The conservation status of five genera of Anacardiaceae in Madagascarwas determined by applying IUCN risk assessment criteria to recent taxonomicrevisions and available specimen data. A major problem in establishing protocolsfor efficiently protecting and conserving Madagascar's biodiversity is the lackof essential biological information. In light of this, primary occurrence dataappears to be an invaluable tool for assessing both current and historic speciesdistributions. GIS technology was used to create species distribution maps forhistoric vs. recent occurrence data to analyze the change in conservationstatus, extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy for each of the targetspecies. A GAP analysis reveals that 14 (100%) of the target species for whichdata were available are considered threatened by IUCN standards. Furthermore, 11(79%) species showed a decrease both in the number of subpopulations and theirextent of occurrence when compared to historic distributions. This studyhighlights the importance of two factors necessary to address modernconservation questions. Sound conclusions regarding the conservation status ofindividual species requires a strong taxonomic framework and good collectiondata for a species distribution. However, because specimen data are very oftenincomplete and biased both geographically and taxonomically, reaching soundconclusions requires field knowledge of individual species to compensate forthese limitations.