Geodetic Control Research Articles

Increasing efficiency of the robust deformation analysis methods using genetic algorithm and generalised particle swarm optimisation

The paper analyses the possibility of increasing efficiency of the Iterative Weighted Similarity Transformation (IWST) method, which is a prototype of classic robust methods, using global optimisation approach instead of classical one, available in the literature. For the purpose of solving the optimisation problem of the IWST method, in addition to the Iterative Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS) method, the Genetic algorithm (GA) and Generalised Particle Swarm Optimisation (GPSO) algorithm were applied, in order to overcome some flaws of IRLS method. Experimental research was performed based on the Monte Carlo simulation using the mean success rate (MSR) on the example of the geodetic control network for monitoring the Šelevrenac dam in the Republic of Serbia. By using the GA and GPSO algorithms, the overall efficiency of the IWST method has been increased by about 18% compared to the IRLS method. Also, it has been determined that the efficiency of the IRLS method significantly reduces with the increase in the number of displaced potential reference points (PRPs), while the GA and GPSO algorithms’ efficiency does not change significantly. The values of overall absolute true errors due to the increased number of displaced PRPs in the GA and GPSO algorithms did not change notably while with the IRLS method their values increased significantly.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКОМУ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ 3D-КАДАСТРА

The article considers the approach to 3D cadastre geodetic control creation. Within the framework of this approach it is suggested to present the given production process by two technological operations: creation of geodetic control network in cadastral block to coordinate the external contour of capital construction object (CCO) and 3D modeling of its internal elements (premises). To implement these technological procedures, a regulatory framework for performing geodetic measurements and a coordinate system for entering the necessary information in the unified state register of real estate (USRRE) and performing 3D modeling of the structural elements of the CCO is proposed. It is noted that when implementing the proposed technological solutions, the technical plan prepared by the cadastral engineer can be considered not only as a document that allows the state cadastral registration of the ACS and its structural elements, but also as a regulatory document that determines the compliance of the erected building with its design parameters.

Značaj geodetskog inženjerstva u inženjersko-tehničkim oblastima

The paper deals with the presentation of the valid legal role of geodetic activity in the field of civil engineering in the Republic of Serbia. Permanent diminution of the importance and role of the geodetic profession in practice is pointed out, which can lead to serious consequences and significant material damage to society and the individual. While under previous regulations nothing could be built and put into operation without control by the geodetic profession, with a number of new regulations this phase is neglected or skipped, often relying on visual control. Geodetic control was one of the most important stages without which work could not be started, continued or work permit issued. The assumption is that the motive for this situation lies in the pervasive need to accelerate technological construction procedures with the aim of reaching unrealistic deadlines and creating the idea of greater efficiency of work, contrary to the quality and safety of construction, will be turned out very quickly.

Geodetic monitoring of deflections of reinforced beams and reinforcing elements under variable static loading

In the framework of the present study was carried out monitoring of reinforced concrete structures subjected to reinforcement. As reinforcement elements, steel channels were used, rigidly connected to a reinforced concrete beam to be reinforced. Object of research: systems of quasi-continuous observations of the parameters of the construction object carried out on the basis of the monitoring system. Subject of research: identification of the possibility of using various systems, in particular, geodetic and strain gauge monitoring, to monitor the bending of reinforced concrete elements and, in particular, reinforced concrete beams. Aim: Comparative analysis of strain gauge and geodetic monitoring in the process of fixed changes in static loads on structural elements. Materials and methods: the initial materials for this study were the results of geodesic and strain gauge monitoring during statistical step-by-step loading of reinforced concrete beam by steel channels. Results: on the basis of the obtained dependences of the deflection of elements of reinforced and reinforcing structures in time during their step-by-step statistical loading the possibility of using geodetic control is shown. Conclusions: The possibility of using geodesic and strain gauge methods for monitoring reinforced concrete structures is proved.

Исследование точности геодезического метода контроля геометрии рельсовой колеи

Исследование точности геодезического метода контроля геометрии рельсовой колеи

ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ФУТБОЛЬНЫХ СТАДИОНОВ ЧЕМПИОНАТА МИРА 2018

The technologies of geodetic works in monitoring of various structures can still be associated with a number of difficulties caused by the influence of different factors despite the studies of many authors on that theme. The article describes the high accuracy geodetic monitoring of the football stadiums "Rostov Arena" and "Kaliningrad" that took place in a short time frame and in adverse weather conditions. The article gives two geodetic monitoring methods such as creating serving network by side-points method and electronic block tacheometry. The technology and the adjustment of measurements made during monitoring are described in the article. The results show that the use of the side-points method and electronic block tacheometry ensures high accuracy measurements even in adverse conditions for observations. Practical conclusions and recommendations are set out. The article may be useful for specialists in the field of monitoring and geodetic control of deformations of structures.

Development of Parameter Transformation of Indonesian Geospatial Reference System 2013

DGN95 is a static geospatial reference system, in which the change in the value of coordinates towards time as a result of tectonic plate movement and deformation of the earth’s crust, is not considered. Changes in the value of coordinates towards time need to be considered in defining a geospatial reference system for the territory of Indonesia. This is because the territory of Indonesia is located between several tectonic plates which are very dynamic and active. This area of IndoneFor this reason, SRGI2013 was born, a national coordinate system that was consistent and compatible with the global coordinate system. SRGI considers changes in coordinates based on time functions. Problems arise when the coordinates of the old pillar still use the DGN95 datum reference system. Many published maps or geodetic control network use the old coordinate system, then the mapping user has difficulty getting the conversion of coordinates change aforesaid. The purpose of this study is to produce coordinate transformation parameters to change the coordinates of the old datum (DGN95) into coordinates in the SRGI2013 datum. The results of the transformation parameters resulted are used to change coordinates that are still in the old datum. In addition to making it easier for users to transform coordinates. The coordinate transformation method used uses the 3-dimensional coordinate transformation of the Bursa-Wolf model (7 parameters) and the Affinity model (10 parameters).

Geodetic control in construction of steel roof structures

The article presents a complex of geodetic works conducted at construction of steel roof structures of the scientific and educational centre “Primorsky Aquarium” (Vladivostok, Russia). It is supposed that geodetic executive survey of constructed buildings is important. Monitoring and control are performed during every stage of construction process (excavation and foundation work, design of gridlines plan) as well as after finishing. Geodetic executive surveys are aimed to timely correction of conducted works for the quality construction of the subsequent elements. These surveys should be conducted regularly and they are often called current executive surveys. After conducting of construction works according to the definite technology and requirements to construction tolerance the final executive survey of the building and its general plan are made.

Preliminary coseismic deformation associated with the July 7th 2019 M7.0 north Maluku earthquake

The 2019 July 7th North Maluku earthquake with M7.0 occurred in the Sangihe double subduction zone. The earthquake epicenter is located at latitude 0.54 N and longitude 126.19 E. Here, we employ continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) observations to estimate coseismic deformation associated with the North Maluku earthquake. Using 6 days cGPS observations before the event and 6 days cGPS observations after the event we estimate coseismic deformation at 4 nearest cCGPS stations. The coseismic deformation for CTER (Ternate) cGPS stations which located about 134.80 km from epicenter is about 8.4 mm to north-west direction, while the coseismic deformation for CBIT (Bitung) cGPS station (about 151.68 km from epicenter) is 8.3 mm to the south-east direction. Coseismic deformation for another two cGPS stations (CTBL/Tobelo and CTHN/Tahuna) are about 3.0 - 3.6 mm. This value is very important to maintenance the Indonesian geodetic control network in Indonesia and earthquake studies in Indonesia.

Un diagnóstico de infraestructura geodésica en la región de Centroamérica y el Caribe

El documento presenta un sumario de la infraestructura geodésica existente en ocho países de la región Centroamericana y del Caribe. A través de mapas y tablas se ofrecen cifras actualizadas concretas sobre cantidad y ubicación de las redes de control horizontal, vertical y gravimétrico. Las agencias federales encargadas de establecer el marco de referencia oficial nacional explican características técnicas de su infraestructura y describen su visión de avance para satisfacer a usuarios co- mo topógrafos y generadores de cartografía de alta precisión. Analizando los contenidos se identificaron similitudes y discrepancias en el grado de avance entre países. Hasta el momento la infraestructura geodésica regio- nal ha logrado ser impulsada para satisfacer requerimientos mínimos de operación. Las agencias ostentan un conjunto significativo de marcas de referencia sobre el terreno y bases de datos en actualización constante. Visto esto desde una perspecti- va de avance y tendencias mundiales, puede decirse que el cubrimiento de necesi- dades futuras está comprometido debido a insuficiencias presupuestales sintomáticas que en casos han llevado a detener el avance en el control vertical y gravimétrico. Se concluye haciendo una recomendación a incentivar la capacitación especializada, desde la cual el personal de las agencias geográficas podrá producir proyectos locales hechos a la medida para equilibrar los avances en las tres vertien- tes del control geodésico.

Investigation on one-step integrated positioning method for seafloor control network localization

Global Navigation Satellite System-Acoustic (GNSS-A) combined positioning is the main technique for seafloor geodetic control points localization, typically including datum transfer and subsequent positioning adjustment. This conventional step-wise method is time-consuming and accuracy-limited. In this paper, a novel one-step integrated positioning method for seafloor control network localization is proposed, which estimates positions of surveying vessels and seafloor points simultaneously. The effectiveness of new method is verified by computer simulation and comparative analysis. First, the conventional underwater acoustic positioning stepwise adjustment method is introduced and the positioning errors are analyzed. Then, to better constrain positions, the baseline lengths and depth-differences between pair of seafloor transponders are taken into consideration. The novel integrated positioning model based on overall adjustment is established. Furthermore, to deal with rank deficiency problem in overall adjustment, selecting weight fitting (SWF) method is applied in consideration of reliable priori information of surveying vessel coordinates. Finally, the regulating parameter determination for SWF method is discussed. Tests demonstrate that depth-differences constraint performs better than baseline length constraint in light of vertical geometry weakness. The novel method is notably superior to the conventional method in terms of positioning accuracy according to rms (Root Mean Square) statistics.

THE USAGE OF BOARD COMPUTERS IN TRACTORS

The work objective was identification of present state and trends of board computer usage in tractors available in Polish and European market. Automation of construction machines is widely used in land management to improve the accuracy of the marking works during geodetic control. Investigation have included: automatic control of unit monitoring – before and after starting up engine, electronic system of automatic, damage engine switching off; fuel dosage control (engine rotary speed), radar sensor, ventilation; gear box – gear change, gear programming, damage diagnosis; lever – electronic steering system, damage diagnosis, steering keys outside cab. To basic tractor units equipped with electronic steering belong: engine, gear box, lever, live axle, power take off, radar, air-conditioner, planning.

EXPERIENCE OF USING GLS-1500 SCANNER IN ENGINEERING-GEODETIC SURVEYING OF ROADS

Abstract: modern geodetic technologies allow us to quickly obtain relevant, precise and reliable geospatial data. An example of such a technology is ground-based laser scanning. Currently, this technology is actively used in the performance of engineering and geodetic surveys of roads. The devices and software of different companies are used, differing in their accuracy characteristics and functionality. The article focuses on the experience of the use of GLS-1500 ground-based laser scanner produced by TOPCON and ScanMaster ground-based laser scanning data processing software for engineering and geodetic surveys in order to repair nine sections of the Federal highway R-256 "Chuysky tract" with a total length of over than 100 km. The article also describes the options used for registration of scanning data, the features of their use depending on the availability of geodetic control on the object. The order of processing the results of ground-based laser scanning using ScanMaster software is considered. According to the results of field work on ground-based laser scanning of nine sections of the R-256 highway, the time and accuracy of scanning data were estimated. The method of estimation of time spent on scanning works is also described. The issue of evaluating the accuracy of obtaining the scan data in the ScanMaster software is considered. It is noted that the accuracy of the geodetic reference, thus, the accuracy of the absolute orientation of the scans can be estimated by the differences between the coordinates of the marks that were scanned from the location of the device and calculated by ScanMaster software, and their specified values obtained from the equalization of the geodetic control. In conclusion, it is stated that the optimal time and accuracy of scanning with GLS-1500 device are achieved by using the geodetic reference of the scans by the inverse length-angle intersection at two points of the geodetic control.

A FIELD SURVEYING ON THE GEODETIC CONTROL OF ENGINEERING LINEAR STRUCTURES USING A TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER

The method of geodetic control of the road pavement using TLS is presented. The use of the terrestrial laser scanner can avoid some of the disadvantages of classical methods for determining the deformation of objects. One of the main of them is a small amount of information about the position of individual parts of the object, in this case, linear engineering structures. The proposed technique for terrestrial laser scanning of pavement in order to determine its actual spatial position and real geometric shape allows to perform the required set of works with the least labor and time costs, and also to obtain data for further monitoring. The technique involves the construction of a three-dimensional model of pavement for its evaluation over a certain time interval with a similar model. In order to determine the coordinates by the TLS, the special spheres of known diameter were used. During the measurements, tribrachs on tripods were used, in which the spheres alternately changed to reflectors to eliminate the centering error. The accuracy of determining the coordinates of the temporary survey network relative to the base station was no more than ±27 mm. The accuracy estimation of the temporary survey network coordinates made in the “LeicaGeoOffice” software is presented. The network of permanent stations in Ukraine was used to determine the coordinates, the errors were calculated as the RMS deviation.

Influence of the Datum Definition on the Accuracy of Horizontal Geodetic Control Networks for Engineering Objects

For the construction of various civil engineering structures, particular care should be taken in the perspective of geodetic control. Therefore, the design and implementation of the geodetic network deserves special attention. This paper is focused on various aspects of datum definitions for tested micro-triangulation network. It was shown that the geometrical distribution of datum points in a minimally constrained solution has a great impact on the accuracy of the geodetic network. Estimates of the accuracies of individual station y-x coordinates, error circles and error ellipses, obtained by free adjustment, where the datum selection was independent of errors in fixed coordinates, revealed much better quality of control points.

Наземное лазерное сканирование как инструмент для формирования информационных моделей зданий и сооружений

The role and place of ground laser scanning in the process of creating information models of the construction object at different stages of its life cycle are discussed. It is noted that ground laser scanning is the main way of creating point clouds of buildings and structures. The composition of information models characterizing the construction object at different stages of its life cycle is considered. It is indicated that ground-based laser scanning is the best solution for the information modeling problems in constructing an object, in particular, for its geodetic control. The authors provide examples of using ground laser scanning data for geodetic control at different stages of construction. In conclusion, the relevant problems of three- dimensional building-models, which can be solved using the technology of ground laser scanning, are indicated. It also noted what advantages ground-based laser scanning has as a tool for information modeling construction projects.

ANALYSIS OF COMMON QUALITY PROBLEMS IN COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN REFERENCE COORDINATE SYSTEM AND GEOCENTRIC COORDINATE SYSTEM

Abstract. In the working of the existing reference coordinate system transformed into the coordinate system of the geocentric coordinate system, many experts and scholars have in-depth research on the transformation methods such as geodetic control point results (including GNSS base station coordinates, GNSS control point coordinates, triangle point coordinates), basic geographic information data results (including DLG, DOM, DEM, DRG, DSM, etc.) and other spatial information data. On the basis of these studies, many provinces and cities have completed the coordinate system transformation of surveying and mapping results in China. This paper expounds the method of transforming the existing reference coordinate system into the geocentric coordinate system, summarizes and sorts out the common quality problems in the process of different data and different methods, and analyses the causes of the problems and the impact on the transforming results. Based on the above work, The paper provides reference and suggestions for the transforming work, which is aimed to improve the transformation quality in the future.

PRECISE AERIAL IMAGE ORIENTATION USING SAR GROUND CONTROL POINTS FOR MAPPING OF URBAN LANDMARKS

Abstract. Highly precise ground control points, which are globally available, can be derived from the SAR satellite TerraSAR-X. This opens up many new applications like for example the precise aerial image orientation. In this paper, we propose a method for precise aerial image orientation using spaceborne geodetic Synthetic Aperture Radar Ground Control Points (SAR-GCPs). The precisely oriented aerial imagery can then be used e.g. for mapping of urban landmarks, which support the ego-positioning of autonomous cars. The method for precise image orientation was validated based on two aerial image data sets. SAR-GCPs were measured in images, then the image orientation has been improved by a bundle-adjustment. Results based on check points show, that the accuracy of the image orientation is better than 5 cm in X and Y coordinates.

RPAS IN THE SUPPORT FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY EDUCATION: CASES IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING AND DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS

Abstract. Currently on the world market there are several models and manufacturers of RPAS-UAV. This equipment made it possible to complete the entire flow of the photogrammetric mapping process in teaching for the students of the Cartographic Engineering course. In the Institute of Geosciences, this course already counted on the photogrammetric stations, equipped with hardware for 3D visualization (graphic card, high-speed monitors and stereoscopic vision glasses), photogrammetric software for data processing, and equipment for geodetic measurement control points. Before the acquisition of the RPAS, for the accomplishment of the academic works, it was necessary to buy or to look for in donations from companies of aerial photographs, that did not always correspond to an area of scientific interest. In addition, the scenes in the photos were not current, and it was impossible to have control points that were pre-signalized. From the availability of the RPAS in the University, the students began to have more interest by Photogrammetry in their professional end of coursework and throughout the disciplines. It became possible to carry out in practice all the processes involved in the mapping of nearby areas of interest, from the planning to the generation of photogrammetric products, such as the generation of DTM (Digital Terrain Model), DEM (Digital Elevation Model), orthophotomaps and extraction of features. In addition to products related to the 3D mapping of terrains, mainly through the RPAS of rotating wings, there was also the possibility of mapping and reconstructing 3D structures, such as buildings of historical monuments.

A new approach to gross error detection for GPS networks

We present a new matrix-based approach to detect and correct gross errors in GPS geodetic control networks. The study is carried out by introducing a new matrix, whose entries are powers of a (real or complex) variable, which fully represents the network.