodial peduncles shorter than the leaves, distally enlarged and hiding floral buds and young fruits underneath, and flowers with yellow corolla. A morphological description with taxonomic notes and a preliminary assessment of its conservation status are presented here, as well as a photographic plate, and a geographic distribution map for the new species. An identification key for the species of O. sect. Holophyllum with the peduncle wider distally than proximally is also provided.

A Dataset of Distribution and Characterization of Underground Wastewater Treatment Plants in China

Underground wastewater treatment plants (U-WWTPs) have emerged as a novel paradigm for urban wastewater pollutants management, offering benefits such as alleviating the Not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) effect and utilizing land resources efficiently. China stands at the forefront, witnessing swift advancements in U-WWTP technology and deployment. However, the absence of a thorough understanding of their geographical distribution and operational characteristics could lead to misaligned planning and construction, resulting in inefficient resource allocation and treatment capacities for urban wastewater treatment. This dataset provides an up-to-date overview of the spatial distribution, process selection, and discharge standards for all U-WWTPs in China (with a total number of 201) constructed since 1995. To enhance comparative analysis, the dataset has been supplemented with information on conventional aboveground wastewater treatment plants (A-WWTPs), comprising a total of 2464 records, which enriches a more comprehensive evaluation of different wastewater treatment approaches. Utilizing this dataset can provide essential data support for the strategic management of urban wastewater systems and serve as a valuable reference for the paradigmatic renovation of existing wastewater treatment plants.

Mitochondrial DNA control-region and coding-region data highlight geographically structured diversity and post-domestication population dynamics in worldwide donkeys.

Donkeys (Equus asinus) have been used extensively in agriculture and transportations since their domestication, ca. 5000-7000 years ago, but the increased mechanization of the last century has largely spoiled their role as burden animals, particularly in developed countries. Consequently, donkey breeds and population sizes have been declining for decades, and the diversity contributed by autochthonous gene pools has been eroded. Here, we examined coding-region data extracted from 164 complete mitogenomes and 1392 donkey mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences to (i) assess worldwide diversity, (ii) evaluate geographical patterns of variation, and (iii) provide a new nomenclature of mtDNA haplogroups. The topology of the Maximum Parsimony tree confirmed the two previously identified major clades, i.e. Clades 1 and 2, but also highlighted the occurrence of a deep-diverging lineage within Clade 2 that left a marginal trace in modern donkeys. Thanks to the identification of stable and highly diagnostic coding-region mutational motifs, the two lineages were renamed as haplogroup A and haplogroup B, respectively, to harmonize clade nomenclature with the standard currently adopted for other livestock species. Control-region diversity and population expansion metrics varied considerably between geographical areas but confirmed North-eastern Africa as the likely domestication center. The patterns of geographical distribution of variation analyzed through phylogenetic networks and AMOVA confirmed the co-occurrence of both haplogroups in all sampled populations, while differences at the regional level point to the joint effects of demography, past human migrations and trade following the spread of donkeys out of the domestication center. Despite the strong decline that donkey populations have undergone for decades in many areas of the world, the sizeable mtDNA variability we scored, and the possible identification of a new early radiating lineage further stress the need for an extensive and large-scale characterization of donkey nuclear genome diversity to identify hotspots of variation and aid the conservation of local breeds worldwide.

Fieldwork Locations: Where Sociocultural Anthropologists Conduct Research

Historians of anthropology have observed how the locations where sociocultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork have influenced their methods and theories. This paper provides information about (1) where sociocultural anthropologists publishing in selected well-known journals in recent years have been conducting fieldwork; and (2) how contemporary fieldwork locations resemble and differ from those in the past. The geographical distribution of fieldwork sites by world region prior to the mid-1950s differs considerably from that of more recent years. However, since 1960 the only significant changes have been increases in the proportions of field sites in Europe and the Middle East. In comparison with their populations, fieldwork sites in both the past and present greatly overrepresent some regions and countries and underrepresent other regions and countries. The result is a sampling problem that hinders attempts to make cross-cultural generalizations.

Revisiting the Concepts of Centre and Peripheries in Islamic Art with Geographic Information Systems (GIS): the Creations of Western Islamic Societies

Abstract The aim of this paper is to review the concepts of centre and peripheries in Mediterranean Islamic art during the late Middle Ages. Traditionally, the idea of a unique Eastern production centre was widespread in historiographical debates; however, in the framework of current research projects, the need to review the well-established concepts of centre and peripheries has been identified. In this context, this paper considers the geographical distribution of muqarnaṣ in the Mediterranean basin between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries from the Almoravid period. In this framework, a double aspect has been analysed to examine: 1) how muqarnaṣ spread from the Almoravid Empire to other Mediterranean areas, and 2) if those Western muqarnaṣ can be related to the Eastern ones or if, on the contrary, they can be considered an independent manifestation of a new production centre located in an area traditionally considered peripheral. To achieve this aim, a geodatabase including the Mediterranean muqarnaṣ ensembles has been created. Different categorised analyses have been developed with a Geographic Information System (GIS), as well as an element concentration analysis, with the Heatmap plugin in the QGIS software, to determine where the centres with the highest concentrations of muqarnaṣ are located. On the basis of the different analyses, innovative cartographic materials have been developed and are included in the study. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the traditional view of a unique production centre in the case of muqarnaṣ should be discarded.

Predicting Polygonum capitatum distribution in China across climate scenarios using MaxEnt modeling

Climate change affects the geographical distribution of species. Predicting the future potential areas suitable for certain species is of great significance for understanding their distribution characteristics and exerting their value. Based on the data of 276 effective distribution points of Polygonum capitatum and 20 ecological factors, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and the ArcGIS software were employed to predict the areas suitable for P. capitatum growth, and the main environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of this species were explored. Under the current climatic conditions, the areas highly suitable for P. capitatum are mainly distributed in southwestern China, with a small number of sites in coastal areas and most sites in Guizhou Province. Under different climate scenarios, the suitable areas were reduced to varying degrees. The dominant environmental variables affecting the distribution of P. capitatum were precipitation in the driest month, annual precipitation, and elevation, with a cumulative contribution rate of 84.1%. Against the background of a changing climate, the areas suitable for P. capitatum in China will be widely distributed in the southwestern region, with Guizhou Province and Yunnan Province as the main distribution areas; some sites will also be distributed throughout the southwest of Tibet Autonomous Region, the south of Sichuan Province, the north of Guangxi Autonomous Region, and the coastal area of Fujian Province. Optimal conditions for P. capitatum include a dry month precipitation range of 13.4 to 207.3 mm, elevations from 460.3 to 7214.3 m, and annual precipitation between 810 and 1575 mm. Given these insights, we recommend enhanced conservation efforts in current prime habitats and exploring potential cultivation in newly identified suitable regions to ensure the species’ preservation and sustainable use.

The Processing Spatial Data for Statistical Modeling and Visualization Case study: INLA model for COVID-19 in Alabama, USA

This research emphasizes the visualization of spatial data for statistical modelling and analysis of the relative risk associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama, USA. We used Bayesian analysis and the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) approach on data ranging from March 11, 2020, to December 31, 2022, which included observed COVID-19 cases, the population for each of the Alabama counties, and a Geographical map of the state. The geographical distribution of COVID-19’s relative risk was determined using various spatial statistical techniques, indicating high-risk locations. The study used Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) models to assess the posterior relative risk of COVID-19, and it found a statistically significant average decrease in COVID-19 case rates across the 67 counties evaluated. These findings have practical implications for evidence-based policymaking in pandemic prevention, mitigation, and preparation.