Genus Tipula Research Articles

Four complete mitochondrial genomes of the subgenus Pterelachisus (Diptera, Tipulidae, Tipula) and implications for the higher phylogeny of the family Tipulidae.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of Tipula (Pterelachisus) cinereocincta mesacantha Alexander, 1934, T. (P.) legalis Alexander, 1933, T. (P.) varipennis Meigen, 1818, and T. (P.) yasumatsuana Alexander, 1954 are reported, three of them being sequenced for the first time. The mitochondrial genome lengths of the four species are 15,907 bp, 15,625 bp, 15,772 bp, and 15,735 bp, respectively. All genomes exhibit a high AT base composition, with A + T content of 76.7%, 75.0%, 77.8%, and 75.4%, respectively. The newly reported mitogenomes herein show a general similarity in overall structure, gene order, base composition, and nucleotide content to those of the previously studied species within the family Tipulidae. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships within Tipulidae, using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches. The results show that the four target species of the subgenus T. (Pterelachisus) basically form a monophyletic group within Tipulidae, clustering with species of the Tipula subgenera T. (Lunatipula), T. (Vestiplex), and T. (Formotipula); however, the genus Tipula is not monophyletic. Moreover, neither the tipulid subfamily Tipulinae nor the family Limoniidae is supported to be a monophyletic group. The monophyly of the family Tipulidae, and the sister relationship between Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae are reconfirmed. These research findings could contribute to deep insights into the systematic and evolutionary patterns of crane flies.

The mitochondrial genome of Tipula (Vestiplex) aestiva Savchenko, 1960 (Diptera: Tipulidae)

The subgenus Vestiplex of the genus Tipula is one of the most species-rich groups in the family Tipulidae. Here, we present the first mitochondrial genome of the subgenus Vestiplex. The nearly complete mitochondrial genome of Tipula aestiva Savchenko, 1960 (Genbank accession number: OM287601) was 16083 bp in length and consisted of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA and two rRNA genes. The phylogenetic the tree of family Tipulidae was reconstructed based on 13 PCGs sequences using the maximum likelihood method. The result strongly supported the monophyly of the family Tipulidae. The subgenus Vestiplex is indicated as the sister group of subgenera Pterelachisus and Formotipula.

First record of the subgenus Tipula (Ramatipula) (Diptera, Tipulidae) from China, with description of two new species

• New species, Tipula ( Ramatipula ) dolabcorolla , sp. nov. , Tipula ( Ramatipula ) spathulata , sp. nov . • New species of Ramatipula have been described for the first time since Ramatipula was established. • A key to the species of Ramatipula from world is presented. The subgenus Ramatipula Alexander, 1971 of the genus Tipula is recorded for the first time in China. Two new species, Tipula ( Ramatipula ) dolabcorolla , sp. nov., and Tipula ( Ramatipula ) spathulata , sp. nov. are described and illustrated. A key to the species of Tipula ( Ramatipula ) from the world is presented. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:405A10AD-9C5E-4D81-A04B-403D96A286EC.

Two New Species of the Genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Tipulidae) from China

Two new species of the subgenus VestiplexBezzi, 1924 (genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758), T. (V.) breviloba Men & Starkevich sp. nov. (Gansu province) and T. (V.) zhengkuni Men & Starkevich sp. nov. (Guizhou province) are described and illustrated. The taxonomy of the species groups of T. (V.) deserrata Alexander, 1934 and T. (V.) bicornigeraAlexander, 1938 is discussed. Tipula sexlobataAlexander, 1938 is placed within Vestiplex.

Discovery of Two New Peculiar Subgenera and Two New Species of Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Baltic Amber

AbstractTwo new fossil subgenera and two new fossil species of the genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758, Tipula (Succinica) berendti subgen. and sp. n. and Tipula (Gedanica) adamowiczi subgen. and sp. n., are described from Baltic amber and compared with other species of Tipula known from the Eocene. The two new subgenera and species described herein are an excellent bridge between recent specimens and those preserved in sedimentary rocks, and thus enrich knowledge on the evolution of the family.

New and little-known species of Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Laos, with a new synonym.

Only seven species of the genus Tipula Linnaeus were previously known to occur in Laos. Here one new species is added to the fauna of Laos, Tipula (Nippotipula) champasakensissp. nov.Tipula (unplaced) cladomera Alexander, 1936 is designated as a synonym of T. (unplaced) reposita Walker, 1848, syn. nov. A key to species of the genus Tipula from Laos is presented.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova Walker, 1848 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Qingdao, Shandong, China

The genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 is a large group of crane flies with more than 2400 known species from 41 subgenera. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of the subgenus Tipula (Yamatotipula), which is a circular molecule of 15,668 bp with an AT content of 77.2%. The mt genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a long non-coding region. Three conserved overlapping regions, 8 bp between tRNATrp and tRNACys, 7 bp between ATP8 and ATP6, and 7 bp between ND4 and ND4L, are found. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Tipulomorpha includes the family Trichoceridae and the Trichoceridae is sister-group to the remaining Tipulomorpha.

Notes on the first instar larvae of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae).

The egg-larvae of 890 individuals in 8 species belonging to long palped crane flies of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae) were obtained from 17 gravid females captured in Lithuania in 2011-2012. Depending on the species, it took from four days to more than eleven weeks for the eggs to hatch. Of the four instars of larvae for crane flies, the second, third and the last instar larvae are very similar in morphology, while the first instar or egg-larva differs radically. Descriptions and illustrations of the external morphology, chaetotaxy of abdominal segments, characters of head capsules and last abdominal segments are given for the previously unknown first instar larvae of T. (Lunatipula) fascipennis, T. (Pterelachisus) irrorata, T. (P.) pabulina, T. (P.) pseudovariipennis, T. (Yamatotipula) pruinosa and poorly known T. (Beringotipula) unca, T. (L.) vernalis T. (Tipula) paludosa. The differences of the head capsule and last abdominal segment among the first instar larvae of these species are more obvious than in the last instar. Characters of the head capsule such as the shape of the teeth of the mandible, shape of the basal segment of the antenna and number of sensillae on it, shape of hypostomium, arrangement of sensory structures on the labrum and frons, all differ among egg-larvae of Tipula. Sclerotisation and the arrangement of setae on the spiracular field are unique for each studied Tipula species. This is the first study to use head capsule characters to distinguish the larvae of Tipula.

First Records of Crane Fly SubgenusEmodotipulaAlexander (Diptera: Tipulidae:Tipula) from Taiwan and Thailand, With Description of New Species

Two new species of crane flies in the genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758, subgenus Emodotipula Alexander, 1966 (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipulinae), are described from Taiwan and Thailand. Tipula (Emodotipula) lishanensis, new species, is the first representative of the subgenus known from Taiwan and is closely related to Tipula (Emodotipula) thailandica , new species, here described as the first species of that subgenus from Thailand based on characters of external male genitalia and on DNA-sequence comparisons. Illustrations of the diagnostic morphological features of the new species are provided.

Evidence of a climatic niche shift following North American introductions of two crane flies (Diptera; genus Tipula)

Ecological niche models assume a species niche should be conserved over space and time. Increasingly, studies have determined that niche shifts may occur during biological invasion events. The aim of this study is to examine niche conservation for two invasive crane flies, Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen, after introductions into North America. These species have broadly sympatric invasive distributions but differ in time since introduction and dispersal abilities. As these factors may impact the area accessible to dispersal, I examined the impact of background area delineation on conclusions of niche conservation. Results indicated that alternative delineations of accessible area (i.e., background area) had no affect on measures of niche equivalence. Neither Tipula species was found to be occupying invasive niche space equivalent to that of their native ranges. Niche dissimilarity was found for both species, with results strongly impacted by the choice of background area. T. paludosa introductions displayed a niche shift across both invasive introductions when the model area drew climatic information from an area that buffered occurrences by 40 km. The eastern T. oleracea introduction displayed a niche shift when background information was drawn from within a 400 km buffered area. This study suggests that invasive populations may be displaying a niche shift when evaluated against one scale of background but conserved when evaluated against another scale. Dispersal limitations for T. oleracea in its eastern introduction and anthropogenic habitat associations for T. paludosa across both invasive introductions are indicated as causes for the observed niche shifts. The results of this study highlight the importance of carefully delineating the area accessible to invasive species in studies of niche conservation. Furthermore, it indicates that examining several spatial extents of background areas can be beneficial when examining niche conservation for species in non-equilibrium states.

Tipula oleracea Linnaeus in West-Central California (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Occurrence of certain European species of crane flies of the genus Tipula on coastal North America has been known for a hundred years or more. A. H. Swinton (1909) reported a single female of Tipula oleracea Linnaeus from Cape Race, southeasternmost Newfoundland. But C.P. Alexander (1942) supposed it was more likely the very similar Tipula paludosa Meigen, which has been subsequently recorded from Newfoundland and nearby Nova Scotia. The most likely explanation for the occurrence of either species on the eastern coast of North America is that immature forms – larvae and possibly eggs or pupae, for all occur in soil, near the surface – were transported in soil used as ballast in European commercial vessels (Fox, 1952). The soil was abandoned on shores near harbors and replaced by cargo destined for Europe. How either T. paludosa or T. oleracea reached the western coast of North America probably involved similar transportation of immatures. The species have spread into interior eastern North America, and have recently been reported from Michigan (Gelhaus, 2005), interior New York (Peck et al., 2006), Ontario (Peck and Olmstead, 2009), and Quebec (Taschereau et al., 2009). There is no mention of either T. paludosa or T. oleracea in C. P. Alexander’s publications on the crane flies of Washington (1949) or Oregon (1954). In his section on Tipulidae, in the Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico(Stone et al., 1965), he listed only T. paludosa and only from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. In his major work on the crane flies of California (1967:56), Alexander mentioned that T. paludosa had been found in British Columbia and seemed to be established there. He added ‘‘The species is of considerable economic importance and, unless the outbreak is controlled, may well be expected to spread southwards in the west, possibly to California.’’ As Alexander predicted, T. paludosa has, in the years since 1967, been reported from near the coasts of both Washington and Oregon. Occasional specimens of both T. paludosa and T. oleracea have, in the past 20 years, been sent to GWB for identification. Recognition of these European immigrants has been facilitated by reference to the well illustrated work of E. N. Savchenko (1961), based in part on earlier works by B. Mannheims (1952) in Germany, and R. L. Coe (1950) in Britain. Commencing in 2002, co-author Arnaud (PHA) has sent numerous specimens of T. oleracea, among other Tipulidae, collected in the vicinity of San Francisco, California, to GWB for identification. As far as we are aware, these comprise the first major, long-term collections of that species from California. Umble and Rao (2004) recorded 27 specimens of T. oleracea from three counties in extreme northwestern California and mentioned that PHA had found the species in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco is approximately 270 miles (435 km) south of the collection sites in northwestern California. Using mainly his own modification of Malaise traps but also collecting off walls near lights, etc., PHA has collected T. oleracea throughout the years 2003–2009, in six counties of central, near-coastal California. The species is clearly established in that area and has become so common that numerous individuals have been captured in each of those years. So far, however, we have not heard of any reports of damage to grasslands in the area. In all, 1036 individuals (581 males, 450 females, 5 damaged) of T. oleracea were captured during this study. Collections were made in Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties, around the southern San Francisco Bay, Monterey Co., somewhat south of these, and Marin Co. to the northwest. More than one-third of the specimens were collected by PHA at and near his home in suburban South San Fransisco, San Mateo County. The species was taken in every month of the year, at one of these sites or another. There were no peaks of abundance suggesting the number of generations per year. Most of the flies, however, were collected in April through August. Dates for trap collections are not precise because traps were not checked daily. The crane flies were initially preserved in small, glassine envelopes.

한국산 Tipula속(파리목 : 각다귀과) 3종의 생태

This study was conducted to investigate the biology of three species, Tipula latemarginata Alexander, T. nova Walker and T. aino Alexander, of the Genus Tipula in Korea. Field surveys for the biology of the species were carried out at the three sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2005. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the biology. The larval habitats of the species were streams, rivers, paddy fields, damp earth or leaky revetments. The Tipula larvae were herbivorous. Newly-hatched first instar larvae fed on soft algae, and the larvae gradually fed on leaves, stems and roots of a variety of plants or hard leaf litters, as they grew. During the molting of the larvae their body kept moving from left to right and up and down. Molting usually took not more than 2 hours, and about four hours after molting, the larvae started to eat heavily. The Tipula larvae in aquatic places moved to drier land for pupation and went through short prepupal stage lasting 1-2 days for pupation at fourth instar larval stage. When emerging, the Tipula pupae placed their head and thorax on the earth, but the other parts in the earth. Emergence from the pupal case required about 20 min. to one hour. Mating of Tipula adults took place within 5-7min. after emergence and the duration of mating was about 40 min. The female adults of the species laid eggs by walking with 3 pairs of legs over the damp earth or algal beds. Their body was positioned vertically on the ground with their wings spread and legs landed on the surface. The oviposition usually took place from one day to 4 days after emergence and the number of eggs carried by female adults were an average of 501-760 per individual. Tipula adults didn`t normally feed, and drank water only occasionally. For a few days after emergence, the adults reared in the laboratory rarely drank water. As they neared to death, however, they frequently drank water. The longevity of adults reared in the laboratory with only water during the summer was ca. 4-9 days and males usually survived a little longer than females. The longevity of T. nova was increased 3 times or more as much by feeding them 3% sugar water. Male adults of T. latemarginata outnumbered female adults by 2.6 : 1 in the fields.

Distribution Pattern of Craneflies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Shinano River in Central Japan

ABSTRACT A total of 1,096 adult craneflies was collected with light traps in the upper and middle reaches of the Shinano River. We identified 13 genera and 23 species belonging to two subfamilies (Limoniinae, 17 species; Tipulinae, six species). The most abundant genus was Tipula (four species), followed by Antocha and Dicronomyia (three species each). The dominant species was Antocha bifida, comprising 83.3% of all individuals collected. From the upper reaches toward the middle reaches, the number of individuals collected decreased, the index of diversity diminished, and the percentage of Tipulinae deceased. Within the genus Tipula, it appeared that there was multidimensional habitat segregation among species.

Immature Stages of Tipula aino (Diptera: Tipulidae) from Korea

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The present paper is a part of the study on the immature stages of the genus Tipula in Korea. Descriptions and illustrations of immature stages of Tipula aino are provided.

Two New Species of Fossil Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) from the Ruby River Basin (Oligocene) of Southwestern Montana1

Fifteen impressions of crane flies were discovered during investigations of fossil insects from the Ruby River Basin of Montana. Eight specimens were preserved well enough for taxonomic descriptions. The 8 specimens represent 2 new species, each belonging to the genus Tipula L. These species are the 1st members of this genus to be described from this locality. The fossils were found in paper shales of Oligocene age between Peterson and Morman Creeks, sec. 23, T. 7 S, R. 5 W. Madison County, Mont. The diggings are located ca. 13 miles from the town of Alder, Mont. A brief description of the geologic history of this region can be found in a previous paper (Lewis 1971).

New and little-known Indian craneflies (Diptera : Tipulidae)-IV

Abstract Five new species of Indian Tipulidae are described, these being Limonia (Rhipidia) josephi from Uttar Pradesh, and Limonia (Limonia) lateroflava, L. (L.) talungensis, Elephantomyia (Elephantomyodes) fulvithorax and E (E.) suffusa, all from Assam. In addition, figures of the male hypopygia of various species of the genus Tipula from India and Thailand, not previously illustrated, are provided.

The Biology of Tipula subnodicornis Zetterstedt, with Comparative Observations on Tipula paludosa Meigen

The study of the biology of crane-flies belonging to the genus Tipula has been mainly restricted to species of economic importance. T. paludosa, which occurs commonly on cultivated land, has been studied by a number of authors. Rennie (1916, 1917) studied the life cycle of this species and discussed its economic importance. Bodenheimer (1923, 1924) made an extensive study of the structure and biology of a crane-fly referred to as T. oleracea Meigen. He did not distinguish between T. oleracea and T. paludosa, but his figures (and personal communication) indicate that most, if not all, of his material was T. paludosa. Sellke (1936) has made a laboratory study of three species of the T. oleracea group, T. oleracea, T. paludosa and T. fusca Staeger (== T. czizeki de Jong). Barnes (1937) reared larvae of T. paludosa in the laboratory and studied oviposition under laboratory conditions. More recently, Maercks (1939, 1943) studied the Tipulidae of agricultural land in northern Germ4ny, paying particular attention to T. paludosa and factors which may be of importance in influencing the numbers of larvae. Apart from the statement of Audcent (1932) that in Great Britain T. subnodicornis is common on cotton-grass (Eriophorum) moors, little is known of its biology. Tipulidae have usually been studied in the laboratory and few observations have been made under field conditions. Maercks (1939, 1943) sampled for larvae in agricultural land in north Germany, but the populations were only sampled twice in each generation. He also studied the effects of desiccation on the eggs and larval instars of Tipula paludosa and demonstrated that newly laid eggs and the first instar larvae were the stages which were most susceptible to desiccation. Recently, Loughlin (1958a) has shown that eggs of T. oleracea (a species which is closely related to T. paludosa but which lays relatively smaller eggs) are capable of withstanding temporary desiccation beyond the 'dimpling' stage. Rennie (1917) also draws attention to the susceptibility of early stages of T. paludosa to desiccation and associated wet autumns

Proposal to use the plenary powers to stabilise the names of the north European species belonging to the Tipula oleracea group within the genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera). Z.N. (S.) 896

Proposal to use the plenary powers to stabilise the names of the north European species belonging to the Tipula oleracea group within the genus Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera). Z.N. (S.) 896

NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDAE, DIPTERA): PART XXVIII.

The preceding part under this title was published in 1947 (Can. Ent., 78: 155-159). At this time I am describing four species of the genus Tipula from Arizona and California, the types being preserved in my collection except where indicated to the contrary in the text.

NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDAE, DIPTERA). PART XXV

The preceding instalment under this title was published in 1945 (Can. Ent., 77: 140-144). At this time I am including the description of five species of the genus Tipula from Washington, Oregon and California, collected by Messrs. T. H. G. Aitken, Mont A. Cazier, J. A. Macnab and A. L. Melander, to whom I am greatly indebted for the privilege of studying very extensive series of Tipulidae sent by them. Except where indicated to the contrary, the types of the novelties are preserved in my collection.