Geodetic Methods Research Articles

A Multidisciplinary Investigation of an Abandoned Old Mining Area Which Has Been Affected by the Combined Influences of Salt Karst and Human Exploration Activity

The authors discuss a case that is full of examples of the problems faced by civil engineers whose task is to develop areas in the face of natural, technological, or post-mining hazards. The study area is in the central part of Inowrocław, a town located on a massive salt dome of Zechstein salts. A strong deformation zone expanded in its upper part; this was caused by a natural process (related to so-called salt karst) and by mining activities that occurred in the past, creating a problem with regard to any potential spatial development in the town. The authors show a combination of data obtained using gravimetric and geodetic methods, which helps us to assess the geohazard risk. These include remote sensing data, which can be used to evaluate displacements of the ground surface. The authors used an approach that they term the Elevation Difference Method. This consists of determining displacements between ground surfaces: estimated on the basis of remote sensing data and on the basis of the historical data, when mounted measurement points (and remote sensing data) did not exist. The authors discuss the results in the light of the geological background. Within the area of the study, the displacements of the positive values dominate. The displacement occurs at 6 mm/yr on average and indicates diapiric uplift movement. The results are important for the town authorities for planning and development and for infrastructure management.

Geodetic Applications and Improvement of the X- and L-Method of Deformation Analysis

Monitoring displacements of the object can be performed using geodetic methods by selecting reference points on the surrounding terrain and points on the object that discretely describe the object’s behavior. The measurements are repeated in several epochs. By analyzing the geodetic network we can determine the status of a single point, i.e., whether the point has moved or not. The article discusses the testing of congruence, the testing of transformation of a single triangle, and the calculation of other deformation parameters in 2D networks resulting from the changes of points coordinates between two epochs. This is essentially the content of the Munich deformation method presented by W.M. Welsch, which includes the X- and L-method. The article also proposes some corrections to the original Munich approach. Finally, the applicability of the method is shown on a well-known practical example.

Geodetic support for the construction of in-farm roads in rural settlements

The article is about the analysis of geodetic methods used to realize in-farm road projects. The issue of high-quality provision of geospatial data is considered in this paper. The authors compared two methods: using electronic total station, and GNSS technology in RTK mode. The paper presents the sequence of research and the results, and proposes the most effective method to ensure quality and save time during construction.

UPDATE OF GEOMONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AS A FACTOR OF ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Obtaining reliable data based on the results of geomonitoring allows timely measures to stabilize deformations of buildings and structures. Implementation of the scientific justification for the development of methodological recommendations is required to increase the stability of structures and take the necessary measures to protect buildings in case of detection of unacceptable deformations. Among the causes of deformations, it is possible to single out the imperfection of the structures of the building, the influence of natural conditions (changes in temperature, groundwater level, wind action, seismic events, geological conditions) and anthropogenic human influence (mechanical loads). The purpose of the work is to study research of existing methods of geomonitoring for deformations of buildings and structures in dense urban development. Comparative analysis of geomonitoring methods and the formation of proposals for their rational and mandatory use. Methodology. Analysis of regulatory and literary sources on geodetic monitoring of buildings and structures. Analysis of foreign experience of observation of towers using modern 3D laser scanning technologies. Comparative analysis of accuracy and economic characteristics of methods of monitoring buildings and structures. Scientific novelty. It is recommended during the design process to include geodetic marks for the monitoring network in the projects of buildings and structures, so as not to spoil their architectural appearance at the stage of operation, if necessary, to carry out geodetic monitoring. By using modern geodetic monitoring methods with innovative modern technologies, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional picture of the deformation of buildings and structures. These actions are performed in order to take timely measures to combat them and develop protective measures to prevent further destruction of buildings. Practical value. Nowadays, with the development of technologies and the appearance of modern equipment, the combined method of geomonitoring has become widely used. This method involves a combination of tacheometric surveying with terrestrial laser scanning and digital stereo photography. This allows you to get a three-dimensional 3D picture of the deformations of the entire building (both foundations and walls). An analogue of this method is the use of traditional ground methods − leveling and plan-altitude surveying, and the prototype − ground stereo photography. However, there are often cases when geodetic observations of deformations of foundations and foundations of structures are neglected in order to save the construction budget. Results. Types and causes of deformations of engineering structures are analyzed. Modern technologies of geodetic monitoring are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Attention is drawn to compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and the rational choice of an economically feasible technology for conducting geodetic monitoring using reliable geodetic points. In large cities with different building densities and the presence of various architectural ensembles, during the development of construction works, it is necessary to have a reliable geodetic basis. A reliable geodetic network can be formed by regular monitoring of the existing urban geodetic network.

Фотограмметрическая оценка деформационных процессов на оползневых склонах при обеспечении устойчивого развития территорий Кавказа

Introduction. Sustainable development of geo-resources in modern realities is a priority for ensuring sustainable development of the territories of the Russian Federation. In the absence of real mechanisms for its implementation, the territories most sensitive to climate change (the subtropical zone of the Caucasus) will be exposed to increased risks of an increase in dangerous hydro meteorological phenomena. At the same time, the issues of improving methods for assessing deformation processes on landslide slopes become particularly relevant. Materials and methods. The object of the study was a slope located near the “Winter Theater” (Sochi) on the road surface of the descent to the sea where a system of cracks was observed. The area under study was photographed point by point with a Nikon D3100 camera, after which the photographs were depixelized to obtain PNG ASCII files. After this file, standard smoothing processed the containing data arrays and three-dimensional interpolation procedures to obtain regression models that were presented in the software «gnuplot». Results. As a result of completed stage of research, a methodology for determining the deformation processes of slope systems using the photometric method, which is based on the processing of a high-precision raster image (photo) by analytical methods, was adapted and formed. In our case, there would be a series of values only for the line of sites (n = 9) for all pickets (N from 11 to 23). When analyzing only this series, we could conclude that ε varies nonlinearly from 12 (N= 23 m) to the first local maximum of 20 mm (N= 21 to 22 m). Afterwards there is a decline to 17 mm (N = 20 m) and so on, but in general, they do not exceed 23 mm. While when using the photometric method, we can observe in certain areas (segments) that the amount of deformation of the asphalt road reaches up to 40 mm. Discussion. Compared to most similar studies (geo-statistical methods for processing satellite images, classical geodetic methods, methods of geophysics, the photometric method for identifying fractured structures, as well as assessing their development, is more accurate and less labor-intensive in conducting field experiments. Conclusion. To ensure sustainable development of the Caucasus territories, it is necessary to significantly improve the quality of monitoring of road surfaces located in foothill and mountain areas (especially in the presence of serpentine roads). As a result of the completed stage of research, a methodology for determining the deformation processes of slope systems using the photometric method, which is based on the processing of a high-precision raster image (photo) by analytical methods, was adapted and formed. Future research should focus on the methodology for transitioning to displacement rates and considering the response spaces of crack profile dynamics. Resume. The article presents the results of studies of deformation processes of slope systems in a dangerous landslide zone (Winter Theater of Sochi) of the Eastern Black Sea region. It has been established that the width of the walls of crack No. 2 on the road section under study in 2022 increases nonlinearly according to a polynomial law, while the absolute values of deformations can vary from 3 to 40 mm. In addition, a methodology for using the photometric method to assess the degree of cracking in slope systems is presented. The results of the study can be used in the development of a methodology for geoecological monitoring of the condition of road surfaces of highways in mountainous areas. The proposed methodological approaches to processing raster data sets can be used to develop algorithms for managing natural and technical systems in the mining industry.

Application of geodetic methods for preventing emergencies in the construction and operation of buildings and structures

Introduction. The paper describes distortions of geometry in buildings and structures under construction as well as those already commissioned, which increase the risk of an emergency. The paper also shows the reasons for controlling the geometry for its compliance with design form and stability, as well as possible impact of deviations in the design geometry on adjacent buildings and structures.Aim: to analyze and describe the application of geodetic methods for preventing emergencies in the construction and operation of buildings and structures.Materials and methods. The paper presents methods and techniques for measuring the deformations of buildings using modern robotic tacheometers, inclinometers, satellite equipment, as well as hydrostatic leveling, in order to obtain reliable and valid parameters of the deformed state of building structures under both static and dynamic effects on the building or structure.Results. The paper explains the operating principles of measuring systems using automatic geodetic monitoring systems. The authors describe the process of determining displacements and deflections during the erection of large-span shells of unique buildings. These include the steel framed dome of the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia, which has the largest unsupported span for structures of this class (310 m), large-span transformed shell of the Gazprom Arena Stadium in Saint Petersburg, and large-span shell of the Kazan Arena Stadium in Kazan, Russia. Deflections and displacements of the reference points of the steel pyramid were determined for the Opening Ceremony at the Kazan Arena Stadium. The paper also presents the methods for determining the parameters of deformations during the construction of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Center in Luzhniki, metro lines in Moscow, and Kashirskaya–Karacharovo section of the Moscow ring railroad. Measurement methods have been developed and implemented for all these facilities.Conclusion. The above measurement methods are successfully used to determine horizontal displacements and deflections for monitoring the deformations of buildings and structures, which increases their reliability and safety during construction and operation.

Interannual hydrological variability in the Mississippi River Basin based on contemporary geodetic measurements and land surface models

The impact of climate change on terrestrial water storage (TWS) is critical for understanding the global hydrological process. The Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and GRACE Follow-On (GFO) data were used to measure the processes involved in the hydrological process in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) from 2002 to 2021. The common-mode component (CMC) of the GPS network in the MRB obtained using principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to study the hydrological loading deformation. The data from GRACE/GFO and hydrological models revealed a long-term trend of reduction in the TWS and obvious depletion of the groundwater storage (GWS) in the southwestern part of the MRB. Both GRACE/GFO and the GPS can accurately detect elastic land deformations in the MRB due to hydrological anomalies caused by El Niño/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO), while the sensitivity of GPS in Tennessee regions to net precipitation around 2016 is higher than that of GRACE/GFO. Furthermore, numerous interannual fluctuations and long-term periodic signals observed in both GPS and GRACE/GFO measurements are found to be intimately connected with hydrological processes and ENSO. The findings demonstrate that modern geodetic methods are useful in monitoring the impacts of climate change on hydrological process.

DEFORMATION CONTROL DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX (by the example of the Teremki residential complex in the city of Almaty)

The article discusses issues related to the construction of a large number of modern multi-storey buildings and structures, their stability during operation, that is, strength. Modern trends in construction, in particular, the increase in the number of floors of buildings, the density of built-up sites, the influence of substructure and adjacent tectonic, seismic factors, the location of engineering communication networks leads to negative technogenic indicators of construction. To control and determine these parameters in everyday practice, mainly traditional geodetic methods are widely used, including geometric leveling of the precipitation of the structure using modern instruments. In this study, grade II leveling work was carried out with the NA-500 device for determining precipitation during the construction of the “Teremki” residential complex. The obtained results were analyzed, which suggests that the deformation processes observed during measurements are approximate. Recommendations for improving the complex of measuring measures are given, as well as the possibility of forecasting is considered, and the predicted values of the subsidence of deformation signs are calculated, which practically coincide with the actual values obtained in the next monitoring cycle.

Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia)

Geodetic methods are integral to mapping surface and subsurface objects and phenomena. Modern geodetic technologies such as laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have also become a standard part of the mapping and documentation of cave spaces. In some cases, these technologies cannot accurately capture the measured surface and thus provide reliable data. One such example is the ice with specific surface characteristics in caves with ice deposits. One of the world’s most studied ice caves is the Dobšiná Ice Cave (Slovakia), which has undergone significant changes in the ice-filling area and volume in recent years. To monitor and analyze all these changes properly, we need to know the surface and volume of this ice mass and monitor it regularly. Where modern geodetic methods such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or digital photogrammetry may fail due to the ice’s physical properties, we propose using cross-polarized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. As a case study, this method was used in a 28 m long ice tunnel in this cave. Two polarizing filters (on the flash as a light source and on the camera lens) were used in 90° rotation to each other to achieve the cross-polarization effect and remove surface reflections. This removed the surface reflections, giving us a compact and accurate point cloud of the entire tunnel. The dense cloud from cross-polarized (CP) photogrammetry is denser and more compact and does not contain as many outliers and noise points when compared to non-cross-polarized (non-CP) photogrammetry. The TLS point cloud covers the entire surface of the tunnel without significant holes; however, the penetration of the beam through the ice makes such a cloud unusable. Only the cloud from CP photogrammetry covers the entire surface of the tunnel densely enough without additional noise. This methodology can then be used in other parts of the cave or other geomorphological applications to suppress reflections so high-quality results for further processing and analysis can be obtained.

THE FEATURES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ROAD REPAIR OR RECONSTRUCTION

This study formulates some of the actual problems that arise during engineering and geodetic survey for designing road repair and reconstruction. An analysis of the regulatory requirements currently in force in Ukraine for carrying out this type of work has been carried out, it has also been concluded that at present they do not keep up with the latest technologies. Studied publications describing the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Classified navigation satellite receivers are installed on UAVs, for the purpose of determining coordinates. Particular attention is paid to the installation on the carrier of geodetic class navigation equipment using kinematic GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technologies, such as RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) and PPK (Post-Processing Kinematic). These technologies allow us to determine the spatial coordinates of the centers of photos at the time of photographing with centimeter accuracy, which greatly simplifies the adjustment of digital photogrammetric models and increases their accuracy. But the most important advantage is a significant reduction in field surveying, which makes them less expensive and more efficient overall. In the course of the study, it was found that in conditions of limited access to nearby territories, insufficient stability of the results of determining the centers of images can affect the final quality of products. For cases where the maximum achievable accuracy is at the limit of the possibility of photogrammetric technology, the removal of the most critical elements is proposed to be combined by combining aerial photography technologies with ground technologies. The road’s hard surface surveying can be performed by ground geodetic methods (tacheometric or GNSS), and by modern laser scanning. At the same time, the adjacent territory, regarding the shooting of elements of which less stringent requirements are established, can be worked out by aerial photography. In further studies, it is necessary to determine the conditions for achieving the maximum accuracy of UAV photogrammetry. Keywords: aerial photography, photogrammetry, geodetic survey, reconstruction of highways.

Automatic Creation of 3D Documentation in CAD/BIM Based on Topology

This paper deals with reverse engineering, namely the as-built documentation of actual construction. The input is data measured in the field using geodetic methods. In addition to modern methods of surveying 3D objects, such as laser scanning, it is still necessary to use classic surveying using a total station. The bottleneck of the process is the creation of documentation of the construction, which is still created manually in the appropriate CAD/BIM software. The goal of this research was to find a method that would reduce the amount of manual work when drawing documentation in CAD/BIM to a minimum. The core of the solution is the use of a topology that interconnects the points measured in-field. The entire procedure has two parts: (1) creating a topological drawing template in a suitable CAD/GIS software (digital sketch) and (2) adding geometry to this sketch and creating a drawing using topological codes. This method was verified in practice by applying it to several specific buildings in the Czech Republic. The practical application of the method demonstrated 30% time savings and a reduction in work and error rate in the entire process.

Investigation of Groundwater Occurrences Along the Nile Valley Between South Cairo and Beni Suef, Egypt, Using Geophysical and Geodetic Techniques

Water is becoming one of the most critical strategic challenges for any country. Egypt has numerous water resources, the most notable being the Nile River. Egypt must seek alternative resources because the development of an Ethiopian dam has reduced the Nile's water flow. Underground water is a source of available water. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the variables governing the flow of subsurface water in Egypt. The primary objective of this study is to examine the hydrological water flow along the Nile Valley between southern Cairo and Beni Suef, Egypt. Applying integrated geophysical and geodetic methods can improve our understanding of the hydrological regime. Fault and stress regimes have a direct effect on underground water flow. Aeromagnetic data were used to determine the main faults in the study area, and four geoelectrical long profiles were measured crossing the Nile Valley. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements observed along geodetic points covered the study area. The magnetic results show that two faults hit the area, both of which have a pronounced magnetic pattern in the ENE–WSW direction, and two faults in the NW–SE direction. For the geoelectrical results, we observed that the second geoelectrical unit represents the main groundwater aquifer in this region, and it is regulated in the NW–SE direction. The obtained GNSS results demonstrate that compression forces in the south and north influence the hydrological system in the Nile Valley. Faults detected from geological maps and magnetic observations are also influenced by compression forces from the north and south, while the middle section displays tension forces. This geodynamic regime causes the water to flow toward the Nile Valley in the Southwestern of the study regions, whereas water flows outside the Nile Valley in the northeastern part.

GEODETIC WORKS TO DETERMINE VERTICAL MOVEMENTS AT THE ZHAMBYL GEODYNAMIC POLYGON

This article discusses the issues of determining the current movements of the Earth's surface by geodetic methods at the Zhambyl predictive geodynamic polygon. The article discusses the characteristics of predictive polygons in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data of vertical movements of the Earth's surface on the territory of the Zhambyl geodynamic polygon are presented. The results of high-precision leveling for 2020 and 2022 are presented, which made it possible to plot vertical displacement graphs and analyze changes in the position of geodetic reference points. The analysis showed that in the study area there are slight vertical displacements from -0.01 to -0.06 mm/year, which do not exceed the allowable possible accumulation of measurement errors.

Monitoring and modelling the deformation state of a dyke of a flotation tailings reservoir of a copper ore mine

The mining areas of the copper ore mines in Poland contain tailings storage facilities. Because of operational safety issues and to minimize the exposure of local neighbourhoods to the risk of such reservoirs failing, mining operations are limited during the period of waste storage, thereby reducing the impact of exploitation on these objects. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring and analysis of the deformation state of reservoirs and associated facilities are required. Monitoring is most often carried out using geodetic methods, while the deformation analysis is based on determining the displacements of control points and making short- and long-term forecasts of changes in land surface deformation. Presented here is an analysis of changes in the state of displacements and dyke deformations of a currently closed copper flotation tailings reservoir that was used in the 1970s. After the storage of waste was stopped, an intensive two-stage mining operation was carried out under the reservoir. The results obtained from the geodetic monitoring of displacements and deformations of the reservoir dyke are compared with the model values, and the usefulness of the applied theoretical model for describing the vertical and horizontal displacements and horizontal deformations is verified. Based on the comparison results, a hypothesis is presented regarding the causes of the actual condition of the movements of the reservoir dam crest against the background of the expected movements obtained from theoretical modelling. The presented conclusions revise a very rigorous approach to protecting flotation tailings reservoirs against the effects of underground mining.

Inferring the Mean Thickness of the Outer Ice Shell of Enceladus From Diurnal Crustal Deformation

AbstractThe thickness of the outer ice shell plays an important role in several geodynamical processes at ocean worlds. Here, we show that observations of tidally driven diurnal surface displacements can constrain the mean ice shell thickness, . Such estimates are sensitive to any significant structural features that break spherical symmetry such as faults and lateral variation in ice shell thickness and structure. We develop a finite‐element model of Enceladus to calculate diurnal tidal displacements for a range of values in the presence of such structural heterogeneities. Consistent with results from prior studies, we find that the presence of variations in ice shell thickness can significantly amplify deformation in thinned regions. If major faults are also activated by tidal forcing—such as Tiger Stripes on Enceladus—their characteristic surface displacement patterns could easily be measured using modern geodetic methods. Within the family of Enceladus models explored, estimates of that assume spherical symmetry a priori can deviate from the true value by as much as ∼41% when structural heterogeneities are present. Additionally, we show that crustal heterogeneities near the South Pole produce differences of up to 35% between Love numbers evaluated at different spherical harmonic orders. A ∼41% range in estimates of from Love numbers is smaller than that found with approaches relying on static gravity and topography (∼250%) or analyzing diurnal libration amplitudes (∼85%) to infer at Enceladus. As such, we find that analysis of diurnal tidal deformation is a relatively robust approach to inferring mean crustal thickness.

Co-seismic slip of the 18 April 2021 Mw 5.9 Genaveh earthquake in the South Dezful Embayment of Zagros (Iran) and its aftershock sequence

On 2021 April 18, an Mw 5.9 earthquake struck the Genaveh region in the south Dezful embayment of the Zagros, Iran. Here, we investigate the active tectonics of the region, the geometry and slip distribution of the causative fault plane, and its aftershock behavior. We applied a combination of different geodetic and seismological methods (slip distribution inversion of the mainshock using Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), relocation, and moment tensor inversion of aftershocks and background seismicity of the region). Co-seismic InSAR modeling shows that the slip is confined to the sedimentary cover at depths of 4-7 km with a maximum slip of 1 m and highlights the influence of lithology in the rupture propagation. Moment tensors and centroid depths of aftershocks down to Mw 4 show that the distributed aftershocks sequence is dominated by reverse faulting at centroid depths of 4-10 km. The causative fault is compatible and parallel to the trend of the Gulkhari anticline and the coseismic uplift of the Genaveh earthquake implies that the growth of this particular fold is linked to the fault(s). However, still, due to the absence of surface rupture, the clear relationship between buried faulting and surface folding remains unclear.

Mountain Glacier Flow Velocity Retrieval from Ascending and Descending Sentinel-1 Data Using the Offset Tracking and MSBAS Technique: A Case Study of the Siachen Glacier in Karakoram from 2017 to 2021

Synthetic Aperture Radar images have recently been utilized in glacier surface flow velocity research due to their continuously improving imaging technology, which increases the resolution and scope of research. In this study, we employed the offset tracking and multidimensional small baseline subset (MSBAS) technique to extract the surface flow velocity of the Siachen Glacier from 253 Sentinel-1 images. From 2017 to 2021, the Siachen Glacier had an average flow velocity of 38.25 m a−1, with the highest flow velocity of 353.35 m a−1 located in the upper part of a tributary due to the steep slope and narrow valley. The inter-annual flow velocity fluctuations show visible seasonal patterns, with the highest flow velocity observed between May and July and the lowest between December and January. Mass balance calculated by the geodetic method based on AST14DEM indicates that the Siachen Glacier experienced a positive mass change (0.07 ± 0.23 m w.e. a−1) between 2008 and 2021. However, there was significant spatial heterogeneity revealed in the distribution, with surface elevation changes showing a decrease in the glacier tongue while thickness increased in two other western tributaries of the Siachen Glacier. The non-surface parallel flow component is correlated with the strain rate and mass balance process, and correlation analysis indicates a positive agreement between these two variables. Therefore, using glacier flow velocities obtained from the SAR approach, we can evaluate the health of the glacier and obtain crucial factors for the glacier’s dynamic model. Two western tributaries of the Siachen Glacier experienced mass gain in the past two decades, necessitating close monitoring of flow velocity changes in the future to detect potential glacier surges.

Ground Surface Subsidence Monitoring Using Sentinel-1 in the “Kostolac” Open Pit Coal Mine

Open pit coal mining affects surrounding populated areas, resulting in terrain surface deformation. Surface deformation should be monitored as often as possible to control deformations and prevent potential incidents. This paper analyzes time series deformation estimated from the Sentinel-1 satellite images using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry method to monitor subsidence rates caused by open pit mining activities. It is possible to measure deformations using classical geodetic methods, but those are rarely used in practice because they are time-consuming and expensive for application in large areas. Using the open access radar images from the Sentinel-1 mission, 513 images from the repository were downloaded between October 2016 and the end of December 2020. We present the processing steps in detail in order to establish a workflow for the automated processing of vertical displacement estimation using open source tools; a total of 402 images were processed: 215 images belonged to the ascending satellite orbit, 187 images belonged to the descending orbit, and 111 images were rejected because of adverse weather conditions. The PS InSAR technique has never been used for the mines of the Republic of Serbia or for land surveying practices related to deformation monitoring. The results based on the Sentinel-1 images were compared with results from geodetic leveling and with neotectonic uplift trends. The trend lines of vertical displacement obtained from PS and corresponding leveling are significantly similar (a Pearson correlation of 85% with a p-value of 0.015). The final evaluation reported results of vertical displacements at the leveling benchmark of −3.4 mm/year with the PS InSAR method and −2.7 mm/year with the leveling method. A comparison of the PS vertical displacements with a settlement model fits reasonably, suggesting that the measurements are valid. As four years of PS time series data is insufficient to establish undisputable conclusions on the neotectonics uplift, extending the time series (covering at least a decade) implies that this approach will become attractive in future neotectonic uplift trend estimations. This study illustrates not only the ability of Sentinel-1 data in mapping vertical deformations, but the obtained results could also be used for geohazard monitoring and land monitoring in general for the area of interest.

Combined ground-based and UAS SfM-MVS approach for determination of geometric parameters of the large-scale industrial facility – Case study

The geometric parameters of large-scale machinery are checked by traditional geodetic and measuring methods. For a rotary kiln (RK), it is a matter of determining the geometry of the real longitudinal axis of the RK and the deformation of its shell. From geodetic methods, it is possible to use a conventional measurement of 3D coordinates of points using a total station (TS) or a more modern terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) method. In our research, we used these two methods as ground-truth references. We verify and evaluate the SfM-MVS approach in 3D modeling and derivation of rotary kiln geometry as a non-traditional approach for similar machinery. The evaluation of combined ground-based and UAS photogrammetry was performed regarding the accuracy and effectiveness of this method. Geometric analyzes were performed by comparing point clouds using the cloud-to-cloud approach. RMSE values were calculated when fitting cylindrical bodies to partial pointclouds. For mutual comparing of pointclouds, differences were evaluated for several intervals of values. Derived results are evaluated numerically and graphically. Our results confirm that the SfM approach can be considered a suitable alternative to conventional surveying techniques.

Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Inventories of Architectural Objects and Building Structures – Illustrated by St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław (Poland)

Laser scanning technology is currently one of the most popular geodetic measurement methods, used for example in preparing inventories of architectural objects and of building structures. Its advantage results from high measurement effectiveness (the possibility to acquire large amounts of data in a relatively short period of time), precision and “resistance” to environmental conditions (the ability to make measurements independently of light or wind conditions, also during light rain or in the presence of limited amounts of dust in the air). This paper presents a method for using the Autodesk Revit environment to construct a 3D model of St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław. The model is based on data acquired from in-field measurements using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). The paper also presents a methodology for the acquisition and processing of such data and includes an evaluation of the precision of both the data and the resulting 3D model. The final result of the presented research comprises a 3D model of St. Lazarus’ Church in Wrocław, together with 2D documentation.