Terms Of Genus Research Articles

Surface defect indices and 2d-4d BPS states

We conjecture a formula for the Schur index of four-dimensional mathcal{N}=2 theories coupled to (2, 2) surface defects in terms of the 2d-4d BPS spectrum in the Coulomb phase of the theory. The key ingredient in our conjecture is a refined 2d-4d wall-crossing invariant, which we also formulate. Our result intertwines recent conjectures expressing the four-dimensional Schur index in terms of infrared BPS particles, with the Cecotti-Vafa formula for limits of the elliptic genus in terms of two-dimensional BPS solitons. We extend our discussion to framed 2d-4d BPS states, and use this to demonstrate a general relationship between surface defect indices and line defect indices. We illustrate our results in the example of mathfrak{s}mathfrak{u}(2) super Yang-Mills coupled to the ℂℙ1 sigma model defect.

Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with organic and conventional vegetable farms in Laguna Province, Philippines

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with vegetable crops grown in organic and conventional farms in Laguna province, Philippines. Seven nematode genera (Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus and Tylenchus) from organic farms and five (all those found in organic except Aphelenchoides and Pratylenchus) from conventional farms were isolated using modified Baermann tray method. Among these taxa, Meloidogyne and Rotylenchulus were the most prevalent and abundant in both organic and conventional farms. Pratylenchus was also prevalent in organic farms and Helicotylenchus in conventional farms. Rotylenchulus was found associated with every vegetable in both organic and conventional farms and Meloidogyne was also observed with all vegetables in conventional farms. Organic vegetable farms were more diverse in terms of genera of plant-parasitic nematodes than conventional farms.

The taxonomic composition, distribution and abundance of the phytoplankton flora of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research Farm Lake, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

The study determined the abundance and distribution of phytoplankton flora of an impoundment in the Agricultural Teaching and Research Farm of ObafemiAwolowo University (O.A.U), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The study was carried out over an annual cycle from September 2006- August 2007, Phytoplankton and water samples were collected monthly from three sampling stations by filtering 50 litres of water through a phytoplankton net of 45μm mesh size to a concentrate volume of about 30ml preserved in 5% formalin solution. The phytoplankton were viewed under a compound light microscope at both scanning power (x40) and low power (x100), measured with an ocular micrometer drawn to scale, counted and later identified using various phytoplankton identification keys on Nigerian freshwaters.The results showed that one hundred and fifteen species of phytoplankton belonging to five divisions, seven classes, nineteen orders, forty seven families and eighty three genera were recorded. The predominant genera in terms of occurrence and abundance were members of the green algae (Division Chlorophyta) and included Tetradesmus, Ulotrix, Tetraspora, Protosiphon, Chlorella, Closteriopsis and Pediastrum. Phytoplankton occurrence and abundance were slightly higher in the rainy season (600±350) than in the dry season (533±186) (f= 0.918, p= 0.05). The highest values were recorded at the surface stations of the lake.It was concluded that the water body was comparatively rich in phytoplankton flora. Also the occurrence of some species in the water body such as scenedesmus, stauraastum, Tetradesmus, Ulotrix, Tetraspora and Pediastrum species suggested a high level of primary productivity and a non-polluted lake that was oligotrophic to moderately eutrophic.Keywords: Phytoplankton, composition, distribution, abundance

Arenivirga flava gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from a mangrove tidal flat.

A novel Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium, designated HIs16-32T, was isolated from a sand sample collected from a mangrove tidal flat in Japan and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The cells of strain HIs16-32T were Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-endospore-forming. Strain HIs16-32T contained glutamic acid, glycine and lysine in the peptidoglycan; however, alanine was absent. Galactose and mannose were detected as cell-wall sugars. The isoprenoid quinones were identified as MK-11, MK-12 and MK-10, and the major fatty acids as anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain HIs16-32T was related to members of the family Microbacteriaceae but did not form a reliable cluster with any known members of the family. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values were obtained with species of the genera Herbiconiux(96.1-96.8 %), Plantibacter(96.5-96.7 %) and Schumannella (96.7 %). However, strain HIs16-32T was distinguishable from the phylogenetically related genera in terms of chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, strain HIs16-32T is concluded to represent a novel genus and species of the family Microbacteriaceae, for which the name Arenivirga flava gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. flava is HIs16-32T (=NBRC 112289T=TBRC 7038T).

The Genus of Curve, Pants and Flip Graphs

This article is about the graph genus of certain well studied graphs in surface theory: the curve, pants and flip graphs. We study both the genus of these graphs and the genus of their quotients by the mapping class group. The full graphs, except for in some low complexity cases, all have infinite genus. The curve graph once quotiented by the mapping class group has the genus of a complete graph so its genus is well known by a theorem of Ringel and Youngs. For the other two graphs we are able to identify the precise growth rate of the graph genus in terms of the genus of the underlying surface. The lower bounds are shown using probabilistic methods.

A global phylogeny of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) based on plastid and nuclear markers identifies major evolutionary lineages and suggests repeated evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation

Tectaria (Tectariaceae) is one of the most confusing fern genera in terms of its circumscription and phylogeny. Since its original description, a number of genera had been moved into or related with this genus, while others had been segregated from it. Tectaria is also among the largest fern genera, comprising 150–210 mostly tropical species. Previous molecular studies have been far from comprehensive (sampling no more than 76 accessions from 52 species), limited in geographic scope (mainly restricted to Asia), and based exclusively on plastid markers. In the present study, DNA sequences of eight plastid and one nuclear marker of 360 accessions representing ca. 130 species of Tectaria, ca. 36 species of six non-Tectaria genera in Tectariaceae, 12 species of Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae, and Polypodiaceae, and 13 species of Lomariopsidaceae were used to infer a phylogeny with maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony approaches. Our major results include: (1) the most recently proposed circumscription of Tectaria is strongly supported as monophyletic; (2) the genera Lenda, Microbrochis, Phlebiogonium, and Sagenia, sampled here for the first time, are resolved as part of Tectaria; (3) four superclades representing early splits in Tectaria are identified, with the Old World species being sister to the New World species; (4) 12 well-supported major clades in Tectaria are revealed, differing from one another in molecular, morphological, and geographical features; (5) evolution of 13 morphological characters is inferred in a phylogenetic context and morphological synapomorphies of various clades are identified; and in particular (6) free venation in Tectaria is inferred to be repeatedly derived from anastomosing venation, an evolutionary phenomenon not documented previously in vascular plants in a phylogenetic context based on both plastid and nuclear evidence.

Diversity of freshwater algae in some selected sites in river Naguman district Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

In the current research work algal collection was made at different sites of River Naguman near its joining point with Sardaryab. Various sites expected to have rich algal flora across an area of 10 Km2 were selected to obtain algal samples. A total of 38 species belonging to 16 genera of freshwater algae were collected and identified. Keys were constructed both at generic and specific levels for identifications and description. Out of these 16 genera Chlorophyta contributed 50%, Bacillariophyta 25%, Charophyta 6.25%, Xanthophyta 12.5% and Cyanophyta contributed 6.25% genera. Chlorophyceae were the most common represented by 60.53% species, Bacillariophyceae were next with 18.42% species, Charophyceae by 5.26%, Xanthophyceae by 5.26% and Cyanophyceae were represented by 10.53% species. The most dominant genus in terms of species was Spirogyra with eight species 21.1%. Cladophora and Oscillatoria were next dominants with 10.5% species. Rhizoclonium, Zygnema and Nitzschia were each represented by 7.9%. Closterium, Diatoma and Chara each contributed 5.3% species. All the remaining genera including Ulothrix, Mougeotia, Desmidium, Cyclotella, Tabellaria, Ophiocytium and Vaucheria each contributed 2.6% species. Keywords: River Naguman; Algae; Chlorophyta; Bacillariophyta; Charophyta; Xanthophyta; Cyanophyta http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60012

Spin Hurwitz numbers and topological quantum field theory

Spin Hurwitz numbers count ramified covers of a spin surface, weighted by the size of their automorphism group (like ordinary Hurwitz numbers), but signed $\pm 1$ according to the parity of the covering surface. These numbers were first defined by Eskin-Okounkov-Pandharipande in order to study the moduli of holomorphic differentials on a Riemann surface. They have also been related to Gromov-Witten invariants of of complex 2-folds by work of Lee-Parker and Maulik-Pandharipande. In this paper, we construct a (spin) TQFT which computes these numbers, and deduce a formula for any genus in terms of the combinatorics of the Sergeev algebra, generalizing the formula of Eskin-Okounkov-Pandharipande. During the construction, we describe a procedure for averaging any TQFT over finite covering spaces based on the finite path integrals of Freed-Hopkins-Lurie-Teleman.

Assessment of culturable bacterial endophytic communities colonizing Canna flaccida inhabiting a wastewater treatment constructed wetland

Microorganisms, including the bacterial populations living inside plant tissues (endophytes), and vegetation are components of constructed wetland (CW) systems playing pivotal roles in the water treatment process and in the ecosystem establishment. The present study focuses on the assessment of the culturable endophytic bacterial communities of Canna flaccida plants, the dominant plant species in a polycultured CW treating wastewater from a tourism facility. Bacterial endophytes were grouped by random amplified polymorphic DNA and identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. From the bacterial isolates, 103 were considered for phylogenetic analysis, falling in 25 genera within the γ-, β-, α-Proteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Sphingobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacilli classes. Forty-nine percent of the isolates belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family, suggesting that the plants in CW systems may act as a sink of potential human pathogenic microorganisms; nevertheless their abundance on the plant tissues was reduced from the inlet (62%) to the outlet zone (38%). High diversity in terms of genera was found in C. flaccida tissues, although the number of genera common to both sampling zones was low, which suggests that the processes occurring within the CW, including the water characteristics gradient from the inlet to the outlet (e.g. total suspended solids, organics and fecal loads), had the ability to shape the diversity of the endophytic communities.

Essential Oil Composition of an Uninvestigated Centaurea Species from Turkey: Centaurea patula DC.

Centaurea patula is widely distributed in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The essential oil of C. patula was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. Twenty-one components were identified representing 86.4% of the oil. Spathulenol (14.6%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.4%), 1-pentadecene (13.1%) and phytol (12.4%) were found to be the major components in this oil. This work is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. patula. The results could be valuable for the Centaurea genus in terms of essential oil information’s.

Microbial Diversity of Ground Beef Products in South Korean Retail Market Analyzed by PCR-DGGE and 454 Pyrosequencing

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to assess the microbial community in ground beef purchased from local stores in the north central area of South Korea. A total of 31 ground beef samples showed 3.77 ± 5.16 × 105 CFU/g on aerobic plate counts, and PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was performed to assess the microbial community, which revealed a diverse profile among the products. Four of these samples were selected for further analyses via 454 pyrosequencing. Pseudomonas was the most frequently identified genus in terms of relative abundance (4.54–73.8%), and other bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, and Carnobacterium were also identified in the ground beef. The presence of bacteria can affect the spoilage of ground beef products depending on the microbial populations, and understanding these populations may help limit spoilage and/or foodborne illness. This study illustrates the microbial diversity occurring among Korean ground beef products, even within a local region, and provides a molecular approach for potential ground beef microbial quality assessment.

Widespread occurrence of coral diseases in the central Maldives

Coral diseases are one of the most important causes of coral reef decline worldwide. Although they are well investigated in some areas of the Caribbean and the Great Barrier Reef, they have been poorly studied in the Indian Ocean, and particularly in the Maldives, where the presence of coral pathologies has been reported only recently. In order to fill this gap, we investigated the prevalence, local host range and distribution of five coral diseases, namely brown band disease, skeleton eroding band, black band disease (BBD), ulcerative white spot and white syndrome (WS), in the central part of the Maldivian Archipelago, focussing, in particular, on the dominant coral genus Acropora. We estimated an overall disease prevalence of approximately 1.51%. Malè North Atoll was the most affected area; however, coral diseases were present at all study sites. WS was the most widespread disease, whereas BBD affected the highest number of scleractinian genera. We found symptoms of disease on 18 genera belonging to eight families. Acropora was the most affected genus in terms of pathogen diversity. These results provide baseline disease levels for the Maldives and can therefore serve as gauge for monitoring future change.

Community composition, abundance and biomass of tintinnids (Ciliata: Protozoa) in the Western Harbour, south-eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt.

Seasonal variations in species composition, abundance and biomass of tintinnids (Protozoa: Ciliata) were investigated in the Western Harbour, seasonally during 2012. There were remarkable seasonal variations in environmental parameters, phytoplankton concentrations and abundance and biomass of tintinnids: highest in spring and lowest in autumn. Annual average abundance and biomass of tintinnids were 8.435 ind. l(-1) and 3.725 μg C l(-1), respectively. A total of 29 species of tintinnids belonging to 11 genera was identified. Of which, Tintinnopsis was the most abundant genus in terms of number of species (9), but Favella was the best quantitatively (89% of the total tintinnids). The overall mean abundance and biomass were highest (mean 24.415 ind. l(-1) and 10.355 μg C l(-1), respectively) during spring than the remaining seasons. Due to significant positive relationship between the total biomass of tintinnids and phytoplankton concentrations, food supply is not a problem for tintinnids harbouring in the Western Harbour. Hence, predation loss by meso- and macrozooplankton might be the possible reasons for the estimated low biomass of tintinnids in the present study. Some of the seasonal environmental factors as water salinity, nitrite, dissolved oxygen and pH values exert an influence on the species composition, abundance and biomass of tintinnids.

Analysis of the Protein Domain and Domain Architecture Content in Fungi and Its Application in the Search of New Antifungal Targets

Over the past several years fungal infections have shown an increasing incidence in the susceptible population, and caused high mortality rates. In parallel, multi-resistant fungi are emerging in human infections. Therefore, the identification of new potential antifungal targets is a priority. The first task of this study was to analyse the protein domain and domain architecture content of the 137 fungal proteomes (corresponding to 111 species) available in UniProtKB (UniProt KnowledgeBase) by January 2013. The resulting list of core and exclusive domain and domain architectures is provided in this paper. It delineates the different levels of fungal taxonomic classification: phylum, subphylum, order, genus and species. The analysis highlighted Aspergillus as the most diverse genus in terms of exclusive domain content. In addition, we also investigated which domains could be considered promiscuous in the different organisms. As an application of this analysis, we explored three different ways to detect potential targets for antifungal drugs. First, we compared the domain and domain architecture content of the human and fungal proteomes, and identified those domains and domain architectures only present in fungi. Secondly, we looked for information regarding fungal pathways in public repositories, where proteins containing promiscuous domains could be involved. Three pathways were identified as a result: lovastatin biosynthesis, xylan degradation and biosynthesis of siroheme. Finally, we classified a subset of the studied fungi in five groups depending on their occurrence in clinical samples. We then looked for exclusive domains in the groups that were more relevant clinically and determined which of them had the potential to bind small molecules. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the available fungal proteomes and shows three approaches that can be used as a first step in the detection of new antifungal targets.

Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species

The genus Medicago, a member of the legume (Fabaceae) family, comprises 87 species of flowering plants, including the forage crop M. sativa (alfalfa) and the model legume M. truncatula (barrel medic). Medicago species synthesize a variety of bioactive natural products that are used to engage into symbiotic interactions but also serve to deter pathogens and herbivores. For humans, these bioactive natural products often possess promising pharmaceutical properties. In this review, we focus on the two most interesting and well characterized secondary metabolite classes found in Medicago species, the triterpene saponins and the flavonoids, with a detailed overview of their biosynthesis, regulation, and profiling methods. Furthermore, their biological role within the plant as well as their potential utility for human health or other applications is discussed. Finally, we give an overview of the advances made in metabolic engineering in Medicago species and how the development of novel molecular and omics toolkits can influence a better understanding of this genus in terms of specialized metabolism and chemistry. Throughout, we critically analyze the current bottlenecks and speculate on future directions and opportunities for research and exploitation of Medicago metabolism.

Identification of Fungus Flora Associated with Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl in Côte d’Ivoire

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl is a cucurbit which seeds are consumed by people in rural and urban Africa. This plant is subjected to a strong parasitic and diseases pressure that reduces seeds production. Efficient fight against plant parasite, particularly fungus is a prerequisite for an improved productivity. This study was undertaken in five localities (Alepe, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Divo and Korhogo) belonging to three agroecological areas of Cote d’Ivoire. The aim was to identify fungal genera infecting L. siceraria in order to design an efficient control measure. Leaf samples with necrosis and discoloration symptoms were collected throughout the localities and subsequently, fungus were isolated and identified in laboratory. From a total of 750 samples collected, 7 types of symptoms were distinguished. Fungal genera found in all of the localities were Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Cochliobolus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia and Phoma. Only Pestalotiopsis was specific to the locality of Divo. An ANOVA test performed on the data showed a significant difference between fungal genera in terms of isolation frequency. Principal components analysis revealed that fungus distribution in each locality was correlated with climatic factors.

Lutetian calcareous nannofossil events in the Agost section (Spain): implications toward a revision of the Middle Eocene biomagnetostratigraphy

This paper presents a detailed calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the entire Lutetian of the Agost section (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain). This investigation integrates and improves on previous study performed through the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary by the authors on this succession. The new revision of the integrated bio-magnetobiochronology of the Early/Middle Eocene interval revealed highly diversified calcareous nannofossil assemblages, characterizing more than 8 Myr of climatic variability. The studied interval spans from Zone CP11 to Subzone CP14a and from the upper part of Zone NP13 to the base of Zone NP16 of calcareous nannofossil standard zonations. The revision of the calcareous nannofossil content enabled the identification of numerous secondary events which greatly improved the stratigraphic resolution of this time interval. An important re-organization of the nannoflora was observed during the Y/L transition, when Reticulofenestra and Dictyococcites (Noelaerhabdaceae) became the most important genera in terms of abundance and dispersal, dominating the Middle Eocene nannofossil assemblages and replacing Toweius and Discoaster taxa characteristic of the lower Eocene. Pentaliths and Blackites experience a great expansion and diversification, whereas Discoaster and Chiasmolithus which are well diversified but never abundant during the Lutetian show a slow turnover. A reassessment of the major bio-events observed in the Noelaerhabdaceae family as well as revision and correlation of these events with the classical Italian sections (Contessa and Bottaccione) are presented. The new results show that biostratigraphic problems related to the Middle Eocene chronology are not limited to the correlation between calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminiferans at the Y/L transition but extend to calcareous nannofossil events commonly used for correlating the Bartonian.

AN OVERVIEW TO CENTAUREA s.l. (ASTERACEAE) BASED ON HERBARIUM SPECIMENS OF ISTE

In this study; a list of the Centaurea L. taxa kept in (ISTE) “Herbarium of Faculty Pharmacy, University of Istanbul” is given. The genus Centaurea is the third largest genus in terms of species number in Turkey. There are 217 species (146 endemics), 36 subspecies (22 endemics), 28 varieties (16 endemics) totally 255 taxa and endemism ratio is 66.8 %. ISTE has an important Centaurea collection with 146 species (67 endemics), 28 subspecies (18 endemics), 20 varieties (9 endemics) totally 171 taxa (83 endemics). The collection also contains 16 European species. Basic chromosome numbers of the genus were reported as x = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. The list which given in this paper contains; ISTE specimens with voucher numbers, endemism, and chromosome numbers.

Identificación de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en sistemas agroforestales con cacao en el trópico húmedo ecuatoriano

El objetivo de este trabajo fue aislar e identificar hongos formadores de micorriza arbuscular asociados a sistemas agroforestales con cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Se muestrearon cinco sistemas ubicados en fincas de la zona central del tropico humedo ecuatoriano, en la provincia de Los Rios, en los cantones Quevedo y Valencia: fincas La Represa, La Propiedad, La Union, Fatima y Mi Recuerdo. Las muestras de suelo y raices se recolectaron en la epoca seca entre los meses de junio y diciembre del 2009. Los generos de hongos micorrizicos arbusculares encontrados fueron los siguientes: Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus y Scutellospora. En todos los sitios muestreados el genero con mayor repre- sentatividad en cantidad de esporas encontradas por gramo de suelo fue Glomus, mientras que para Gigaspora hubo la menor cantidad de esporas. Tambien se evaluo el porcentaje de colonizacion micorrizica existente en T. cacao donde el mayor porcentaje de densidad de colonizacion se encontro en las muestras recolectadas de las fincas Mi Recuerdo y La Union, y el menor porcentaje en la finca La Propiedad.

Geography-related sub-generic diversity within the Mediterranean trapdoor spider genusNemesia(Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae)

Three different male and female super-specific types are distinguished according to variations in the mor - phology of the bulb and spermathecae within the genus Nemesia Audouin, 1826. Plotting the distributions of these sexual types on a map of the Mediterranean indicates the existence of geography-related sub-generic diversity in which the Nemesia fauna of the eastern Mediterranean differs markedly from that of the western Mediterranean. While the eastern Mediterranean Nemesia fauna is highly homogeneous, the fauna of the western Mediterranean is very diverse. The eastern and western Nemesia faunae appear to overlap in the central Mediterranean. Efforts to relate the specific bulb types to the particular types of spermathecae described here were only partly successful. The trapdoor spider genus Nemesia Audouin, 1826 is currently considered to be a potentially valuable model system for studies in evolutionary biology (Decae 2010, Arnedo pers. comm.). The fact that Nemesia exhibits high species diversity in the geographically confined region of the Mediterranean offers excep- tional opportunities for studies on local variation and speciation. Moreover, the common occurrence of Nemesia throughout the region, both on islands and continents, in a range of different habitats (from sandy shores to alpine heights and from semi-deserts to humid forests), its supposedly sedentary habits, its poor capacity for dispersal and its probably ancient origin, reveals the genus as a coherent sample of evolving lineages that offer highly prospective op- portunities for virtually all lines of biological research. Unfortunately, this potential for biological research into Nemesia is hampered by a lack of basic know- ledge. The taxonomy of Nemesia is poorly resolved and partly confused, the real species diversity cannot even be estimated and there is no good insight into the internal organization of the genus in terms of the possible existence of sub-generic groups. A basic problem is that classical spider taxonomy is exclusi- vely focused on morphological variation in preserved specimens, and that such variation is very difficult to observe in Nemesia. Study of the taxonomically most informative morphological structures - male and fe- male sexual organs and the spinnerets - has become common practice only very recently, which means that the whole taxonomical framework of the genus urgently needs revision. A productive first step might be to try recognizing Nemesia species groups based on the variation of the bulb and the spermathecae types, and matching the sexes. The recognition of evolutionary older sub-generic groups within Nemesia would have particular significance if it could be linked to the geographical dynamics of the Mediterranean; a region with a history of major geographical shifts (ager 1980) and dramatic geophysical events such as the Messinian salinity crisis (Krijgsman et al. 1999) and the formation of glacial refugia during the Pleistocene (meDail & DiaDema 2009). This paper is a first attempt to discover such geography-related sub-generic diversity within Nemesia.