Genus Mucilaginibacter Research Articles

Mucilaginibacter terrae sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic soil.

A bacterial strain designated CCM 8645T was isolated from a soil sample collected nearby a mummified seal carcass in the northern part of James Ross Island, Antarctica. The cells were short rods, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, catalase and oxidase positive, and produced a red-pink pigment on R2A agar. A polyphasic taxonomic approach based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, extensive biotyping using conventional tests and commercial identification kits and chemotaxonomic analyses were applied to clarify its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene placed strain CCM 8645T in the genus Mucilaginibacter with the closest relative being Mucilaginibacter daejeonensis Jip 10T, exhibiting 96.5 % 16S rRNA pairwise similarity which was clearly below the 97 % threshold value recommended for species demarcation. The major components in fatty acid profiles were Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), C15 : 0 iso and C17 : 0 iso 3OH. The cellular quinone content was exclusively menaquinone MK-7. The major polyamine was sym-homospermidine and predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Based on presented results, we propose a novel species for which the name Mucilaginibacter terrae sp. nov. is suggested, with the type strain CCM 8645T (=LMG 29437T).

Mucilaginibacter ginsenosidivorans sp. nov., Isolated from Soil of Ginseng Field.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated Gsoil 3017T was isolated from soil of ginseng field and investigated by phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses. Strain Gsoil 3017T grew at 10-37°C (optimal growth at 30°C) and at pH 5.5-8.0 (optimal growth at pH 7) on R2A and nutrient agar without additional NaCl as a supplement. Strain Gsoil 3017T possessed β-glucosidase activity, which was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd (the three dominant active components of ginseng) to F2 and C-K, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, the novel strain represents a new branch within the genus Mucilaginibacter family Sphingobacteriaceae, and clusters with Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22T (95.6%) and Mucilaginibacter gotjawali SA3-7T (95.6%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 48.7%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, and the major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c). The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Strain Gsoil 3017T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from other type strains of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter ginsenosidivorans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 3017T (=KACC 14954T=JCM 17081T).

Mucilaginibacter craterilacus sp. nov., isolated from sediment soil of a crater lake.

A novel bacterial strain, designated N60AT, was isolated from sediment soil of crater lake, Baekrokdam, Hallasan, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of N60AT were Gram-reaction-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile rods and formed transparent white colonies on ten-fold diluted R2A agar. N60AT contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids and MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. It contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the predominant polar lipid. The DNA G+C content was 44.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that N60AT formed a separate lineage in the genus Mucilaginibacter and that it was most closely related to Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22T (96.5 % sequence similarity). Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that N60AT represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter craterilacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N60AT (=KCTC 52404T=NRRL B-65396T).

Mucilaginibacter rubeus sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium, designated EF23T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of watermelon. Growth of strain EF23T was observed at 10-37 °C, at pH 5.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain EF23T contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as the major isoprenoid quinone, and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as the major polar lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain EF23T was 43.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EF23T was most closely related to Mucilaginibacter gossypii Gh-67T (98.9 % similarity) and Mucilaginibacter gossypiicola Gh-48T (97.6 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain EF23T and M. gossypii KCTC 22380T and M. gossypiicola KCTC 22379T were 31.6 and 53.7 %. On the basis of the evidence presented in this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain EF23T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter rubeus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EF23T (=CGMCC 1.15913T=KCTC 52516T).

Mucilaginibacter hankyongensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of ginseng field Baekdu Mountain.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated as BR5-28T was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field at Baekdu Mountain Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain BR5-28T grew at 10-42°C (optimum temperature, 30°C) and pH 5.5-8.5 (optimum pH, 7.0) on R2A agar medium without additional NaCl supplementation. Strain BR5- 28T exhibited β-glucosidase activity, which was responsible for its ability to transform the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd (the two dominant active components of ginseng) to compound-K. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, the novel strain showed a new branch within the genus Mucilaginibacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae, and formed clusters with Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22T (95.8%) and Mucilaginibacter gotjawali SA3-7T (95.7%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.1%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Strain BR5-28T was differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter hankyongensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain BR5-28T (=KCTC 22274T =DSM 21151T).

Mucilaginibacterpsychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from peatlands.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, pink, cold-tolerant bacterial strain, NH7-4T, was isolated from the Riganqiao peatlands on the Tibetan Plateau. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the novel isolate shared a pairwise similarity ranging from 96.84 to 93.02 % with type strains of species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. Growth of strain NH7-4T occurred between 0 and 30 °C and at pH 5.0-9.0, with an optimum growth temperature at 20 °C and an optimum pH for growth of approximately 7.0. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1ω5c. The major polar lipid of strain NH7-4T was phosphatidylethanolamine. Strain NH7-4T did not assimilate any substrates in API 20NE strips without low concentrations of yeast extract being present and had a lower optimal growth temperature, which distinguished it from other type strains of species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The DNA G+C content of strain NH7-4T was 48.6 mol%. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain NH7-4T (=JCM 30607T=CGMCC1.14937T) represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter for which the name Mucilaginibacter psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed.

Mucilaginibacter antarcticus sp. nov., isolated from tundra soil.

The novel, pale yellow bacterial strain, designated S14-88T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a genotypic and phenotypic analysis. Cells were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum at 15 °C), at pH 7.0-8.0 (optimum at 7.0) and with 0-0.6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, no NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S14-88T formed a lineage within the genus Mucilaginibacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain S14-88T and the type strains of related species ranged from 92.2 to 96.5 %, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence of S14-88T showed highest similarity of 96.5 % to Mucilaginibacter soyangensis HME6664T. The major cellular fatty acids of strain S14-88T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7, and the main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain S14-88T was 42.3 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain S14-88T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S14-88T (=CCTCC AB 2015321T=KCTC 52232T).

Mucilaginibacter fluminis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river.

A bacterial strain, designated TTM-2T, was isolated from a water sample taken from the Caohu River in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain TTM-2T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, non-motile, rod-shaped and covered by large capsules; they formed light pink colonies. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 4-8 (optimum, pH 6) and with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %, w/v). Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain TTM-2T belonged to the genus Mucilaginibacter. The sequence similarities between the 16S rRNA genes of strain TTM-2T and the type strains of other species of the genus Mucilaginibacter ranged from 93.6 to 97.4 %. The closest relatives of strain TTM-2T were Mucilaginibactersoli R9-65T (97.4 %) and Mucilaginibactedefluvii A5T (97.1 %). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (36.9 %) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 33.7 %). The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids and phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain TTM-2T with respect to species of the genus Mucilaginibacterwith validly published names was less than 70 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain TTM-2T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter fluminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTM-2T (=BCRC 80785T=LMG 28455T=KCTC 42274T).

Mucilaginibacter puniceus sp. nov., isolated from wetland freshwater.

A non-motile, rod-shaped and pale-pink bacterium, designated strain WS71T, was isolated from freshwater collected from the Woopo Wetland (Republic of Korea). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The strain contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the DNA G+C content was 39.4±0.4 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown aminophospholipid. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that WS71T forms an evolutionary lineage within the radiation enclosing the members of genus Mucilaginibacterwith Mucilaginibacter. soyangensis HME6664T as its nearest neighbor (98.3 % sequence similarity). DNA-DNA relatedness between WS71T and M. soyangensis HME6664T was 61.3±1.0 %. A number of phenotypic characteristics distinguished WS71T from the other members of the genus Mucilaginibacter. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, WS71T represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacterpuniceus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS71T (=KCTC 32270T=JCM 19495T).

Proposal of Mucilaginibacter phyllosphaerae sp. nov. isolated from the phyllosphere of Galium album

A pink-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, PP-F2F-G21T, was isolated from the phyllosphere of Galium album. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PP-F2F-G21T showed the closest relationship to type strains of the species Mucilaginibacter lutimaris (97.7 %), Mucilaginibacter soli (97.3 %) and Mucilaginibacter rigui (97.1 %). Sequence similarities to all other type strains were below 97 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain PP-F2F-G21T are C16 : 1 ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (measured as summed feature 3 fatty acids) and iso-C15 : 0 followed by iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1 ω5c and C16 : 0. The major compound in the polyamine pattern was sym-homospermidine and the diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The quinone system was exclusively composed of menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile contained the major lipid phosphatidylethanolamine and in addition 18 unidentified lipids. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses, we propose a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter named Mucilaginibacter phyllosphaeraesp. nov. The type strain is PP-F2F-G21T (=CCM 8625T=CIP 110921T=LMG 29118T).

Mucilaginibacter pedocola sp. nov., isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated paddy field.

Strain TBZ30T was isolated from soil of a heavy-metal-contaminated paddy field. Cells of strain TBZ30T were Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming. The isolate was strictly aerobic, pink-pigmented, catalase- and oxidase-positive and produced exopolysaccharides. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, strain TBZ30T belonged to the genus Mucilaginibacter and appeared most closely related to Mucilaginibacter gynuensis YC7003T (95.8 %), Mucilaginibacter litoreus BR-18T (95.4 %) and Mucilaginibacter mallensis MP1X4T (95.4 %). Strain TBZ30T contained menaquinone-7 as the only ubiquinone. The main cellular fatty acids included summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 1ω5c. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, four unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified lipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.0 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy analyses, strain TBZ30T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter pedocola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBZ30T (=KCTC 42833T=CCTCC AB 2015301T).

Mucilaginibacter pocheonensis sp. nov., with ginsenoside-converting activity, isolated from soil of a ginseng-cultivating field.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 032T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain Gsoil 032T grew at 10-42 °C and at pH 5.0-10.0 on R2A agar medium. Strain Gsoil 032T possessed β-glucosidase activity, which was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenoside Rb1 (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) to compound K. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gsoil 032T was shown to belong to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and to be related to Mucilaginibacter sabulilitoris SMS-12T (97.6 % sequence similarity) and Mucilaginibacter lappiensis ANJLI2T (97.1 %) The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 44.4 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipid detected was phosphatidylethanolamine, while the minor polar lipids were various unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified phospholipids and unidentified polar lipids. DNA and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 032T to the genus Mucilaginibacter. Strain Gsoil 032T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter pocheonensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 032T (=KCTC 12641T=LMG 23495T).

Mucilaginibacter carri sp. nov., isolated from a car air conditioning system.

A Gram-stain-negative, pink bacterial strain, designated PR0008KT, was isolated from an automobile evaporator core in Korea. The cells were obligately aerobic and rod-shaped. The strain grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 5-8 (optimum, 7), and in the presence of 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetically, the strain was closely related to members of the genus Mucilaginibacter (93.4-97.0% 16S rRNA sequence similarities) and showed a high sequence similarity with Mucilaginibacter litoreus BR-18T, Mucilaginibacter lutimaris BR-3T and Mucilaginibacter soli R9-65T (97.0%, 96.9% and 96.9% 16S rRNA sequence similarity, respectively). It contained summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c), C16 : 0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and C16:0 as the predominant fatty acids and MK-7 as the major menaquinone. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminophospholipid, two unknown aminolipids and two unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of this strain was 47.4 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain PR0008KT represents a novel species in the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter carri sp. nov. (=KACC 17938T=NBRC 111539T) is proposed.

Mucilaginibacter yixingensis sp. nov., isolated from vegetable soil.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YX-36T, was isolated from a vegetable plot in Yixing, Jiangsu province, China. The strain grew at 15-37 °C (optimally at 37 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimally at pH 6.5) and in the presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl (optimally without NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YX-36T was related most closely to Mucilaginibacter herbaticus DR-9T (96.88% similarity), followed by Mucilaginibacter sabulilitoris SMS-12T (95.78%), Mucilaginibacter polysacchareus DR-f3T (95.77%) and Mucilaginibacter polysacchareus DRP28T (95.77%). The DNA G+C content of strain YX-36T was 47.2 mol%. The only isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and aminophospholipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2-OH/C16:1ω7c) and iso-C17:0 3-OH. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain YX-36T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter yixingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YX-36T (=DSM 26809T=CCTCC AB 2012880T).

Mucilaginibacter roseus sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river.

A bacterial strain, designated TTM-1T, was isolated from a water sample taken from the Caohu River in Taiwan and characterized in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain TTM-1T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and covered by large capsules, and formed pink-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum 30-37 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum pH 6-7) and with 0-2 % NaCl (optimum 0.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TTM-1T belonged to the genus Mucilaginibacter and was most closely related to Mucilaginibacter defluvii A5T with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.3 %. The predominant fatty acids of strain TTM-1T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 37.1 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (30.7 %). The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids and phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.1 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain TTM-1T with respect to recognized species of the genus Mucilaginibacter was less than 70 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain TTM-1T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTM-1T ( = LMG 28454T = KCTC 42273T).

Mucilaginibacter ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from a ginseng-cultivated soil.

A dark-pink-coloured bacterial strain, B4Y-8T, was isolated from a soil cultivated with ginseng. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed highest similarity with Mucilaginibacter litoreus BR-18T (96.8 %), Mucilaginibacter lutimaris BR-3T (96.6 %) and Mucilaginibacter defluvii A5T (96.2 %) among the type strains of species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. Strain B4Y-8T was a strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, short-rod-shaped bacterium producing a large amount of extracellular polymeric substance. The strain grew at 10-35 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 3.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The DNA G+C content of strain B4Y-8T was 49.0 mol%. It contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as the major isoprenoid quinone, and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. On the basis of evidence from the present polyphasic taxonomic study, strain B4Y-8T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B4Y-8T ( = KACC 18152T = JCM 30759T).

Mucilaginibacter vulcanisilvae sp. nov., isolated from a volcanic forest.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, pale-pink-pigmented bacterium, designated strain G27(T), was isolated from a volcanic forest of Jeju Island, South Korea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile rods producing exopolysaccharide and flexirubin-type and pale pink pigments. Growth of strain G27(T) was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C) and pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain G27(T) formed a phyletic lineage within the genus Mucilaginibacter of the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Strain G27(T) was related most closely to Mucilaginibacter gossypii Gh-67(T) at 96.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain G27(T) contained menaquinone 7 (MK-7) as the sole isoprenoid quinone and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c), iso-C15:0, C16:0, C16:1ω5c and C16:1ω5c as the major cellular fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as the major polar lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular properties, strain G27(T) represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter vulcanisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G27(T) ( = KACC 18231(T) = JCM 30363(T)).

Mucilaginibacter gotjawali sp. nov., isolated from soil of a lava forest.

A novel bacterial strain, designated SA3-7(T), was isolated from soil of a lava forest located in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain SA3-7(T) were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile rods and produced creamy white colonies on ten-fold-diluted R2A agar. The isolate contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 43.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain SA3-7(T) was related most closely to Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans FT22(T) (96.7 % sequence similarity) and that it formed a separate lineage in the genus Mucilaginibacter. Combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics supported the conclusion that strain SA3-7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter gotjawali sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SA3-7(T) ( = KCTC 32515(T) = CECT 8628(T) = DSM 29289(T)).

Mucilaginibacter polytrichastri sp. nov., isolated from a moss (Polytrichastrum formosum), and emended description of the genus Mucilaginibacter

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain RG4-7(T), was isolated from the moss Polytrichastrum formosum collected from Gawalong glacier in Tibet, China, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The predominant fatty acids of strain RG4-7(T) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified lipid. Strain RG4-7(T) contained MK-7 as the dominant menaquinone and the G+C content of its genomic DNA was 39.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RG4-7(T) was affiliated to species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, and its closest relative was Mucilaginibacter jinjuensis YC7004(T) (97.0 % sequence similarity). However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between this strain and strain RG4-7(T) was only 49.1±3.7 %. Based on phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain RG4-7(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter polytrichastri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RG4-7(T) ( = CGMCC 1.12493(T) = DSM 26907(T)). An emended description of the genus Mucilaginibacter is also proposed.

Mucilaginibacter ginsenosidivorax sp. nov., with ginsenoside converting activity isolated from sediment

A Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated KHI28(T) was isolated from sediment in Gapcheon (river) and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain KHI28(T) grew at 10-42°C and at pH 5.5-8.5 on R2A and nutrient agar without additional NaCl as a supplement. Strain KHI28(T) possessed β-glucosidase activity, which was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenosides Rb1 and Re (ones of the dominant active components of ginseng) to C-K and Rg2, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain KHI28(T) was shown to belong to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and to be related to Mucilaginibacter dorajii DR-f4(T) (97.9% sequence similarity), M. polysacchareus DRP28(T) (97.3%), and M. lappiensis ANJLI2(T) (97.2%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.8%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), iso-C15:0 and C16:0. DNA and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain KHI28(T) to the genus Mucilaginibacter. Strain KHI28(T) could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Mucilaginibacter. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Mucilaginibacter ginsenosidivorax sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KHI28(T) (=KACC 14955(T) =LMG 25804(T)).